pa: difference between revisions

pa

1. (international standards) ISO 639-1 language code for Punjabi.

Clipping of papa.

• IPA^(key): /pɑː/

  • Audio (Southern England):

    (file)

• Rhymes: -ɑː
• Lua error in Module:homophones at line 150: Use of qN= in Template:homophones no longer permitted; use qqN=; in a month or two, qN= will return as left qualifiers

pa (plural pas)

1. (colloquial) Father, papa.
2. (colloquial) Grandpa, grandfather.

• Often capitalized when used to refer to a specific person; see Pa.

Hey, Pa, I'd like you to meet my friend Jamie.

• (father): da (Irish) , dad, daddy, papa, pater
• (grandfather): grandpa, grandpappy

• grandpa
• ma

Borrowed from Maori pā.

pa (plural pas)

1. (New Zealand, now historical) A fortified Maori settlement, especially of pre-European times. [from 19th c.]
   • 2020, Sujit Sivasundaram, Waves Across the South, William Collins, published 2021, page 68:

     A pa or Māori defence fortification appears at a height on the hill above the bay.

2. (New Zealand) Any Maori village or settlement; a kainga. [from 19th c.]

• pah

• A&P, AP, Ap, ap, ap.

From Dutch.

• Audio:

  (file)

pa (plural pa's)

1. dad, father

• pappa
• vader

• ma

• oupa

From Proto-Albanian *apa, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂epó (“off, away”). Cognate to Messapic [script needed] (apa, “from, out of, by”),^[1] Ancient Greek ἀπό (apó, “away, off”), Sanskrit अप (apá).

pa (+ accusative)

1. without, minus
2. not counting, even without counting

^[2]

• me

• prapë
• pas

pa

1. (before imperatives) attenuates a command or suggestion

   Pa më thuaj ― Tell me

From Proto-Polynesian *fa, from Proto-Oceanic *pat, from Proto-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian *əpat, from Proto-Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian *əpat, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *əpat, from Proto-Austronesian *Səpat.

pa

1. four

pa

1. liver

• Claire Bowern, Harold James Koch, Australian Languages: Classification and the Comparative Method (2004), page 411

Compare Spanish pa, a contracted form of para.

pa

1. for

• The preposition pa contracts to p' before a word beginning with a- or ha-: p'Asturies (for Asturias), p'haber (for to have)

• p'
• pal

• Audio:

  (file)

pa inan

1. kiss

• IPA^(key): /pa/
• Rhymes: -a

pa

1. small

• Big Nambas Grammar Pacific Linguistics - G.J. Fox

pa

1. when, if

Inherited from Old Catalan pa (attested at least once as pan), from Latin pānis, possibly derived from Proto-Indo-European *peh₂- (“to graze, feed”).

• IPA^(key): (Central, Balearic, Valencia) [ˈpa]

• Audio (Valencian):

  (file)

• Rhymes: -a

pa m (plural pans)

1. bread

• “pa” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
• “pa”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2024
• “pa” in Diccionari normatiu valencià, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua.
• “pa” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.

From Proto-Vietic *paː; cognate with Vietnamese ba.

• IPA^(key): /paː¹/

pa

1. three

• IPA^(key): /paː/

pā

1. (transitive) To dye

• Andrews, J. Richard (2003) Workbook for Introduction to Classical Nahuatl, revised edition edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, page 244
• Karttunen, Frances (1983) An Analytical Dictionary of Nahuatl, Austin: University of Texas Press, page 182

• IPA^(key): /pa/

pa

1. head

• http://fpcctalkindian.nativeweb.org/ (Lesson Three)

• IPA^(key): /paː/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -aː

pa m (plural pa's, diminutive paatje n)

1. pa, dad

• → Papiamentu: pachi (from the diminutive)

pa

1. pah

From Old Galician-Portuguese pera.

