Timeline of Detroit
The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Detroit, Michigan, United States.
18th century
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- 1701
- July 24: Antoine de Lamothe Cadillac, with his lieutenant Alphonse de Tonty and a company of 100 men, establishes a trading post on the Detroit River under orders from the French king Louis XIV. They named it Fort Pontchartrain du Détroit, in homage to the Count of Pontchartrain, the Royal Minister of Marine.[1]
- Ste. Anne de Detroit Catholic Church is the first building built in Detroit, started within two days of Cadillac's landing.
- 1712 - Fort besieged by Fox and Sauk; Fox Wars begin.[2]
- 1750 - Population: 650 (approximate).[2]
- 1760 - British Major Robert Rogers and a group of his Rogers' Rangers take formal command of Fort Detroit during the French and Indian War.[3]
- 1763 - Pontiac besieges Detroit during Pontiac's Rebellion.[2]
- 1778 - Fort Lernault built.[4]
- 1783 - The area south of the Great Lakes (including all of Michigan) is ceded by Great Britain to the United States by the Treaty of Paris that ended the American Revolutionary War. However, the British kept actual possession.
- 1796 - Fort Shelby and all other British posts in Michigan are turned over to the United States under terms of the Jay Treaty. Wayne County, containing Fort Shelby, was established as an administrative division of the Northwest Territory.[1]
19th century
- 1802 - February 1: Town incorporated by the territorial legislature; Fort Shelby renamed "Detroit."[4]
- 1805
- 1806
- September 13: City of Detroit incorporated by the territorial governing council.[5]
- Solomon Sibley becomes mayor.
- 1809 - February 24: Territorial governing council repeals the 1806 incorporation of the city.
- 1810
- 1812 - August 16: Detroit surrenders without firing a shot to a small British-Indian army under General Isaac Brock in the War of 1812.[4]
- 1813 - September: British forces retreat from Detroit, which served as a base for the American invasion of Canada.
- 1815 - October 24: territorial governing council enacts the charter for the City of Detroit to be governed by a five-person board of trustees.[1]
- 1817
- Catholepistemiad (University of Michigan) established.[3]
- Detroit Book Store in business.[6]
- 1818
- Walk-in-the-Water Great Lakes passenger steamer begins operating.[3]
- Detroit Mechanics' Society formed.[7]
- 1824 - August 5: newly formed territorial legislature reorganizes city government, creating the Common Council and office of mayor.
- 1828 - Capitol building constructed.[2]
- 1831
- Democratic Free Press newspaper begins publication.[8]
- Detroit Athenaeum active.[9]
- 1832 - Cholera epidemic.[5]
- 1833
- June 14: Blackburn Riot.
- Roman Catholic diocese of Detroit established.[10]
- 1835 - June 29: State constitution adopted.[3]
- 1836 - Municipal water works established.[4]
- 1837
- City becomes capital of the new U.S. State of Michigan (until 1847).
- University of Michigan relocated from Detroit to Ann Arbor.[3]
- 1837 to 1838 - Small bands of self-proclaimed "Patriots", some operating from Detroit, invade Canada in the Patriot War.
- 1838 - Detroit-Pontiac railway begins operating.[5]
- 1840 - Population: 9,102.[11]
- 1843 - Michigan State Convention of Colored Citizens meets in Detroit.[12]
- 1845 - Detroit News begins publication.[8]
- 1846 - Elmwood Cemetery established.[13]
- 1848
- State capital relocated from Detroit to Lansing.[5]
- Saints Peter and Paul Church built.
- 1850
- Temple Beth El congregation formed.[14]
- Population: 21,019.[11]
- 1854 - "Rail connection between Detroit and New York City" begins operating.[5]
- 1860 - Population: 45,619.[11]
- 1863 - Anti-draft and race riot in Detroit.
- 1865
- Detroit Public Library[9] and Detroit Police Department[15] established.
