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Árpád dynasty

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Árpád dynasty
CountryPrincipality of Hungary,
Kingdom of Hungary
EtymologyÁrpád
Foundedc. 855
FounderÁlmos
Final rulerAndrew III
Titles
Estate(s)Kingdom of Hungary
Dissolution1301

The Árpád dynasty consisted of the members of the royal House of Árpád (Hungarian: Árpád-ház), also known as Árpáds (Hungarian: Árpádok, Croatian: Arpadovići). They were the ruling dynasty of the Principality of Hungary in the 9th and 10th centuries and of the Kingdom of Hungary from 1000 to 1301. The dynasty was named after the Hungarian Grand Prince Árpád who was the head of the Hungarian tribal federation during the conquest of the Carpathian Basin, c. 895. Previously, it was referred to as the Turul dynasty or kindred.

Both the first Grand Prince of the Hungarians (Álmos) and the first king of Hungary (Saint Stephen) were members of the dynasty. Christianity was adopted as the state religion for the Kingdom of Hungary by the dynasty, and the Árpád's kings used the title of the apostolic king, the descendants of the dynasty gave the world the highest number of saints and blesseds from one family.[1] The Árpád dynasty ruled the Carpathian Basin for four hundred years, influencing almost all of Europe through its extensive dynastic connections.[2] Eight members of the dynasty were canonized or beatified by the Catholic Church; therefore, since the 13th century the dynasty has often been referred to as the "Kindred of the Holy Kings". Two Árpáds were recognized as Saints by the Eastern Orthodox Church.

The dynasty came to end in 1301 with the death of King Andrew III of Hungary, while the last member of the House of Árpád, Andrew's daughter, Blessed Elizabeth of Töss, died in 1336 or 1338. All of the subsequent kings of Hungary (with the exception of King Matthias Corvinus) were cognatic descendants of the Árpád dynasty. The House of Croÿ[3] and the Drummond family of Scotland[4] claim to descend from Géza and George, sons of medieval Hungarian kings: Géza II and Andrew I, respectively.

Origin

[edit]
A map depicting Central and Eastern Europe and a possible route of the Magyars' migrations towards the Carpathian Basin
A map with a possible Hungarian Urheimat and route of their migrations towards the Carpathian Basin.

According to recent Y-STR and Y-SNP archaeogenetic studies of the skeletal remains of dynasty descendant and King Béla III of Hungary and unknown Árpád member named as "II/52" / "HU52" from the Royal Basilica of Székesfehérvár, it was established that the male lineage belonged to the Y-haplogroup R1a rare subclade R-Z2125 > R-Z2123 > R-Y2632 > R-Y2633 > R1a-SUR51. The subclade was also found in nearest contemporary matches of 48 Bashkirs from the Burzyansky and Abzelilovsky districts of the Republic of Bashkortostan in the Volga-Ural region, and 1 individual from the region of Vojvodina, Serbia. The Árpád members and one individual from Serbia share additional private SNPs making a novel subclade R1a-SUR51 > R-ARP, and as the mentioned individual has additional private SNPs it branches from the medieval Árpáds forming R-ARP > R-UVD.[5][6]

Based on the data of the distribution, appearance and coalescence estimation of R-Y2633 the dynasty traces ancient origin near Northern Afghanistan about 4500 years ago, with a separation date of R-ARP from the closest kin Bashkirs from the Volga-Ural region to 2000 years ago, while the individual from Serbia (R-UVD) derives from the Árpáds about 900 years ago. As also the separation of haplogroup N-B539 between the Hungarians and Bashkirs is estimated to have occurred 2000 years ago, it implies that the ancestors of Hungarians left the Volga Ural region about 2000 years ago and started a migration that eventually culminated in settlement in the Carpathian Basin.[6][7][8]

9th and 10th centuries

[edit]

Medieval chroniclers stated that the Árpáds' forefather was Ügyek, whose name derived from the ancient Hungarian word for "holy" (igy).[9] The Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum ("The Deeds of the Huns and Hungarians") mentioned that the Árpáds descended from the gens (clan) Turul,[10] and the Gesta Hungarorum ("The Deeds of the Hungarians") recorded that the Árpáds' totemic ancestor was a turul (a large bird, probably a falcon).[10][11][12]

And among the captains, Árpád the son of Álmos, son of Előd, son of Ügyek, from the Turul clan, was richer in wealth and more powerful in war.