Template:fax-IPA

pa

1. to (indicates application of an adjective)
   • 2000, Domingo Frades Gaspar, Vamus a falal: Notas pâ coñocel y platical en nosa fala, Editora regional da Extremadura, Theme I, Chapter 3: Radós:

     A radón mais grandi pa defendela é que é nossa LENGUA MATERNA, a “primeira lengua que un indivíduu aprendi de maneira ínnconscienti duranti a sua infancia” i en ela han aprindiu a idel as primeiras palabras […]

     The greatest reason to defend it is that it is our NATIVE LANGUAGE, the “first language that an individual learns in an unconscious manner during his infancy” and in it learned how to say his first words […]

2. for (directed at, intended to belong to or to be appropriate for)
   • 2000, Domingo Frades Gaspar, Vamus a falal: Notas pâ coñocel y platical en nosa fala, Editora regional da Extremadura, Theme I, Chapter 4: ¿Guerras, moas?:

     Encontramus opiniós pa tos os gustus.

     We found opinions for every taste.

3. to, towards (indicates destination)
   • 2000, Domingo Frades Gaspar, Vamus a falal: Notas pâ coñocel y platical en nosa fala, Editora regional da Extremadura, Theme IX, Chapter 4: ¿Fala transerrana?:

     I nos, inda hoxii, con autonomía i tó siguimus idendu: “Vo pa Castilla”, […]

     And to this day we, with autonomy and everything, keep on saying: “I’ll go to Castille”, […]

• Valeš, Miroslav (2021) Diccionariu de A Fala: lagarteiru, mañegu, valverdeñu (web)‎^[1], 2nd edition, Minde, Portugal: CIDLeS, published 2022, →ISBN

• pá, paa

From Old Galician-Portuguese paa, from Latin pāla (“shovel, spade”).

• IPA^(key): [ˈpa]

pa f (plural pas)

1. shovel; spade (tool for digging and moving material)
2. windmill blade
3. the end of a paddle or oar with the blade
4. (anatomy, zootomy) incisor

• Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, Ana Isabel Boullón Agrelo (2006–2022) “paa”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios do galego medieval (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
• Xavier Varela Barreiro, Xavier Gómez Guinovart (2006–2018) “paa”, in Corpus Xelmírez - Corpus lingüístico da Galicia medieval (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: ILG
• Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, editor (2006–2013), “pa”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios da lingua galega (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
• Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, editors (2003–2018), “pa”, in Tesouro informatizado da lingua galega (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
• Rosario Álvarez Blanco, editor (2014–2024), “pa”, in Tesouro do léxico patrimonial galego e portugués (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega, →ISSN

• pagipa (formal)

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

pa

1. father

pa

1. ten

• kpá (Benin)

• IPA^(key): /k͡pá/

pá (Nigeria)

1. towards

Cognates include Saxwe Gbe kpà, Adja kpa, Fon kpà

• kpà (Benin)

• IPA^(key): /k͡pà/

pà (Nigeria)

1. to cut, specifically hair

Cognates include Saxwe Gbe kpà, Adja kpa, Fon kpà

• kpà (Benin)

• IPA^(key): /k͡pà/

pà (Nigeria)

1. to praise

From French pas.

• IPA^(key): /pa/

pa

1. not

• Double negatives (e.g. pa ... janm or pa ... anyen) are grammatically correct in Haitian Creole.

pa

1. to finish, (be brought to an) end

• Alexandre François, Pragmatic demotion and clause dependency: On two atypical subordinating strategies in the Lo-Toga and Hiw (Torres, Vanuatu) (2010), in Clause Linking and Clause Hierarchy (edited by Isabelle Bril)

For pronunciation and definitions of pa – see 吧. (This term is the pe̍h-ōe-jī form of 吧).

pa

1. Rōmaji transcription of ぱ
2. Rōmaji transcription of パ

pa

1. in
2. at
3. on
4. to
5. into
6. toward
7. from
8. during

• Allen J. Christenson, Kʼiche-English dictionary

From Portuguese para.