- Michigan State Equal Rights League Convention meets in Detroit.[12]
- 1868 - Detroit College of Medicine founded.
- 1870 - Population: 79,577.[11]
- 1871 - Detroit City Hall built.[4]
- 1872 - Michigan Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument unveiled.[4]
- 1877 - Detroit College (now the University of Detroit Mercy and U of D Jesuit HS) is founded by the Society of Jesus.[4]
- 1879 - Belle Isle becomes part of city.[4]
- 1880 - Population: 116,340.[11]
- 1881 - Future industrialist William Boeing born.[3]
- 1885
- Detroit Museum of Art established.[16]
- Detroit College of Medicine active.[4]
- 1887 - Detroit Symphony Orchestra formed.[17]
- 1890
- Reformist Hazen Pingree becomes mayor.
- "Free music in city parks" begins.[2]
- Population: 205,876.[11]
- 1891 - Detroit College of Law established.[4]
- 1893 - Palmer Park established.
- 1894 - Mayor "establishes vegetable gardens for the poor" ("Pingree's Potato Patches").[5]
- 1895 - "Public lighting" begins.[4]
- 1896
- Ford Quadricycle invented by Henry Ford.[3][1]
- Bennett Park baseball field opens.
- 1899 - Detroit Automobile Company in business.
- 1900
- Population: 285,704.[11]
- Area of city: 29 square miles.[4]
20th century
1900s-1940s
- 1901
- Detroit Tigers baseball team formed.
- Oldsmobile Curved Dash (first mass-produced car) introduced.[18]
- 1902
- Cadillac Automobile Company in business.
- Wayne County Courthouse built.[13]
- Future aviator Charles Lindbergh born.[3]
- 1903
- Ford Motor Company and Pewabic Pottery in business.
- Board of Commerce formed.[4]
- 1904
- Belle Isle Aquarium opens.[19]
- Future diplomat Ralph Bunche born.[3]
- 1907
- Detroit auto show begins.
- Area of city: 41 square miles.[4]
- 1909 - Ford Building constructed.[16]
- 1910 - Population: 465,766.[11]
- 1912
- Navin Field (baseball park) opens.
- Dime Building constructed.
- 1913 - Broadway-Strand Theatre in business.[20]
- 1914 - Detroit Institute of Musical Arts founded.
- 1915 - Kiwanis Club founded.[3]
- 1918 - 1918 influenza epidemic.[21]
- 1919 - Orchestra Hall opens.
- 1920
- 8MK radio begins broadcasting.[18]
- Color-coded traffic light introduced.[18]
- Future athlete Sugar Ray Robinson born.[3]
- Population: 993,078.[11]
- 1921 - Detroit Historical Society formed.[22]
- 1924 - Ambassador cinema in business.[20]
- 1925 - Buhl Building constructed.[16]
- 1927
- Detroit City Airport begins operating.[13]
- Detroit Institute of Arts built.[16]
- 1928
- Detroit Zoo opens.[19]
- Skyscrapers Fisher Building and Penobscot Building built.[16]
- Evans Gliding Club formed.[18]
- 1929
- Ambassador Bridge construction completed.[13]
- Union Trust Building (skyscraper) built.[23]
- 1930
- Detroit-Windsor Tunnel construction completed.
- Detroit's electric streetcar systems peaks in size with 30 lines stretching over 534 miles.[24]
- Population: 1,568,662.[11]
- 1933 - Diego Rivera paints Detroit Industry Murals in the Institute of Arts.[16]
- 1934 - Wayne University active.
- 1935 - Detroit Tigers baseball team win 1935 World Series defeating the Chicago Cubs 4 games to 2. The season was their 35th since they entered the American League in 1901. It was the first World Series championship for the Tigers.
- 1939 - Future film director Francis Ford Coppola born.[3]
- 1940 - Population: 1,623,452.[11]
- 1941 - Electric streetcars run on Woodward Avenue every 60 seconds at peak times.[24]
- 1943 - A race riot, spurred by competition among black and white residents for wartime factory jobs, resulted in 34 deaths.[3]
- 1944 - Future singer Diana Ross born.[3]
- 1945 - Detroit Tigers won the 1945 World Series.