— Simon of Kéza: Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum[13]

Duke Géza from the Turul clan was the one who, as they say, was the first among the Hungarians who got a summon from heaven in order to receive the Christian faith and baptism.

— Simon of Kéza: Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum[14]

Medieval chroniclers also referred to a tradition that the Árpáds descended from Attila the Hun – the anonymous author of the Gesta Hungarorum, for example, has Árpád say:

The land stretching between the Danube and the Tisza used to belong to my forefather, the mighty Attila.

— Gesta Hungarorum[15]

The first member of the dynasty mentioned by a nearly contemporary written source was Álmos. The Byzantine Emperor Constantine VII recorded in his De Administrando Imperio that Álmos was the first Grand Prince of the federation of the seven Magyar tribes (megas Turkias arkhon).[16] Álmos probably accepted the supremacy of the Khagan of the Khazars in the beginning of his rule, but, by 862, the Magyar tribal federation broke free from the Khazar Khaganate.[17] Álmos was either the spiritual leader of the tribal federation (kende) or its military commander (gyula).[18]

The Hungarians took possession of the Carpathian Basin in a pre-planned manner, with a long move-in between 862–895.[19][20] Prince Álmos, the sacred leader of the Hungarian Great Principality died before he could reach Pannonia, he was sacrificed in Transylvania.[21][22]

Between 899 and 970, the Magyars frequently conducted raids into the territories of present-day Italy, Germany, France and Spain and into the lands of the Byzantine Empire.[23] Such activities continued westwards until the Battle of Lechfeld (955), when Otto, King of the Germans destroyed their troops; their raids against the Byzantine Empire ended in 970.[24]

From 917, the Magyars made raids into several territories at the same time, which may have led to the disintegration of their tribal federation.[25] The sources prove the existence of at least three and possibly five groups of tribes within the tribal federation, and only one of them was led directly by the Árpáds.[26]

The list of the Grand Princes of the Magyars in the first half of the 10th century is incomplete, which may also prove a lack of central government within their tribal federation.[27] The medieval chronicles mention that Grand Prince Árpád was followed by his son, Zoltán, but contemporary sources only refer to Grand Prince Fajsz (around 950).[28] After the defeat at the Battle of Lechfeld, Grand Prince Taksony (in or after 955 – before 972) adopted the policy of isolation from the Western countries – in contrast to his son, Grand Prince Géza (before 972–997) who may have sent envoys to Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor in 973.[29]

Géza was baptised in 972, and although he never became a convinced Christian, the new faith started to spread among the Hungarians during his reign.[30] He managed to expand his rule over the territories west of the Danube and the Garam (today Hron in Slovakia), but significant parts of the Carpathian Basin still remained under the rule of local tribal leaders.[31]

Géza was followed by his son Stephen (originally called Vajk), who had been a convinced follower of Christianity.[32] Stephen had to face the rebellion of his relative, Koppány, who claimed Géza's inheritance based on the Magyar tradition of agnatic seniority.[33] He was able to defeat Koppány with the assistance of the German retinue of his wife, Giselle of Bavaria.[34]

11th century

[edit]

The Grand Prince Stephen was crowned on 25 December 1000 or 1 January 1001, becoming the first King of Hungary (1000–1038) and founder of the state.[35][36] He unified the Carpathian Basin under his rule by 1030, subjugating the territories of the Black Magyars and the domains that had been ruled by (semi-)independent local chieftains (e.g., by the Gyula Prokuj, Ajtony).[37][38] He introduced the administrative system of the kingdom, based on counties (comitatus), and founded an ecclesiastic organization with two archbishoprics and several bishoprics.[39] Following the death of his son, Emeric (2 September 1031), King Stephen I assigned his sister's son, the Venetian Peter Orseolo as his heir which resulted in a conspiracy led by his cousin, Vazul, who had been living imprisoned in Nyitra (today Nitra in Slovakia). Vazul was blinded on King Stephen's order and his three sons (Levente, Andrew and Béla) were exiled.[40][41]

When King Stephen I died on 15 August 1038, Peter Orseolo ascended to the throne, but he had to struggle with King Stephen's brother-in-law, Samuel Aba (1041–1044).[42] King Peter's rule ended in 1046 when an extensive revolt of the pagan Hungarians broke out and he was captured by them.[43]

