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Kolibambang

Mantad Wikipedia

Kolibambang
Kolibambang Rajah Brooke
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Arthropoda
Class:
Insecta
Order:
Lepidoptera
(unranked):
Rhopalocera
Subkumpulan

Kolibambang nopo nga iso kawo songongi tumulud mantad order Lepidoptera, miagal do kolibobog. Kogumuan do kolibambang nopo nga kitalad di ababang om kagayat. Miagal do songongi holometabolisme suai, pamanahon koposion montok kolibambang nopo nga haro apat boogian, tontolu, larva, pupa om nakagayo. Kogumuan spesies nopo nga diurnal (poimposik antakan dangadau). Kolibambang diti nopo nga kikawo miagal do kolibambang sejati (superfamili Papilionoidea), skipper (superfamili Hesperioidea) om kolibambang rerama (superfamili Hedyloidea). Toinsanan tinimungan suai id suang do Lepidoptera lohowon sabaagi kolibobog. Fosil kolibambang di bobos osopung nopo nga naanu mantad pintangaan timpu Eosen, lobi kuang 40–50 riong toun di pogulu po.

Poristilahan

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Tulun Brunei manahak ngaran sabaagi do kulimambang id suang do dialek songkinoyonon, kopiagal do istilah boros-boros sandad di gunoon do tulun kabaatan Borneo miagal do boros Bisaya (kalabang) boros Kadazan (kuhibambang), boros Rungus (kolibangbang) om boros Tidung (kolibambang) gisom korikot id boros Aceh (bambang, bangbang) koinsiribaan do boros gamut Proto-Austronesia *baŋbaŋ₂.[1][2]

Pamanahon koposion

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Kupu-kupu sedang mengawan
Kopokitanan turos do kolibambang miampai sinodu di osomok

Ogumu tulun otumbayaan do ninaru koposion montok kolibambang nopo nga oniba. I otopot nopo, kolibambang di nosukod nopo nga kaanu masi gisom sominggu toi ko korikot sontoun tumanud do spesies dau. Kogumuan do spesies nopo nga kawaya do taang larva di alaid, om kaanu sumiliu do dorman maamaso taang pupa toi ko' tontolu moi do kaanu manalib do timpu tosogit.[3]

Kolibambang nopo nga mogontolu insan no toi ko' inggumu monikid toun. Ginumu sakag montok sontoun nopo nga mogisuusuai gama do rahung iklim, hinonggo kolibambang i poingion id kinoyonon tropika kaanu mogontolu lobi ko' insan sontoun.[4]

Tontolu

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Tontolu kolibambang Ariadne merione

Tontolu kolibambang nopo nga umilogon maya do kulit di kirabung okodou, lohowon sabaagi korion o nosompon do lilin di mongumolig tontolu dii do osidangan, sobolum gumayo o larva di.[5], Monikid tontolu nopo nga kiwaa luang kibontuk corong di aalus id iso dompok, lohowon sabaagi do mikropil [5] i kitudu montok poposuang do sperma montok monsenyawa do tontolu. Misuai saiz montok monikid tontolu, nga tooinsanan tontolu kolibambang nopo nga kibontuk sfera toi ko' oval.

Posokoton o tontolu kolibambang id roun momoguno do kakamot poposokot khas di oruhai do kumodou. Soira kokodou, kakamot dii nopo nga kumukus om poinsuai-suai o bontuk tontolu. Ouhan do mogintong o poposokot diti tu kibontuk do moniskut i poinsorili do tapak monikid tontolu. Kaasil nogi o poposokot diti mantad pupa montok mongogos do seta-seta kremaster. Poposokot diti nopo nga okodou kopio gisom lapik do sutera di poposokot do seta-seta nopo nga amu milo lungkabon.

Tontolu do kolibambang diti nopo nga koubasan no posokoton id sawat do susumuli. Monikid spesis kolibambang nopo nga kiwaa julat susumuni iyonon do poinsoosondii, hali pia iso spesies toi ko' ogumu spesies.