pa

1. for
2. to

pa

1. arrow

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *pa, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂pó. Balto-Slavic cognates include Lithuanian pa-, Old Prussian pa-, po-, Proto-Slavic *po.

pa (with accusative or dative)

1. on
2. along

   iet pa ceļu ― to walk along the road

3. to
4. in
5. through
6. during

   pa naktīm ― during night

7. by

   pa pastu ― by post

8. over

   pa radio ― over the radio

pa (dual panai, plural paliu)

1. he, she

• IPA^(key): /pa/
• Rhymes: -a
• Homophone: Pa

Inherited from French pas (“step, pace, footstep”).

pa

1. (a) step, (a) pace, (a) footstep

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Probably inherited from French "papa" or similar.”) Compare Louisiana Creole Pa (“Brer”).

pa

1. (a) father, (a) dad

   Synonyms: pær, pap, papa, papi, pè, pèr, popa

Inherited from French pas (“not”).

pa

1. Most common adverb of negation in Louisiana Creole, typically translating into English as not, don't, doesn't, etc.

   Çé pa jist. ― It's not fair.

   To pa ka trouvé mô shyin? ― You can't find my dog?

pa

1. to give

• pra

From Portuguese para and pra. Compare Kabuverdianu, Papiamentu pa.

pa

1. to

   Iou muto querê pa vôs ― I love you very much (literally, “I very much love to you”)

   metê limam pa tirâ amiz ― add lemon to remove the unpleasant flavour

2. for

   águ pa banhâ ― bathwater (literally, “water for bathing”)

   sô pa iou ― only for me

   passâ iou pa mentiroso ― to take me for a liar

3. towards, into

   dâ ung'a tricada pa águ ― to jump into the water

• https://www.macaneselibrary.org/pub/english/uipatua.htm

pa

1. Nonstandard spelling of pā.
2. Nonstandard spelling of pá.
3. Nonstandard spelling of pà.

• Transcriptions of Mandarin into the Latin script often do not distinguish between the critical tonal differences employed in the Mandarin language, using words such as this one without indication of tone.

pa

1. Alternative form of po

• IPA^(key): /ˈpa/

pa

1. to weave

From Proto-Numic *pa from Proto-Uto-Aztecan *pa.

pa

1. water

Muong cardinal numbers

<  2	3	4  >
Cardinal : pa

From Proto-Vietic *paː; cognate with Vietnamese ba.

• IPA^(key): /paː¹/

pa

1. three

From Proto-Vietic *paː; cognate with Vietnamese ba.

• IPA^(key): /paː¹/

pa

1. three

pa

1. not (indicates negation)

From the Proto-Indo-European root *upo- (“under, up”).

pa

1. under

pa

1. under

From Proto-Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian *əpat, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *əpat, from Proto-Austronesian *Səpat.

pa

1. four

From Portuguese para and Spanish para and Kabuverdianu pa.

pa

1. to
2. for
3. by

Onomatopoeic.

Template:pl-p

pa

1. (familiar) bye

• pa in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
• pa in Polish dictionaries at PWN

Syncopic form of para.

• Hyphenation: pa

pa

1. (colloquial) Syncopic form of para

Borrowed from Hungarian pá.

• IPA^(key): [pa]
• Rhymes: -a

pa

1. bye

   Synonym: la revedere

pa

1. Alternative spelling of pa'

Common South Slavic; compare Slovene pa, Bulgarian па (pa). See also pa-.

• IPA^(key): /pa/

pa (Cyrillic spelling па)

1. (and) then

   Synonym: ȍndā

   prvo ću skočiti ja, pa ti ― I'll jump first, (and) then you

   učenje pa odmor pa zabava ― learning, then rest, then fun

2. (and) so, therefore

   Synonym: stȍgā

   Potrošio sam sav novac, pa sam se morao vratiti kući. ― I've spent all of my money, so I had to go back home.