With the assistance of the pagans, Duke Vazul's son, Andrew, who had been living in exile in the Kievan Rus' and had been baptized there, seized power and was crowned; thus, a member of a collateral branch of the dynasty seized the crown.[44][45] King Andrew I (1046–1060) managed to pacify the pagan rebels and restore the position of Christianity in the kingdom.[46] In 1048, King Andrew invited his younger brother, Béla to the kingdom and conceded one-third of the counties of the kingdom (Tercia pars regni) in appanage to him.[47] This dynastic division of the kingdom, mentioned as the first one in the Chronicon Pictum (prima regni huius divisio), was followed by several similar divisions during the 11th through 13th centuries, when parts of the kingdom were governed by members of the Árpád dynasty.[48] In the 11th century, the counties entrusted to the members of the ruling dynasty did not form a separate province within the kingdom, but they were organized around two or three centers.[47] The dukes governing the Tercia pars regni accepted the supremacy of the kings of Hungary, but some of them (Béla, Géza and Álmos) rebelled against the king in order to acquire the crown and allied themselves with the rulers of the neighboring countries.[49]

Ladislaus I of Hungary

King Andrew I was the first king who had his son, Solomon crowned during his life in order to ensure his son's succession (1057).[50] However, the principle of agnatic primogeniture was not able to overcome the tradition of seniority, and following King Andrew I, his brother, King Béla I (1060–1063) acquired the throne despite the claims of the young Solomon.[51] From 1063 until 1080 there were frequent conflicts between King Solomon (1057–1080) and his cousins, Géza, Ladislaus and Lampert who governed the Tercia pars regni.[52] Duke Géza rebelled against his cousin in 1074 and was proclaimed king by his partisans in accordance with the principle of seniority.[53] When King Géza I died (25 April 1077) his partisans, disregarding his young sons, proclaimed his brother Ladislaus king.[54][47] King Ladislaus I (1077–1095) managed to persuade King Solomon, who had been ruling in some western counties, to abdicate the throne.[55] During his reign, the Kingdom of Hungary strengthened and Ladislaus I was able to expand his rule over neighboring Kingdom of Croatia (1091).[56] He entrusted the government of the newly occupied territories to his younger nephew, Álmos.[57]

On 20 August 1083, two members of the dynasty, King Stephen I and his son, Duke Emeric, were canonized in Székesfehérvár upon the initiative of King Ladislaus I.[58][59] His daughter Eirene, the wife of the Byzantine Emperor John II Komnenos, is venerated by the Eastern Orthodox Church.[60]

When King Ladislaus I died, his elder nephew Coloman was proclaimed king (1095–1116), but he had to concede the Tercia pars regni in appanage to his brother Álmos.[61] King Coloman defeated Croatian army led by Petar Snačić in Battle of Gvozd Mountain (1097) and was crowned King of Croatia and Dalmatia in 1102 in Biograd.

12th century

[edit]

King Coloman deprived his brother Álmos of his duchy (the Tercia pars regni) in 1107.[62] He caught his second wife, Eufemia of Kiev, in adultery; she was divorced and sent back to Kiev around 1114.[63] Eufemia bore a son, named Boris in Kiev, but King Coloman refused to accept him as his son.[64] Around 1115, the king had Duke Álmos and his son, King Béla, blinded in order to ensure the succession of his own son, King Stephen II (1116–1131).[47]

King Stephen II did not father any sons, and his sister's son Saul was proclaimed heir to his throne instead of the blind Duke Béla.[65] When King Stephen II died on 1 March 1131, his blind cousin managed nevertheless to acquire the throne.[66] King Béla II (1131–1141) strengthened his rule by defeating King Coloman's alleged son, Boris, who endeavoured to deprive him of the throne with foreign military assistance.[67] King Béla II occupied some territories in Bosnia, and he conceded the new territory in appanage to his younger son, Ladislaus.[68] Henceforward, members of the Árpád dynasty governed southern or eastern provinces (i.e., Slavonia, and Transylvania) of the kingdom instead of the Tercia pars regni.[47]

King Saint Stephen – Hungarian flag with the "double cross" (Chronicon Pictum, 1358)