Taang do tontolu dii nopo nga solinaid piipiro minggu montok kogumuan do kolibambang, nga tontolu di posoliwanon mintiruhai do timpu tosogit, lobi-lobi no id kinoyonon miampai iklim osuhatan, nuru do kawaya do taang diapaus (mundorong) om aansa soira timpu mongusak. Haro piipiro spesies kolibambang suai di milo mogontolu id timpu mongusak moi do aansa o tontolu di maamaso timpu talasu.

Tadtaru

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Tadtaru Junonia coenia.

Larva kolibambang, toi ko' tadtaru, mangakan do roun susumuni om magawi do toinsanan timpu sabaagi tadtaru montok mogihum taakanon. Kogumuan do tadtaru nopo nga maun, nga haro nogi piipiro spesies miagal do Spalgis epius om Liphyra brassolis i mangakan do songongi.

Piipiro larva, lobi-lobi po id suang do tinimungan Lycaenidae, haro pionitan kesalingan miampai kilau. Miromut o tadtaru miampai kilau momoguno do gogor i pioputon maya do substrat miampai poposoliwan do isyarat kimia.[6][7] Umoligan do kilau o larva diti; sabaagi pomoguli, uhupan do larva o kilau diti montok monimung do paha'.

Gumayo o tadtaru maya do piipiro taang i lohowon sabaagi do instar. Id kolimpupuson do monikid instar, kawaya o larva do iso proses i komoyon do apolisis, hinonggo kulit ari, iso lapik soliwan di okodou i nowonsoi mantad do pilangatan do kitin om protein pointantu, posoliwanon mantad epidermis di olomok id siriba, om ogumu o epidermis mombontuk do kulit ari wagu id siriba. Id monikid kolimpupuson do instar, sumowoli kulit o larva, om kulit wagu nopo nga sumuni om kumodou miampai papaasil pigmen maya iso proses di osiau. [8] Proses sumowoli do kulit diti nopo nga maganu timpu gisom piipiro tadau. Wotik talad do kolibambang nogi nga sumuni id boogian do tinan tadtaru maamaso id koompokon do instar.

Tadtaru do kolibambang nopo nga haro tolu pasang gakod kakal id segmen toraks om au kolobi do onom pasang prokaki i sumuni id boogian do segmen abdomen. Id prokaki diti nopo nga' kiwaa gegelang cangkuk aalus i roitan do krusye i monguhup do tadtaru montok mongonggom do substrat.

Piipiro tadtaru nogi nga kaanu do popokombung soboogian do tulu dau moi do kaagal-agal do tulanut sabaagi iso laang pongumolig. Haro nogi i kimato palsu moi do lobi kibagas. Piipiro tadtaru nogi nga kistruktur poimbida i komoyon do osmeterium montok poposombut do roromu kimia di outong montok laang pongumoligan nogi.

Susumuni ponokowalai nogi nga koubasan no kiwaa roromu toksik id suai i kaanu do pisuayon do tadtaru montok poopion gisom taang nosukod moi do au opoto akanon do tombolog toi ko' tayam mangangakan di suai. Au opoto di nopo nga pokitonon id suang do warana-warana koligaganan miagal do aragang, orin, oitom toi ko' opurak, id suang do kowoowoyoon di roitan sabaagi do aposematisme. Roromu-roromu kitoksik diti nopo nga gunoon montok mongumolig do susumuni mantad akanon do songongi. Sundung pia miagal di, kalantoi kasari o songongi do momoguno o toksin-toksin dii montok komandirian dau sondii. "Pialaan sanjata" diti pinopoimbulai do evolusi miampai songongi om susumuni ponokowalai.[9]

Ponginlaaban do talad

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Cakera talad instar kotohuri, Junonia coenia
Pongimuayan talad kolibambang

Talad toi ko' tanak talad nopo nga au okito id soliwan do larva, nga soira ayakon o larva, okito o cakera talad[10] di aalus om gumayo id segmen koduo om kotolu id kinoyonon so spirakel i okito id segmen abdomen. Cakera talad diti gumayo miampai do trakea id poingompus do tapak talad, om nosorilian do membran peripodial di onipis om pointaid in epidermis labus do larva miamai duktus di aalus.