3. (with da or màkar) even if, even though, although
4. (with ȉpāk) (and, but) yet, still

   bogat je, pa ipak usamljen ― he's rich, but still lonely

5. (with da + i) even if

pa (Cyrillic spelling па)

1. so, so what

   Pa? ― So what?

2. (for emphasis) well, so

   Pa dobro! ― All right, then!

   Pa što je s tobom? ― What's with you?

   Pa i ne baš ― Well, not exactly

   Pa što onda? ― So what?

3. (regional, for emphasis) even

   Pa i moja baba već zna da to nije istina! ― Even my grandma knows that that is not true!

From Proto-Bantu *-páa.

-pá (infinitive kupá)

1. to give

pa

1. water

   Móenòeng pe tue e tue pa.

   There are crocodiles in the water.

• Donohue, Mark. Rópu we te máwo pílang te: Skou dictionary draft. s.l. 80pp. (2002).

From Serbo-Croatian pa.

• IPA^(key): /pa/

pa

1. well, so
   • 2010, Luigi Peca, La guerre à Acquaviva:

     Alora pa, ka biša gvera, ka pa je rivala kurta nasa ova gvera, mi, tuna žene aš ljuda, te ljuda veča… ka bihu veča zdrave – nò? mahu sa po hranit.

     Well then, during the war, when this war came close to us, we, all the women and men, the men (who were) more… who were healthier – you know? had to hide themselves.

• Breu, W., Mader Skender, M. B. & Piccoli, G. 2013. Oral texts in Molise Slavic (Italy): Acquaviva Collecroce. In Adamou, E., Breu, W., Drettas, G. & Scholze, L. (eds.). 2013. EuroSlav2010: Elektronische Datenbank bedrohter slavischer Varietäten in nichtslavophonen Ländern Europas – Base de données électronique de variétés slaves menacées dans des pays européens non slavophones. Konstanz: Universität / Paris: Lacito (Internet Publication).

• IPA^(key): /pa/

• Audio:

  (file)

pa

1. and

   Jaz pa ti. ― Me and you.

2. but

   Je dober, ne pa najbolši. ― He is good but not the best.

3. so

   Zaspal je, pa je zamudil šolo. ― He overslept, so he was late for school.

pa m (plural pas)

1. (Latin America) Clipping of papá: dad; pop; papa

pa

1. Alternative form of pa'

• de pe a pa

• Among the places this form is used is southern Arizona, per Anita Calneh Post, Southern Arizona Spanish phonology (1934), page 36: "The commonest loss of intervocalic r in southern Arizona is in para, which is always pa ..."

• “pa”, in Diccionario de la lengua española (in Spanish), 23rd edition, Royal Spanish Academy, 2014 October 16

pa

1. Romanization of 𒉺 (pa)

From Proto-Bantu *-páa.

• Audio (Kenya):

  (file)

-pa (no plain infinitive)

1. to give to (someone)

   Nimewapa kitabu. ― I have given them a book.

   Nijawapa kitabu. ― I have not yet given them a book.

Conjugation of -pa (obligatory object concord)
Subjunctive -pe Negative -pi
Object concord
Indicative positive Singular Plural 1st person -nipa -tupa 2nd person -kupa -wapa/-kupeni/-wapeni 3rd person m-wa(I/II) -mpa -wapa other classes — Reflexive -jipa Subjunctive Singular Plural 1st person -nipe -tupe 2nd person -kupe -wape 3rd person m-wa(I/II) -mpe -wape other classes — Reflexive -jipe Indicative negative Singular Plural 1st person -nipi -tupi 2nd person -kupi -wapi 3rd person m-wa(I/II) -mpi -wapi other classes — Reflexive -jipi
Relative forms general positive (positive subject concord + object concord + -pa- + relative marker) Singular Plural m-wa(I/II) -paye -pao m-mi(III/IV) -pao -payo ji-ma(V/VI) -palo -payo ki-vi(VII/VIII) -pacho -pavyo n(IX/X) -payo -pazo u(XI) -pao see n(X) or ma(VI) class ku(XV/XVII) -pako pa(XVI) -papo mu(XVIII) -pamo
Some forms not commonly seen in modern Standard Swahili are absent from the table. See Appendix:Swahili verbs for more information.