During the reign of King Géza II (1141–1162), the Bishop Otto of Freising recorded that all the Hungarians "are so obedient to the monarch that not only irritating him by open opposition but even offending him by concealed whispers would be considered a felony by them".[69] His son, King Stephen III (1162–1172) had to struggle for his throne against his uncles, Kings Ladislaus II (1162–1163) and Stephen IV (1163–1165), who rebelled against him with the assistance of the Byzantine Empire.[70] During his reign, the Emperor Manuel I Komnenos occupied the southern provinces of the kingdom on the pretext that the king's brother, Béla (the Despotes Alexius) lived in his court.[71] As the fiancé of the Emperor's only daughter, Despotes Alexius was the heir presumptive to the Emperor for a short period (1165–1169).[72]

The coat of arms of Halych (attributed arms)[year needed][citation needed]

Following the death of King Stephen III, King Béla III (1173–1196) ascended the throne, but he had imprisoned his brother Géza in order to secure his rule.[73] King Béla III, who had been educated in the Byzantine Empire, was the first king who used the "double cross" as the symbol of the Kingdom of Hungary.[74] In 1188, Béla occupied Halych, whose prince had been dethroned by his boyars, and granted the principality to his second son Andrew, but his rule became unpopular and the Hungarian troops were expelled from Halych in 1189.[75]

On 27 June 1192 the third member of the dynasty, King Ladislaus I was canonized in Várad (today Oradea in Romania).[76]

King Béla III bequeathed his kingdom intact to his elder son, King Emeric (1196–1204), but the new king had to concede Croatia and Dalmatia in appanage to his brother Andrew, who had rebelled against him.[77]

13th century

[edit]
Flag of the Árpád dynasty (9th century – 1301)
The red and white stripes were the symbol of the Árpáds in the 13th century, first used in the coat of arms in 1202 on one of Emeric's seal. This seal did not include the double cross, only the stripes, and there were nine lions on the white stripes. In the Golden Bull of Andrew II there were only seven lions facing each other, with linden leaves at the center.

King Emeric married Constance of Aragon, from the house of Barcelona, and he may have followed Barcelonese (Catalan) patterns when he chose his coat-of-arms that would become the Árpáds' familiar badge (an escutcheon barry of eight Gules and Argent).[78] His son and successor, King Ladislaus III (1204–1205) died in childhood and was followed by his uncle, King Andrew II (1205–1235).[79]

His reign was characterized by permanent internal conflicts: a group of conspirators murdered his queen, Gertrude of Merania (1213); discontent noblemen obliged him to issue the Golden Bull of 1222 establishing their rights (including the right to disobey the king); and he quarreled with his eldest son, Béla who endeavoured to take back the royal domains his father had granted to his followers.[80] King Andrew II, who had been Prince of Halych (1188–1189), intervened regularly in the internal struggles of the principality and made several efforts to ensure the rule of his younger sons (Coloman or Andrew) in the neighboring country.[81] One of his daughters, Elizabeth was canonized during his lifetime (1 July 1235) and thus became the fourth saint of the Árpáds.[82] King Andrew's elder sons disowned his posthumous son, Stephen, who would be educated in Ferrara.[83]

Members of the family reigned occasionally in the Principality (later Kingdom) of Halych (1188–1189, 1208–1209, 1214–1219, 1227–1229, 1231–1234) and in the Duchy of Styria (1254–1260).

The coat-of-arms of Styria

King Béla IV (1235–1270) restored the royal power, but his kingdom became devastated during the Mongol invasion (1241–1242).[84] Following the withdrawal of the Mongol troops, several fortresses were built or enstrengthened on his order.[85] He also granted town privileges to several settlements in his kingdom, e.g., Buda, Nagyszombat (today Trnava in Slovakia), Selmecbánya (now Banská Štiavnica in Slovakia) and Pest received their privileges from him.[86] King Béla IV managed to occupy the Duchy of Styria for a short period (1254–1260), but later he had to abandon it in favour of King Ottokar II of Bohemia.[87] During his last years, he was struggling with his son, Stephen who was crowned during his lifetime and obliged his father to concede the eastern parts of the kingdom to him.[83] Two of his daughters, Margaret and Kinga were canonized (in 1943 and 1999 respectively) and a third daughter of his, Yolanda was beatified (in 1827).[88][89] His fourth daughter, Constance was also venerated in Lviv.[90]