Cakera do talad nopo nga okoro kopio gisom instar larva di kolimpupuson, soira gumayo miampai osikap, trakea di mirapang mantad tapak do talad nopo nga monogulu do pombontukan tuhat talad, om tumimpuun no do sumuni o wotik-wotik i kipionitan do piipiro tanda kinoyonon do talad.

Maamaso timpu pupa, sansagan do sumoliwan o talad mantad epidermis maya do panatalan mantad hemolimfa. Hali pia id kotimpuunon nopo nga oropupu, soira sumoliwan o pupa mantad kulit ari larva, talad di nopo nga poinsokot id kulit ari soliwan do pupa. Id timpu piipiro jam, talad di mombontuk do kulit ari di okodou kopio om poingkogos id tinan moi do kaanu o pupa do igitan miampai au momorumbak do talad.

Pupa

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Kepompong kolibambang

Soira osukod o tadtaru, kaasil o hormon protorasikotropik (PTTH) i sumoliwan mantad tutok montok monimpuun do proses pompupaan.[11] Maamaso diti, tumingkod o pupa do makan om tumimpuun no mogihum do kinoyonon di kosudong montok sumimban kumaa pupa, koubasan id siriba do roun.

Sumimban o larva diti kumaa pupa miampai poingantung id substrat om monowoli do kulit montok timpu di kotohuri no. Mantad kepompong, tadtaru diti poposoliwan do enzim-enzim i "mencerna" somok toinsanan do tinan dau sumiliu do kakamot di opilit, suai ko sel-sel toponsol montok mombontuk tinan kolibambang om neuron-neuron i popoopi do koinganan sabaagi do tadtaru.[12] Koubasan nopo, kepompong nopo nga au kaanu do momogura, nga sasatanga spesies nopo nga kaanu popogura do segmen-segmen abdomen dau toi ko' monguni montok poporosi do mangangakan.

Kosimbanon do pupa kumaa kolibambang nopo nga maya do proses metamorfosis. Montok monimban do bontuk talad tokoro i okito mantad labus do pupa kumaa talad di tagayo i kosudong montok tumulud, nuru o pupa do kawaya proses mitosis miampai monosop nutrien di ogumu. Sokiro uulon o iso talad mantad kotimpuunon, tolu talad di noolu nopo nga sumuni miampai lobi tagayo.[12] Id suang do pupa, talad nopo nga mombontuk struktur di lobi oinsok mantad tompok gisom guas, om linopi mantad tompok proksimal gisom do distal soira sumuni, moi do kaanu ukaban miampai lobi osikap gisom osukod. Rontob-rontob di okito id wotik kiwarana nopo nga gama do kosimbanan id suang do ekspresi faktor-faktor transkripsi pointantu id taang kotimpuunon do pupa.

Nosukod (imago)

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Taang imago nopo nga taang nosukod do songongi montok maganak. Kolibambang di nosukod nopo nga kiwaa apat talad i nolopikan do sisi-sisi di aalus. Talad gulu om talad dohuri nopo nga amu mioput moi do kaanu o kolibambang do tumulud miampai olumis. Kiwaa onom gakod do kolibambang nosukod, nga montok spesies-spesies Nymphalidae, gakod gulu nopo nga okoro kopio. Soira kalabus mantad kepompong, au tumulud o kolibambang gisom oukab o talad dau. Kolibambang di wagu kosoliwan nopo nga nuru maganu timpu montok mongungkalad do talad dau miampai poposidang do talad, mantad timpu sonjaam toi ko' piipiro jaam lianid; antakan diti, pointalang kopio yolo kumaa do mangangakan.

Kogumuan do kolibambang nopo nga poposoliwan do bendalir pamawarana nokolobi soira kosoliwan mantad kepomping. Bendalir nopo di nga opurak, agarang toi ko' orin.