• Verbal derivations:
  • Applicative: -pea
  • Passive: -pewa
  • Reciprocal: -peana

• Nominal derivations:
  • kipaji (“donation, gift”)
  • mpaji (“giver”)

pa

1. Pa class inflected form of -a.

• IPA^(key): /pa/, [pɐ]

pa (Baybayin spelling ᜉ)

1. yet

   Hindi pa niya binuhay ang sinaing.

   He hasn't turned the rice cooker on yet.

2. still; eventually; in the future

   Buhay pa ang bintilador; bakit hindi mo 'to pinatay?

   The fan is still on; why didn't you turn it off?

3. in addition, too
4. in the past
5. even

• pa-

Influenced by Baybayin character ᜉ (pa).

pa (Baybayin spelling ᜉ)

1. The name of the Latin-script letter P/p, in the Abakada alphabet.

   Synonyms: (in the Filipino alphabet) pi, (in the Abecedario) pe

• papa

pa (Baybayin spelling ᜉ)

1. (informal, familiar, childish) Clipping of papa.

   Synonyms: papa, ama, tatay, itay, tay, tatang

   Coordinate term: ma

• “pa”, in Pambansang Diksiyonaryo | Diksiyonaryo.ph, Manila, 2018

Tho cardinal numbers

<  2	3	4  >
Cardinal : pa

From Proto-Vietic *paː; cognate with Vietnamese ba, Muong pa.

• IPA^(key): /paː¹/

pa

1. three

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *pʷak.

pa

1. pig

• Jackson T. S. Sun, Typology of Generic-Person Making in Tshobdun Rgyalrong (2014)

• IPA^(key): /pa/

pa m (plural pas)

1. father

• (gender): mame

• py

From Proto-Celtic *kʷid, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷid (compare *kʷis); compare Latin quid, Old Irish cid, Modern Irish cad, Cornish py, pe.

• IPA^(key): /paː/
• Rhymes: -aː

pa

1. (interrogative, archaic) what

pa

1. which

   Synonym: pwy

• pa mor
• pa un, p'un

• The usage of pa as an interrogative has been rendered obsolete by the modern word beth, which derives from the phrase pa beth, meaning literally ‘what thing’.
• pa as a determiner tends to be replaced by pwy in Southern Welsh.

• IPA^(key): /pa/

pa

1. (transitive, with ta-) to request, ask for

   tapa ampong te ni ― I ask you for forgiveness

Conjugation of pa (action verb)
		singular	plural
			inclusive	exclusive
1st person		tapa	mapa	apa
2nd person		napa	fapa
3rd person	inanimate	ipa	dapa
	animate
imperative		napa, pa	fapa, pa

• IPA^(key): /pa(ː)/

pa

1. Alternative form of papa (“female”)

• Clemens Voorhoeve (1982) The Makian languages and their neighbours‎^[2], Pacific linguistics
• James Collins (1982) Further Notes Towards a West Makian Vocabulary‎^[3], Pacific linguistics

• IPA^(key): [pʰɑ]

pa

1. friend

• Erika Sandman (2016) A Grammar of Wutun‎^[4], University of Helsinki (PhD), →ISBN

pa

1. Aphetic form of apan
   • 1867, GLOSSARY OF THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, page 60:

     Pa ooree; Pa cawl.

     Upon each other; Upon the horse.

   • 1867, GLOSSARY OF THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, page 69:

     Pa sthit.

     Upon the filly.

   • 1867, GLOSSARY OF THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, page 78:

     A wuf is pa varreen.