When King Stephen V (1270–1272) ascended the throne, many of his father's followers left for Bohemia.[91] They returned during the reign of his son, King Ladislaus IV the Cuman (1272–1290) whose reign was characterized by internal conflicts among the members of different aristocratic groups.[92] King Ladislaus IV, whose mother was of Cuman origin, preferred the companion of the nomadic and semi-pagan Cumans; therefore, he was excommunicated several times, but he was murdered by Cuman assassins.[93] The disintegration of the kingdom started during his reign when several aristocrats endeavoured to acquire possessions on the account of the royal domains.[94]

When King Ladislaus IV died, most of his contemporaries thought that the dynasty of the Árpáds had come to an end, because the only patrilineal descendant of the family, Andrew, was the son of Duke Stephen, the posthumous son of King Andrew II who had been disowned by his brothers.[95] Nevertheless, Duke Andrew "the Venetian" was crowned with the Holy Crown of Hungary and most of the barons accepted his rule.[96] During his reign, King Andrew III (1290–1301) had to struggle with the powerful barons (e.g., with members of the Csák and Kőszegi families).[97] The male line of the Árpáds ended with his death (14 January 1301); one of his contemporaries mentioned him as "the last golden twig".[98] His daughter, Elizabeth, the last member of the family, died on 6 May 1338; she is venerated by the Roman Catholic Church.[99]

Following the death of King Andrew III, several claimants started to struggle for the throne; finally, King Charles I (the grandson of King Stephen V's daughter) managed to strengthen his position around 1310.[100] Henceforward, all the kings of Hungary (with the exception of King Matthias Corvinus) were matrilineal or cognate descendants of the Árpáds. Although the agnatic Árpáds have died out, their cognatic descendants live everywhere in the aristocratic families of Europe.

Coat of arms of Hungary

Dynasty tree

[edit]
Álmos
ÁrpádHouse of Árpád
ZoltánHouse of Aba
TaksonyHouse of Orseolo
MichaelGéza
VazulStephen I
1001–1038		Helen?Sarolta?Samuel
1041–1044
Andrew I
1046–1060		Béla I
1060–1063		Peter
1038–1041
1044–1046
Solomon
1063–1074		Géza I
1074–1077		Ladislaus I
1077–1095
Coloman
1095–1116		Álmos
Stephen II
1116–1131		Béla II
1131–1141
Géza II
1141–1162		Ladislaus II
1162–1163		Stephen IV
1163–1164
Stephen III
1162–1172		Béla III
1172–1196
Emeric
1196–1204		Andrew II
1205–1235
Ladislaus III
1204–1205		Béla IV
1235–1270		Stephen
Stephen V
1270–1272		Andrew III
1290–1301
Ladislaus IV
1272–1290

Saints

[edit]

Several members of the dynasty were canonized or beatified by the Catholic Church or by Eastern Orthodox Church, therefore, since the medieval times the dynasty has often been referred to as the "Lineage of the Holy Kings". Although the male branch of the Árpád dynasty extinct in 1301, the female branch lived much longer, and the Hungarian Anjou monarchs (King Charles I, King Louis I), and Sigismund of Luxembourg were proud to claim themselves members of the “Clan of Holy Kings” in their times.[101][better source needed] The Árpád dynasty gave the world the most saints and blessed from a single family.[1]

In the 819th year of Our Lord’s incarnation, Ügyek, who, as we said above, being of the family of King Magog became a long time later the most noble prince of Scythia, took to wife in Dentumoger the daughter of Duke Eunedubelian, called Emese, from whom he sired a son, who was named Álmos. But he is called Álmos from a divine event, because when she was pregnant a divine vision appeared to his mother in a dream in the form of a falcon that, as if coming to her, impregnated her and made known to her that from her womb a torrent would come forth and from her loins glorious kings be generated, but that they would not increase in their land. Because, therefore, a dream is called "álom" in the Hungarian language and his birth was predicted in a dream, so he was called Álmos. Or he is thus called Álmos, that is holy, because holy kings and dukes were born of his line.