Morfologi labus

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Boogian-boogian tinan do kolibambang

Kolibambang di nosukod nopo nga haro apat talad, iri nopo nga talad gulu om talad dohuri id monikid disan do gibang om wanan. Tinan do kolibambang nogi diti nga abaagi kumaa tolu segmen i otutunan sabaagi do tulu, toraks om abdomen. Tulu do kolibambang nopo nga ogonop miampai sapasang sesungut, sapasang mato majmuk om iso probosis (belalai).

Kolibambang nopo nga kiwaa sapasang sesungut, sapasang mato majmuk, om songuas probosis

Sisi

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Talad nopo do kolibambang nopo nga kisisi. Pamawaranaan do talad kolibambang diti nopo nga aasil mantad sisi di aalus. Sisi-sisi diti nopo nga kipigmen melanin i manahak do warana oitom om perang, nga warana obulou, otomou, aragang om suai-suai nopo nga okon ko' nakaasil mantad pigmen, nga mantad mikrostruktur sisi di. Pamawaranaan do struktur diti nogi nga gama do panasadan binabang miampai koheren maya do kowoowoyoon sisi di hablur fotonik.[13][14][15] Sisi diti nopo nga poinsokot id talad miampai oluau om ouhan do oidu miampai au moninduol do kolibambang.

Photographic and light microscopic images
Zoomed-out view of an Aglais io. Closeup of the scales of the same specimen. High magnification of the coloured scales (probably a different species).
Electron microscopic images
A patch of wing Scales close up A single scale Microstructure of a scale
Magnification Approx. ×50 Approx. ×200 ×1000 ×5000


Polimorfisme

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Kogumuan do kolibambang nosukod nopo nga popokito do polimorfisme, i kirati do poposiko kosimbanan kumaa kopokitanan, gama do geografi, timpu om suai-suai po. Suai ko' iri, kogumuan spesies tondu nopo nga koimbulai id mogikaakawo upa, koubasan nopo nga id bontuk mimetik. Dimorfisme seks id suang do pamawaranaan om turos nopo nga ahal di koubasan montok kolibambang. Suai ko' iri, kogumuan do spesies nogi nga popokito do dimorfisme seks id suang do wotik milopootulon ultraungu hali pia miagal kokitanan id mato do tongotulun. Kogumuan do kolibambang nopo nga haro sistom papatantu do jantina ZW hinonggo tondu nopo nga kijantina heterogamet (ZW) om i tontoluhan nopo nga homogamet (ZZ).[16]

Kosuusuayon genetik miagal doginandromorfi nogi nga awayaan id piipiro timpu. Iti nopo nga gama do orolihan do bakteria Wolbachia o kolibambang. Iti nopo nga kaanu monimban kolibambang tontoluhan kumaa kolibambang tondu[17] toi ko' pamatayan do tontoluhan miampai pilion id taang do tontolu. .[18]

Kopiagalan

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Kolibambang Heliconius mantad kinoyonon tropika Kotonobon Hemisfera nopo nga poomitanan montok impohon kemimikan Müller.[19]

Kolibambang nopo nga insaru popokito do kowoowoyoon Kopiagalan Bates om Kopiagalan Müller. Kopiagalan Bates nopo nga momit do spesies suai montok mokiumolig mantad iso kowoowoyoon di aiso id dau, roitan do aposematisme. Miagal poomitanan, kolibambang Papilio polytes tondu mantad India milo mimbulai miampai momit do piipiro kolibambang genus Atrophaneura i au milo akanon do songongi. Kopiagalan Muller nopo nga soira spesies aposematik borevolusi moi do kopiagal miampai diolo sondii, montok nogi popoingkuri kadar persampelan mangangakan, miagal do kolibambang Heliconius mantad benua Amerika.