     The gad is on the headland.

• Jacob Poole (d. 1827) (before 1828) William Barnes, editor, A Glossary, With some Pieces of Verse, of the old Dialect of the English Colony in the Baronies of Forth and Bargy, County of Wexford, Ireland, London: J. Russell Smith, published 1867, page 60

Proposed to be derived from Proto-Yoruboid *kpa, possibly a Doublet of kú

• IPA^(key): /k͡pā/

pa

1. (transitive) to kill

   Ẹ fẹ́ pa mí ni!?

   You want to kill me!?

   1. (transitive) to murder

      Ó pa ìyàwó ẹ̀.

      He murdered his wife.

   2. (transitive) to execute
   3. (transitive) to switch off, to turn off

      Má gbàgbé láti máa pa tẹlifíṣọ̀n.

      Don't forget to turn off the television.

   4. (transitive) to extinguish

      A dúpẹ́ pé wọ́n pa iná kó tó jó odindi ilé tán pátá.

      Thankfully the fire was extinguished before it burnt the whole house down.

   5. (transitive) to stop, to terminate

      Wọ́n pa ìlù.

      They stopped the drumming.

2. (transitive) to pain, to kill

   Yéè! Ẹsẹ̀ yìí fẹ́ pa mí o!

   Ouch! My feet are killing me!

   1. (transitive) to disturb

      Ebi ń pa mí.

      Hunger is disturbing me.

      (I am hungry)

   2. (transitive) to intoxicate

      Ọtí ń pa wọ́n.

      Alchohol is intoxicating them.

      (They are drunk)

3. (transitive) to open, to smash open, to thresh

   Ẹ bá mi pa obì yìí.

   Help me open this kola nut.

   Ó pa ọkà.

   He threshed the corn.

4. (transitive) to hatch

   Adìyẹ mi ti pa ọmọ

   My hen's hatched chicks

• IPA^(key): /k͡pā/

pa

1. (transitive) to tell, to convey

   Irọ́ l'o ń pa o! ― You're telling a lie!

Compare with Igbo kpa

• IPA^(key): /k͡pā/

pa

1. (transitive) to rub

   Mo máa ń fi òrí pa ọwọ́ mi ― I use shea butter to moisturize my hands

2. (transitive) to scorch, to drench, to beat usually in relation to weather

   Òjò ń pa mí. ― Rain is drenching me.

   Òjò ń pa òrùlé. ― The rain is beating the roof.

   Oòrùn ń pa mí. ― The sun is beating me.

• IPA^(key): /k͡pā/

pa

1. to gain, to make
   1. to earn (money)

      Wọn kì í pa owó látinú iṣẹ́ yìí. ― They don't make money from doing such work.

      Ọbẹ̀ tó dùn, owó ló pa á ― A delicious stew; money is what earnt it

• IPA^(key): /k͡pā/

pa

1. to be in a state, defined by a following adverb

   Òkun pa rọ́rọ́. ― The sea is calm.

• IPA^(key): /k͡pā/

pa

1. to be tight

   Mo dè é pa ― I screwed it tight

• IPA^(key): /k͡pá/

pá

1. to be bald

   Ó pá lórí. ― He's bald on the head.

   (He is bald)

From Proto-Indo-European *pṓds (“foot”), cognates include Sanskrit पद् (pád), Latin pes (French pied), German Fuß, English foot.

• IPA^(key): /pɔː/

pa

1. (anatomy) leg, foot

From Proto-Kuki-Chin *paa, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *pa. Cognates include Chinese 爸 (bà) and Tibetan པ་ཕ (pa pha).

• IPA^(key): /pa˧˥/

pá

1. father
2. grandfather

Perhaps related to Etymology 1.

• IPA^(key): /pa˧/

pa

1. cousin

• Lukram Himmat Singh (2013) A Descriptive Grammar of Zou, Canchipur: Manipur University, page 60