— Anonymus: Gesta Hungarorum[102]

The following members of the Árpád dynasty were canonized or beatified:

Portrait Name Born Died Canonized / Beatified Relationship with the Árpád dynasty
Saint Stephen of Hungary
King of Hungary 		c. 975 15 August 1038 1083
Canonized by the Catholic Church

2000
For the first time ever, the Eastern Orthodox Church canonized a saint of the Roman Catholic Church[103] 		Son of Géza, Grand Prince of the Hungarians
Saint Emeric of Hungary
Prince of Hungary 		1007 2 September 1031 1083 Son of Saint Stephen I, King of Hungary
Saint Ladislaus of Hungary
King of Hungary 		c. 1040 29 July 1095 27 June 1192 Son of Béla I, King of Hungary
Saint Irene of Hungary
Princess of Hungary
Empress consort of the Byzantine Empire 		1088 13 August 1134 Canonized by the Eastern Orthodox Church Daughter of Ladislaus I, King of Hungary
Saint Elizabeth of Hungary
Princess of Hungary
Landgravine of Thuringia 		7 July 1207 17 November 1231 27 May 1235 Daughter of Andrew II, King of Hungary
Saint Kinga of Hungary
Princess of Hungary
Princess of Poland 		5 March 1224 24 July 1292 11 June 1690
Beatified

16 June 1999
Canonized 		Daughter of Béla IV, King of Hungary
Blessed Yolanda of Hungary
Princess of Hungary
Princess of Poland 		1235 1298 1827 Daughter of Béla IV, King of Hungary
Saint Margaret of Hungary
Princess of Hungary 		27 January 1242 18 January 1270 28 July 1789
Beatified

19 November 1943
Canonized 		Daughter of Béla IV, King of Hungary
Blessed Elizabeth of Hungary
Princess of Hungary
Queen of Serbia 		1255 1322 Daughter of Stephen V, King of Hungary
Blessed Elizabeth of Hungary
Princess of Hungary 		1292 31 October 1336

6 May 1338 		Formally never canonized but venerated locally Daughter of Andrew III, King of Hungary

See also

[edit]