Piipiro spesies nopo nga haro worok id talad i lohowon sabaagi do worok mato; kowoowoyoon diti nopo nga kifungsi sabaagi autopopiagal toi ko' komunikasi intraspesies miagal do mamagayat tambalut montok mengawan. Hali pia miagal di, fungsi worok mato kolibambang nopo nga haro timpu di au milo ilo'on kopio, om iri nopo kanto nga sabaagi do anomali evolusi i kipionitan do keanjalan nisbi gen-gen i mengekodkan do worok-worok dii.[20][21]

Polifenisme kitimpu

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Kogumuan do kolibambang tropika nopo nga kiupa poinsondii tumanud do timpu. Fenomena nopo diti nga roitan sabaagi do polifenisme kitimpu om upa nopo kolibambang diti nopo nga abaagi kumaa upa magadau om upa rumasam. Rahung timpu diti kumaa ekspresi genetik wotik nopo nga kakal po soriukon.[22] Pengubahsuaian pongusapan hormon ekdison montok mongumbal soriuk pinopokito do milo manamong o keselanjaran ekspresi variasi montok upa timpu rumasam om nogi magadau.[23] Upa timpu magadau nopo nga koubasan no lobi apagon, gisom haro kotumbayaan do koumoligan i patahakon nopo nga iso adaptasi. Haro i popokito warana di lobi otuong i koubasan no id timpu rumasan, om iti nopo nga' popoimbulai do termokawalatur i kaanu popoingkawas do kabaalan monosop do binabang mantad tadau. [24]

Bicyclus anynana nopo nga iso spesies kolibambang i popokito do polifenisme kitimpu di okito kopio. Kolibambang i endemik id Afrika diti nopo nga haro duo upa fenotip misuai i sumimban tumanud do timpu. Bontuk timpu rumasan nopo nga haro worok mato ventral i agayo om okito kopio, om id timpu magadau nopo nga haro worok mato ventral di aalus toi ko' aiso. Larva i gumayo id iklim di talasu om asagub nopo nga osukod id timpu do rumasan, om i gumayo id koundolihon timpu rumasan kumaa magadau, soira ononos o suhu, nopo nga osukod maamaso timpu magadau.[25] Polifenisme diti nopo nga oponsol montok poposudong do B. anynana. Maamaso timpu magadau, worok mato i okito kopio nopo nga mongimbulai do kepincangan tu' lobi ouhan o B. anynana diti miamung miampai susumuni miampai aiso worok mato. Soira aiso worok mato id timpu rumasan, ouhan o kolibambang diti do lumisok id sakot, om kaanu mongingkuri do risiko okito tu haro susumuni lisokon. Mantad di, worok mato oponsol kopio montok B. anynana mogidu mantad mangangakan.[26]

Kowoowoyoon

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Bontuk sesungut Lepidoptera di C. T. Bingham (1905)
Vanessa kershawi monosop do tusak

Paha' tusak mantad tusak nopo nga toud takanon montok kolibambang. Kaanu nogi taakanon o kolibambang diti mantad debunga,[27] sap puun, tua-ua napasa, tai, daging napasa om roromu mineral i otonu id togis di asagub toi ko' tana. Kolibambang nopo nga agen pendebunga i oponsol montok piipiro spesies susumuni, hali pia amu mogoit do ogumu debunga miagal do pomosuon. Hali pia miagal di, kaanu o kolibambang do mogoit debunga miampai sinodu di lobi osodu. [28] Kemalaran bunga telah diperhatikan bagi sekurang-kurangnya satu spesies kupu-kupu.[29]

Kolibambang nopo nga maganu taakanon pointonu i sosopon maya probosis. Kolibambang nopo nga monosop waig mantad kinoyonon di asagub montok hidrasi om mangakan do paha' tusak mantad tusak montok maganu gula mooi do ogoris, om nogi maganu natrium om mineral-mineral toponsol suai montok maganak. Piipiro spesis kolibambang nopo nga nuru lobu ogumu natrium mantad ko' i haro id tusak bunga, mantad di, lobi agayat o kolibambang diti kumaa natrium id tusi; id piipiro timpu, sumako o kolibambang iti id tongolun tu' agayat do tusi id suang do lasu. Haro nogi kolibambang i sumako id tai, tua napasa toi ko' rata montok maganu zat mineral om nogi nutrien. Montok kogumuan spesies, kowoowoyoon "mengendao lumpur" diti nopo nga montok do kolibambang tontoluhan no, om ponoriukan nopo nga popokito do nutrien-nutrien i notimung di milo siliuhon sabaagi do tutungkap mengawan om nogi spermatofor maamaso mengawan.[30]