- 1946 - Russell Kelly Office Service (temp agency) in business.[18]
1950s-1990s
- 1950
- United Auto Workers sign agreement with General Motors ("Reuther's Treaty of Detroit").[25]
- Detroit's population reaches its height at 1.85 million.[11]
- 1954 - City-County Building constructed.
- 1955
- Anna Scripps Whitcomb Conservatory on Belle Isle active.[26]
- Charles Diggs becomes U.S. representative for Michigan's 13th congressional district.[27]
- 1956 - Electric streetcar service discontinued on Detroits last line along Woodward Avenue.[24]
- 1958 - Wayne State University's McGregor Memorial Conference Center built.[16]
- 1959 - Pavilion Apartments built in Lafayette Park.
- 1960
- Motown Records in business.[13]
- Cobo Hall convention centre opens.[28]
- Sister city agreement established with Toyota, Japan.[29]
- Population: 1,670,144.[11]
- 1961 - Jerome Cavanagh is elected mayor and launches a series of reforms.
- 1963 - Great March to Freedom.
- 1964
- November 21: Newspaper strike ends.[28]
- Intermittent windshield wiper for vehicles invented.[18]
- 1965
- Wright Museum of African American History established.[22]
- John Conyers becomes U.S. representative for Michigan's 1st congressional district.[30]
- 1967
- July 23: 12th Street Riot, one of the worst riots in United States history, begins on 12th Street in the predominantly African American inner city (43 killed, 342 injured and 1,400 buildings burned).[3]
- Wayne County Community College established.[28]
- Fisher Freeway opens.[13]
- 1968
- October 10: At Busch Memorial Stadium in St. Louis, Missouri the Detroit Tigers won game 7 & won the World Series.
- Focus: HOPE founded by William T. Cunningham.
- 1970
- Detroit Science Center founded.[28]
- Population: 1,511,482.[11]
- 1973 - Coleman Young elected Detroit's first black mayor—a position he would hold for 20 years.[31]
- 1977 - Renaissance Center skyscraper complex built.[32]
- 1978 - January: Great Blizzard of 1978.[28]
- 1979–1980 - Saddam Hussein makes large donations to a Detroit church and receives a key to the city. Hussein's relationship with Detroit began in 1979, when the Reverend Jacob Yasso of Chaldean Sacred Heart congratulated Hussein on his presidency. Yasso said that in return his church had received $450,000 from the former Iraqi dictator.[33]
- 1980
- The national economic malaise of the 1970s culminated in Detroit hosting the Republican National Convention which nominated Ronald Reagan who stayed at the Renaissance Center while in Detroit. The Detroit convention kicked off Reagan's campaign to a landslide election.
- Population: 1,203,339.[11]
- 1984 - The Detroit Tigers won the 1984 World Series, defeating the San Diego Padres in five games.
- 1987
- August 16: Airplane crash occurs near city.[3]
- Pope John Paul II visits Detroit.
- 1988 - Bel-Air cinema in business.[20]
- 1990
- Nelson Mandela visits Detroit.
- Population: 1,027,974.[11]
- 1992 - November 5: Black motorist Malice Green dies after struggling with white policemen Larry Nevers and Walter Budzyn during a traffic stop. The officers were later convicted and sentenced to prison. The convictions were overturned, but the officers were retried and convicted of lesser charges.
- 1993 - One Detroit Center skyscraper built.[16]
- 1995 - July: Detroit newspaper strike of 1995–97 begins.
- 1996
- November: Michigan votes to allow the operation of three casinos in Detroit.
- Detroit Opera House renovated.[28]
- 1997 - June: Detroit Red Wings ice hockey team wins their first Stanley Cup in 42 years.