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Horváth-Lugossy, Gábor; Makoldi, Miklós (2022). Kings and Saints - The Age of the Árpáds (PDF). Budapest, Székesfehérvár: Institute of Hungarian Research. pp. 15, 21, 35, 41. ISBN 978-615-6117-65-6.
  2. ^ Makoldi, Miklós (2022). Kings and Saints - The Age of the Árpáds (PDF). Budapest, Székesfehérvár: Institute of Hungarian Research. p. 22. ISBN 978-615-6117-65-6.
  3. ^ Transatlantic, Marconi (1913-04-20). "Croy-Leishman match a romance" (PDF). The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-04-22.
  4. ^ Moravský historický sborník: ročenka Moravského národního kongresu, Moravský národní kongres, 2002, p. 523
  5. ^ Olasz, Judit; Seidenberg, Verena; Hummel, Susanne; Szentirmay, Zoltán; Szabados, György; Melegh, Béla; Kásler, Miklós (2019), "DNA profiling of Hungarian King Béla III and other skeletal remains originating from the Royal Basilica of Székesfehérvár", Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 11 (4): 1345–1357, doi:10.1007/s12520-018-0609-7
  6. ^ a b Nagy, P.L.; Olasz, J.; Neparáczki, E.; et al. (2020), "Determination of the phylogenetic origins of the Árpád Dynasty based on Y chromosome sequencing of Béla the Third", European Journal of Human Genetics, 29 (1): 164–172, doi:10.1038/s41431-020-0683-z, PMC 7809292, PMID 32636469
  7. ^ Neparáczki, Endre; et al. (2019). "Y-chromosome haplogroups from Hun, Avar and conquering Hungarian period nomadic people of the Carpathian Basin". Scientific Reports. 9 (16569). Nature Research: 16569. Bibcode:2019NatSR...916569N. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-53105-5. PMC 6851379. PMID 31719606.
  8. ^ Fóthi, E.; Gonzalez, A.; Fehér, T.; et al. (2020), "Genetic analysis of male Hungarian Conquerors: European and Asian paternal lineages of the conquering Hungarian tribes", Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 12 (1), doi:10.1007/s12520-019-00996-0
  9. ^ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád p. 9.
  10. ^ a b Kristó 1994 Korai p. 693.
  11. ^ Dr. Horváth-Lugossy, Gábor (2022). "Feltárulnak a Turul-dinasztia titkai (The secrets of the Turul dynasty are revealed)". Mandiner (in Hungarian).
  12. ^ Dr. Horváth-Lugossy, Gábor (2022). "Küldetésünk: a magyar történelem helyreigazítása". Institute of Hungarian Research.
  13. ^ Simon of Kéza: Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum https://mek.oszk.hu/02200/02249/02249.htm
  14. ^ Simon of Kéza: Gesta Hunnorum et Hungarorum https://mek.oszk.hu/02200/02249/02249.htm
  15. ^ Kristó 1996 Hungarian p. 71.
  16. ^ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád p. 13.
  17. ^ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád p. 14.
  18. ^ Kristó 1994 Korai p. 40.
  19. ^ Szabados, György (2016). "Vázlat a magyar honfoglalás Kárpát-medencei hátteréről" [Outline of the background of the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin] (PDF). Népek és kultúrák a Kárpát-medencében [Peoples and cultures in the Carpathian Basin] (in Hungarian). Magyar Nemzeti Múzeum. ISBN 978-615-5209-56-7.
  20. ^ Szabados, György (May 2022). "Álmostól Szent Istvánig" [From Álmos to Saint Stephen]. Rubicon (Hungarian Historical Information Dissemination) (in Hungarian).
  21. ^ Bóna, István (2001). "Conquest, Settlement, and Raids". History of Transylvania Volume I. From the Beginnings to 1606 - II. From Dacia to Erdőelve: Transylvania in the Period of the Great Migrations (271-896) - 7. Transylvania in the Period of the Hungarian Conquest and Foundation of a State. New York: Columbia University Press, (The Hungarian original by Institute of History Of The Hungarian Academy of Sciences). ISBN 0-88033-479-7.
  22. ^ Kalti, Mark. Chronicon Pictum (in Hungarian).
  23. ^ Bóna 2000 A magyarok pp. 29–65.
  24. ^ Bóna 2000 A magyarok pp. 62–65.
  25. ^ Kristó 1995 A magyar állam p. 304.
  26. ^ Kristó 1995 A magyar állam pp. 308–309.
  27. ^ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád p. 22.
  28. ^ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád p. 23.
  29. ^ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád pp. 25, 28.
  30. ^ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád p. 28.
  31. ^ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád p. 30.
  32. ^ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád p. 32.
  33. ^ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád p. 35.
  34. ^ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád pp. 35–36.
  35. ^ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád p. 39.
  36. ^ Kristó 1994 Korai p. 290.
  37. ^ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád pp. 40–41, 47.
  38. ^ Kristó 1994 Korai pp. 216, 245.
  39. ^ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád pp. 40–41.
  40. ^ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád pp. 49–50.
  41. ^ Kristó 1994 Korai p. 721.
  42. ^ Benda 1981 Magyarország pp. 83–84.
  43. ^ Benda 1981 Magyarország p. 85.
  44. ^ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád pp. 70–71.
  45. ^ Kristó 1994 Korai p. 42.
  46. ^ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád p. 72.
  47. ^ a b c d e Kristó 1994 Korai.
  48. ^ Kristó 1979 A feudális p. 44.
  49. ^ Benda 1981 Magyarország pp. 85–100.
  50. ^ Benda 1981 Magyarország pp. 87.
  51. ^ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád pp. 79–81.
  52. ^ Benda 1981 Magyarország pp. 88–92.
  53. ^ Benda 1981 Magyarország p. 90.
  54. ^ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád p. 126.
  55. ^ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád p. 95.
  56. ^ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád pp. 112–124.
  57. ^ Benda 1981 Magyarország p. 94.
  58. ^ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád p. 119.
  59. ^ Benda 1981 Magyarország p. 93.
  60. ^ Klaniczay 2000 Az uralkodók pp. 159–160.
  61. ^ Benda 1981 Magyarország p. 96.
  62. ^ Kristó 1994 Korai p. 261.
  63. ^ Benda 1981 Magyarország p. 102.
  64. ^ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád p. 146.
  65. ^ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád p. 158.
  66. ^ Benda 1981 Magyarország p. 105.
  67. ^ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád pp. 166–169.
  68. ^ Benda 1981 Magyarország p. 106.
  69. ^ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád p. 181.
  70. ^ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád pp. 190–196.
  71. ^ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád pp. 206–208.
  72. ^ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád pp. 207–208.
  73. ^ Benda 1981 Magyarország pp. 117–121.
  74. ^ Bertényi 1983 Kis magyar p. 67.
  75. ^ Benda 1981 Magyarország p. 121.
  76. ^ Benda 1981 Magyarország p. 122.
  77. ^ Benda 1981 Magyarország p. 124.
  78. ^ Bertényi 1983 Kis magyar p. 70.
  79. ^ Benda 1981 Magyarország p. 127.
  80. ^ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád pp. 229–245.
  81. ^ Benda 1981 Magyarország pp. 127–144.
  82. ^ Benda 1981 Magyarország p. 144.
  83. ^ a b Kristó 1994 Korai p. 294.
  84. ^ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád pp. 254–260.
  85. ^ Kristó 1994 Korai p. 711.
  86. ^ Kristó 1994 Korai pp. 130, 479, 543, 598, 716–717.
  87. ^ Benda 1981 Magyarország pp. 154, 157.
  88. ^ Klaniczay 2000 Az uralkodók pp. 178–179.
  89. ^ CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Blessed Margaret of Hungary
  90. ^ Klaniczay 2000 Az uralkodók pp. 178–192.
  91. ^ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád p. 272.
  92. ^ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád p. 277.
  93. ^ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád pp. 278–282.
  94. ^ Kristó 1994 Korai p. 663.
  95. ^ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád pp. 282–283.
  96. ^ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád pp. 283–284.
  97. ^ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád pp. 285–288.
  98. ^ Kristó 1996 Az Árpád p. 288.
  99. ^ Klaniczay 2000 Az uralkodók pp. 179.
  100. ^ Benda 1981 Magyarország pp. 188–192.
  101. ^ Kásler, Miklós (2022). Kings and Saints - The Age of the Árpáds (PDF). Budapest, Székesfehérvár: Institute of Hungarian Research. p. 9. ISBN 978-615-6117-65-6.
  102. ^ Anonymus, Notary of King Béla: The Deeds of the Hungarians (chapter 3) https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/18975/1/18975.pdf
  103. ^ "Hungary Salutes Best-Loved Saint". AP News. 20 August 2000.