Momoguno nogi do sesungut o kolibambang montok mogihum tongus om taau id tongus. Sesungut diti nopo nga haro mogikaakawo bontuk om warana; kolibambang Hesperiidae nopo nga haro pisuk toi ko' cangkuk di atarom id sesungut dau, om kogumuan kawo suai nopo nga haro sesungut di lobi kigembul. Nolopikan o sesungut diti miampai ogumu organ roso i lohowon sabaagi sensilum. Deria roso do kolibambang diti nopo nga 200 lobi agaras mantad ko tulun,[31] piniagal do kemoreseptor id gakod i manahak do bagas soira kakama, om gunoon montok papatantu do kaanu toi ko' au tanak dau mangakan do roun dii sobolum mogontolu do hiri.[32] Kogumuan do kolibambang nopo nga momoguno isyarat kimia, feromon, om sisi deria khusus (androkonia), om i suai nopo nga popoinlaab do struktur-struktur suai (poomitanan, korema toi ko' "pinsil hulu" montok Danaidae).

Kolibambang nopo nga haro deria mogintong di alaab kopio om kogumuan spesies nopo nga peka kumaa spektrum ultraungu. Kogumuan spesies nopo nga popokito dimorfisme seks id wotik worok-worok i kaanu papaatul kawagu do ultraungu.[33] Kogumuan nopo kanto kolibambang nga milo mogintong do mogikaakawo warana nga i okito nopo kopio nga id piipiro spesies no.[34][35]

Piipiro kolibambang nogi nga haro organ pokinangahan om haro nogi i otutunan gama papaasil do tuni stridulasi om mongklik-klik.[36]

Kolibambang raja

Kogumuan spesies kolibambang, lobi-lobi po kolibambang raja, nopo nga songongi id miundaadaliu tu' kaanu tumulud id sinodu di osodu. Mundaliu yolo antakan do timpu aadau om tumanud do tadau montok mogihum ralan. Monosop nogi yolo do binabang poinkutub om gunoon montok orientasi soira aiso o tadau.[37]

Kogumuan spesies kolibambang nopo nga mantamong kinoyonon om insaru mongugad do spesies toi ko' individu suai i roitan sabaagi do mononolod. Haro nogi spesies i poinsidang toi ko' poinsako id sokoon do wokon. Woyo tumulud do kolibambang nogi nga koubasan no tipikal om piipiro spesies nopo nga haro wotik tumulud mengawan. Orohian nogi kolibambang do mogunsinidang maamaso kosuabon tu' lobi atamis. Kogumuan spesies nopo nga poposudong do tinan diolo montok monimung linasu mantad tadau. Piipiro spesies suai nogi nga popoungkalad do talad di otuong montok monimung lobi ogumu linasu, lobi-lobi no i poingion id konuluhan.[38]

Tumulud

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Heteronympha merope tumimpuun no tumulud

Miagal kogumuan do songongi suai, kakaton di nakaasil do kolibambang nopo nga lobi ko' nunu i okito do aerodinamik id kowoowoyoon di poingkakal. Mantad ponoriukan i minongumbal do Vanessa atalanta id suang do terowong tongus pinopokito do momoguno iti do mogikaakawo mekanisme aerodinamik montok papaasil do daya. Kohompot nogi o wake capture, vorteks id tompok do talad, mekanisme tumurug om mekanisme Weis-Fogh. Kaanu nogi o kolibambang monimban kowoowoyoon miampai osikap kopio.[39]

Mundaliu

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Kolibambang raja mundaliu miampai lobi osodu