- 1998 - City website online (approximate date).[34][35]
- 1999 - Detroit Tigers play their final baseball game in classic Tiger Stadium, which had opened in 1912.
- 2000 - Comerica Park stadium opens.[28]
21st century
- 2002 - Detroit Lions football team begin play in the new, state-of-the-art Ford Field, returning to downtown Detroit after 27 years in suburban Pontiac.
- 2003
- August 14: Northeast blackout of 2003.[28]
- Sister city agreement established with Dubai, United Arab Emirates.[29]
- 2004 - "Restored" Campus Martius Park opens in downtown Detroit. Featuring an ice-skating rink, it is the focal point of the city's new Winter Blast festival.
- 2005 - Comerica Park hosts Major League Baseball's All-Star Game.
- 2006 - February: city hosts Super Bowl XL, and in October, the Detroit Tigers, only three years after having a 119-loss season, defeat the Oakland A's in the American League Championship Series, winning the Penant. They then play in their first World Series since 1984, losing to their 1968 series rivals, the St. Louis Cardinals, in five games.
- 2008 - Kwame Kilpatrick resigned his office as mayor effective September 19, 2008, after pleading guilty to two counts of obstruction of justice and no contest to one count of assaulting and obstructing a police officer.[36][37] Kilpatrick was succeeded in office on an interim basis by City Council President Kenneth Cockrel, Jr..
- 2009 - Following a special election on May, 2009, businessman and former Detroit Pistons star Dave Bing became the Mayor and was subsequently re-elected to a full term of office.
- 2010 - Population: 713,777.[38]
- 2013
- 2014 - Mike Duggan becomes mayor.
See also
- History of Detroit
- List of mayors of Detroit
- National Register of Historic Places listings in Detroit
- Timeline of Michigan history
- Other cities in Michigan:
References
- ^ a b c d "Detroit History". City of Detroit. Retrieved March 30, 2017.
- ^ a b c d e f Federal Writers' Project 1941, p. 629+, Chronology.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Ernie Gross (1990). This Day in American History. Neal-Schuman. ISBN 978-1-55570-046-1.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Britannica 1910.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Timeline of Detroit". Detroit Historical Society. Retrieved March 30, 2017.
- ^ Bonk 1957.
- ^ Burton 1922.
- ^ a b "US Newspaper Directory". Chronicling America. Washington DC: Library of Congress. Retrieved March 29, 2017.
- ^ a b Davies Project. "American Libraries before 1876". Princeton University. Retrieved March 30, 2017.
- ^ "Chronology of Catholic Dioceses: United States of America". Norway: Roman Catholic Diocese of Oslo. Retrieved March 29, 2017.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Population of the 100 Largest Cities and Other Urban Places in the United States: 1790 to 1990, US Census Bureau, 1998
- ^ a b "Conventions by Year". Colored Conventions. P. Gabrielle Foreman, director. University of Delaware, Library. Retrieved March 30, 2017.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ a b c d e f "Encylcopedia of Detroit". Detroit Historical Society. Retrieved March 30, 2017.
- ^ Franklin 1903.
- ^ "Police Commissioners History". City of Detroit. Retrieved March 30, 2017.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Detroit". Oxford Art Online.
{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|url=(help); Unknown parameter|subscription=ignored (|url-access=suggested) (help) Retrieved March 31, 2017 - ^ Colin Lawson, ed. (2003). "Orchestras Founded in the 19th Century (chronological list)". Cambridge Companion to the Orchestra. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-00132-8.
- ^ a b c d e f Patrick Robertson (2011). Robertson's Book of Firsts. Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-1-60819-738-5.
- ^ a b Vernon N. Kisling, ed. (2000). Zoo and Aquarium History. USA: CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-4200-3924-5.
- ^ a b c "Movie Theaters in Detroit, MI". CinemaTreasures.org. Los Angeles: Cinema Treasures LLC. Retrieved March 29, 2017.