References

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  • Benda, Kálmán, ed. (1981). Magyarország történeti kronológiája ("The Historical Chronology of Hungary"). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó. ISBN 963-05-2661-1.
  • Bertényi, Iván (1983). Kis magyar címertan ("Short Hungarian Heraldry"). Budapest: Gondolat. ISBN 978-963-281-195-6.
  • Bóna, István (2000). A magyarok és Európa a 9–10. században ("The Magyars and Europe during the 9–10th centuries"). Budapest: História – MTA Történettudományi Intézete. ISBN 963-8312-67-X.
  • Dümmerth, Dezső (1996). Az Árpádok nyomában [Following the Árpáds] (in Hungarian) (5th ed.). Junior. ISBN 963-388-154-4.
  • Engel, Pál (2001). The Realm of St. Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895-1526. London & New York: I.B.Tauris. ISBN 9781850439776.
  • Kings and Saints - The Age of the Árpáds (PDF). Budapest, Székesfehérvár: Institute of Hungarian Research. 2022. ISBN 978-615-6117-65-6.
  • Klaniczay, Gábor (2000). Az uralkodók szentsége a középkorban ("Monarchs' Sainthood in the Middle Ages"). Budapest: Balassi Kiadó. ISBN 963-506-298-2.
  • Kristó, Gyula; Makk, Ferenc (1996). Az Árpád-ház uralkodói ("Rulers of the Árpád dynasty"). I.P.C. KÖNYVEK Kft. ISBN 963-7930-97-3.
  • Kristó, Gyula (1996). Hungarian History in the Ninth Century. Szeged: Szegedi Középkorász Műhely. ISBN 963-482-113-8.
  • Kristó, Gyula (1995). A magyar állam megszületése ("The origin of the Hungarian state"). Szeged: Szegedi Középkorász Műhely. ISBN 963-482-098-0.
  • Kristó, Gyula, ed. (1994). Korai Magyar Történeti Lexikon (9–14. század) (Encyclopedia of the Early Hungarian History: 9–14th centuries). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó. ISBN 963-05-6722-9.
  • Kristó, Gyula (1979). A feudális széttagolódás Magyarországon ("Feudal divisions in Hungary"). Akadémiai Kiadó. ISBN 963-05-1595-4.
  • Tóth, Sándor László (1998). Levediától a Kárpát-medencéig ("From Levedia to the Carpathian Basin"). Szeged: Szegedi Középkorász Műhely. ISBN 963-482-175-8.
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