Kogumuan do kolibambang nopo nga mundaliu poingompus do sinodu di osodu. Poomitanan nopo nga kolibambang raja i mundaliu miampai soroguugumu mantad Mexico koibutan Amerika Syarikat om kabaatan Kanada, lobi kuang 4000 gisom 4800 km sinodu (2500-3000 watu), miagal nogi do Vanessa Cardui om piipiro kolibambang Danainae. Mundaliu miampai saragaagayo i kipionitan do monsun nopo nga okito id semenanjung India. [40] Koundolihon diti nosoriuk no mantad piipiro timpu nakatalib miampai momoguno teg talad om nogi isotop hidrogen di otimbang.[41][42]

Noilaan o kolibambang momoguna 'kompas tadau' montok mogihum wayaan. Milo o kolibambang do mogintong binabang kutub, om mantad dii, kaanu kolibambang do papatantu wayaan hali pia maamaso timpu mituong. Binabang terkutub id kinoyonon di osomok miampai spektrum ultraungu nopo nga roitan do oponsol kopio.[43]

Koubal do pinousul do kogumuan kolibambang miundaadaliu nopo nga mantad kinoyonon di sampapas okoring hinonggo timpu gumumu nopo nga oruhai kopio.[44] Sajara koposion do susumuni tionon nogi nga mamarahung do palan kolibambang diti. [45]

Pongumoligan

[simbanai | simbanai toud]
Talad kolibambang (Cethosia cyane id suang do poomitanan diti) nagansai om au tumonduli soira nokotuo

Id taang do tontolu, tadtaru toi ko' kepompong, toinsanan diti kotoguang do kobolingkahangan parasit p, nogi mangangakan, miampai nogi toruruol om gama posorili id toinsanan taang id suang do turugon koposion. Kolibambang nopo nga mongumolig tinan dau sondii miampai mogikaakawo laang.

Koubasan nopo, kolibambang momoguno do koumoligan kimia i impohonon do roromu kimia mantad susumuni. Susumuni diti koubasan no popoinlaab do roromu-roromu toksik sabaagi pongumolig mantad mangangakan. Kolibambang nopo nga popoinlaab do mekanisme montok popisuai do toksin-toksin susumuni diti montok gunoon do mongumolig tinan dau sondii.[46] Mekanisme pongumoligan diti nopo nga kibagas sokiro intangan kopio, om iti kaanu mogoit do evolusi warana-warana atalang kumaa kolibambang di au opoto do akanon. Isyarat diti milo omitanan do kolibambang suai. Bontuk momit diti nopo nga koubasan no powonsoyon do kolibambang tondu.

Bintik mato nopo iso kowoowoyoon pongumolig do Papilio demodocus

Pamawaranaan kripta nogi nga haro id kogumuan do kolibambang, poomitanan nopo nga kolibambang kalima i otutunan tu kaanu momit do upa roun.[47] Kogumuan spesies id bontuk do tadtaru nopo nga mongumolig tinan diolo miampai mundorong do momogura om sumiliu miagal do raan toi ko guas. Piipiro tadtaru Papilionidae nopo nga kaagal-agal do tai tombolog id instar-instar pogulu. Piipiro tadtaru nopo nga kihulu om anggota tokodou sabaagi kakamot pongumolig, om haro nogi i poimpasi miampai pointimung om momonsoi do tinimungan di tagayo. Piipiro spesies do tadtaru nogi nga miambalut miampai kilau montok mokianu koumoligan.

Kolibambang nogi nga popoindalan do koumoligan tabii miagal do poinsako om mantamong do kinoyonon do talad moi di au okito. Piipiro kolibambang Nymphalidae tondu nogi nga mantamong tontolu dau mantad mongingot parasit.[48]

Worok mato om tiki nopo nga haro id kogumuan kolibambang Lycaenidae om kifungsi montok popoundaliu pongintangan do mangangakan mantad tulu dau. Kowoowoyoon diti nogi nga papasabap do mangangakan miagal do korut okito lobi osopung.[49]

Talad tolikud do kolibambang nopo nga gunoon do kumilong miampai lobi osikap om agaras montok mogidu mantad mangangakan.[50]