- ^ "50 U.S. Cities and Their Stories: Detroit", American Influenza Epidemic of 1918–1919: a Digital Encyclopedia, University of Michigan, retrieved March 30, 2017. (Includes timeline)
- ^ a b American Association for State and Local History (2002). "Michigan: Detroit". Directory of Historical Organizations in the United States and Canada (15th ed.). pp. 397–398. ISBN 0759100020.
- ^ Hill 2003.
- ^ a b c Gavrilovich 2000, p. 232.
- ^ Aaron Brenner; Benjamin Day; Immanuel Ness, eds. (2015) [2009]. "Timeline". Encyclopedia of Strikes in American History. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-45707-7.
- ^ "Garden Search: United States of America: Michigan". London: Botanic Gardens Conservation International. Retrieved March 30, 2017.
- ^ "Michigan". Official Congressional Directory. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. 1956 – via HathiTrust.
{{cite book}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - ^ a b c d e f g h Hellmann 2006.
- ^ a b "Sister Cities Program". City of Detroit. Archived from the original on June 29, 2010.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Michigan". Official Congressional Directory. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. 1966.
{{cite book}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - ^ Detroit's 'great warrior,' Coleman Young, dies, CNN.com, November 29, 1997
- ^ "History of Cities in 50 Buildings", The Guardian, UK, 2015
- ^ Baulch, Vivian M. (September 4, 1999).[dead link]Michigan's greatest treasure – Its people. Michigan History, The Detroit News. Retrieved on January 31, 2010.
- ^ "City of Detroit Official Web Site". Archived from the original on December 7, 1998 – via Internet Archive, Wayback Machine.
- ^ Kevin Hyde; Tamie Hyde (eds.). "United States of America: Michigan". Official City Sites. Utah. OCLC 40169021. Archived from the original on December 5, 1998.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Bill McGraw (March 24, 2008), "Kilpatrick a first for Detroit", Detroit Free Press
- ^ Monica Davey; Nick Bunkley (March 25, 2008). "Mayor of Detroit Faces 8 Counts in Perjury Case". New York Times.
- ^ "Detroit city, Michigan". QuickFacts. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved March 29, 2017.
- ^ Richard Blackden (April 1, 2013), "Kevyn Orr - the man who must fix Detroit", The Telegraph
- ^ Associated Press (2013-10-22), Bankrupt Detroit goes on trial, Politico.Com
- ^ "Detroit bankruptcy eligibility case goes to trial", PBS NewsHour, October 23, 2013
- ^ Isidore, Chris (November 7, 2013). "Detroit is broke. Who's going to pay?". Money.cnn.com.
- ^ "Federal grant to hire 150 Detroit firefighters", Detroit News, November 29, 2013
Bibliography
Published in 18th-19th century
- Jedidiah Morse (1797). "D'Etroit". American Gazetteer. Boston, Massachusetts: At the presses of S. Hall, and Thomas & Andrews.
{{cite book}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - Samuel R. Brown (1817). "Detroit". Western Gazetteer; or, Emigrant's Directory. Auburn, N.Y: Printed by H.C. Southwick. OCLC 10530489.
{{cite book}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - James H. Wellings (1845), Directory of the City of Detroit, Detroit: Printed by Harsha & Willcox
- James H. Wellings (1846), Directory of the City of Detroit, Detroit: A.S. Williams, printer, OCLC 10900751
- Johnston's Detroit Directory. 1855.
- "Detroit", State of Michigan Gazetteer & Business Directory, H. Huntington Lee & Co. & James Sutherland, 1856, pp. 33+
- Johnston's Detroit City Directory, James Dale Johnston & Co, 1861, OCLC 81840923
- "Detroit", Michigan State Gazetteer and Business Directory, Charles F. Clark, 1863, pp. 239+
- "Detroit", Appleton's Illustrated Hand-Book of American Cities, New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1876
{{citation}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - Silas Farmer (1890). History of Detroit and Wayne County and Early Michigan: a Chronological Cyclopedia (3rd ed.). Detroit.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Delos Franklin Wilcox (1896), Municipal Government in Michigan and Ohio: A Study in the Relations of City and Commonwealth, Columbia University (About Detroit and Cleveland)
- "Detroit", Michigan State Gazetteer and Business Directory, R.L. Polk & Co., 1897, pp. 481–718
Published in 20th century
- Robert C. Brooks (1901), "Detroit, Mich.", Bibliography of Municipal Problems and City Conditions, Municipal Affairs, vol. 5 (2nd ed.), New York: Reform Club, OCLC 1855351
{{citation}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - "Detroit". Chambers's Encyclopaedia. London. 1901.
{{cite book}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Lyman Pierson Powell, ed. (1901), "Detroit", Historic Towns of the Western States, New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons
{{citation}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - Leo M. Franklin (1903), "Detroit", Jewish Encyclopedia, vol. 4, New York
{{citation}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Hugo S. Grosser, ed. (1907), "Detroit", What is What in Our Cities, Book of American Municipalities, League of American Municipalities
{{citation}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - "Detroit", United States (4th ed.), Leipzig: K. Baedeker, 1909, OCLC 02338437 – via Internet Archive
{{citation}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - The Detroiter, Detroit Board of Commerce. 1910-
- "Detroit", Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.), New York, 1910, OCLC 14782424 – via Internet Archive
{{citation}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Floyd Benjamin Streeter (1921). "(Detroit)". Michigan Bibliography. Lansing: Michigan Historical Commission. pp. 99–147.
- Clarence M. Burton, ed. (1922). City of Detroit, Michigan, 1701-1922. Chicago: S. J. Clarke Publishing Company. (5 volumes)
- Federal Writers' Project (1941). "Detroit". Michigan: a Guide to the Wolverine State. American Guide Series. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 228+ – via Google Books.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) - Wallace John Bonk (1957), Michigan's first bookstore; a study of the books sold in the Detroit Book Store, 1817-1828, Department of Library Science Studies, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan
- Steve Babson (1986) [1984]. Working Detroit: The Making of a Union Town. Wayne State University Press. ISBN 0-8143-1819-3.
- Peter Gavrilovich & Bill McGraw (2000). Detroit Almanac: 300 years of life in the motor city.
Published in 21st century
- Paul S. Boyer, ed. (2001). "Detroit". Oxford Companion to United States History. Oxford University Press. p. 185. ISBN 978-0-19-508209-8.
- David Lee Poremba, Detroit in Its World Setting: A Three Hundred Year Chronology, 1701-2001 (2001).
- Eric J. Hill; John Gallagher (2003). AIA Detroit: the American Institute of Architects Guide to Detroit Architecture. Wayne State University Press. ISBN 0-8143-3120-3.
- David Marley (2005), "United States: Detroit", Historic Cities of the Americas, Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, pp. 557+, ISBN 1576070271
- Paul T. Hellmann (2006). "Michigan: Detroit". Historical Gazetteer of the United States. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 1-135-94859-3.
- Michael O. Smith (2007). "Detroit, Michigan". In David Goldfield (ed.). Encyclopedia of American Urban History. Sage. pp. 218+. ISBN 978-1-4522-6553-7.
- Dan Austin (2010). Lost Detroit: Stories Behind the Motor City's Majestic Ruins. Arcadia. ISBN 978-1-62584-237-4.
- Catherine Cangany (2014). Frontier Seaport: Detroit's Transformation into an Atlantic Entrepôt. American Beginnings, 1500-1900. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-09684-1.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to History of Detroit.
- Detroit Public Library Digital Collections
- Detroit, Research Guides, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Library
- Items related to Detroit, various dates (via Digital Public Library of America)
- Yves Marchand; Romain Meffre. "Ruins of Detroit (2005-2010)". (Photos)
- Clarke Historical Library. "Wayne County". Bibliographies: Michigan Local History. Mount Pleasant: Central Michigan University. (Includes Detroit)
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