Pisuayan miampai kolibobog

[simbanai | simbanai toud]

Kolibambang om kolibobog nopo nga ahaur-haur kokitanan soira intangan mantad sodu, gisom kaanu momoborulong om popionsit do pongungkapan di. Pisuayan fizikal nopo nga okito id sesungut: kogumuan kolibambang nopo nga haro sesungut kifilamen di agahui om kibontuk do belantan id dompok, om sesungut kolibobog nopo nga lobi kihulu.[51]

Pisuayan suai nopo nga soira mamalanat do talad o kolibobog soira mundorong, om talad kolibambang nopo nga poinlopi miampai poingkakat id sakai do tinan soira poingundorong. Talad do kolibobog nogi nga kiwarana atalup kusam montok popouhan do lumisok id posorili, au miagal do kolibambang tu' ogumu wotik mogikaakawo warana om atalang.[51]

Id suang do koubasanan

[simbanai | simbanai toud]

Inus

[simbanai | simbanai toud]

Kopokitanan do kolibambang id asil inus nopo nga laid no pinokito id koubasanan pointongkop pogun, kohompit do sinuatan hieroglif Mesir mantad di 3500 toun di laid.[52]

Id kakadayan Mesoamerika laid Teotihuacan, gambal kolibambang i mogikaakawo warana nopo nga linukis id kuil-kuil, bongunan-bongunan, om kakamot ponginlumis mantad amas, om nogi haro id payanan dupa. Piipiro kolibambang nopo nga linukis miampai jaguar pointungkabang, om piipiro spesies kolibambang nopo nga notumboyo sabaagi do kinosusuon kawagu do sunduan-sunduan susumangod di napatai. Pionitan do kolibambang miampai tapui om pisangadan pointilombus gisom timpu tamadun Aztek. Bukti gambal kolibambang jaguar nogi nga norubaan id bagas noolu mantad tamadun Orang Zapotec, om Tamadun Maya.[53]

Dulang i ninlumisan do talad kolibambang

Simbolisme

[simbanai | simbanai toud]

Tulun tradisional Jepun nogi nga mamarait do kolibambang sabaagi personifikasi sunduan do soosongulun, i poimpasi toi ko' i matai toi ko' i napatai no. Tumanud do iso kotumbayaan id Jepun, sokiro sumuang do dagayo o songinan kolibambang, om sumako id likud do adang-adang poring, iri panakatanda' do tulun di bobos koupusan nopo nga rumikot mongoi ruba diya. Hali pia miagal di, sokiro tumimung o kolibambang, iti nopo nga iso panakatanda' di au osonong; soira Taira no Masakado momonsoi kotoundaan miampai pakadaada montok memberontak, nokoimbulai o sontinimungan kolibambang id Kyoto gisom pondosian do tulun tu' mongondos do haro panakatanda taraat di rumikot.[54]

Id suang do boros Yunani kuno, lohowon o kolibambang sabaagi do ψυχή (psȳchē), i kirati do "sunduan" toi ko' "pomusarahan". yang umumnya bermaksud "jiwa" atau "minda".[55]

Tumanud do Encyclopedia of Religion mantad di Mircea Eliade, piipiro tinaru Naga id Manipur magakun sabaagi sakag do kolibambang.[56]

Kolibambang om tusak-tusak wisteria, mantad di Xü Xi (c.886–c.975), linukis lobi kuang toun 970 id kotimpuunon do Dinasti Song.

Id suang do koubasanan Cina, duo tinan kolibambang i tumulud miampai nopo nga panakalambang sabaagi tupus. Surupu falsafah Tao, Zhungzi, koumbal nokoipi do songinan kolibambang i tumulud miampai au opusou do tulun; nga soira noposik om nokopuriman do moginipi, minomusorou isio, " Yoho nopo di gulu nga songulun di nokoipi nokosiliu do kolibambang, toi ko' songinan kolibambang i nokoipi nokosiliu do tulun?"[57]

Di toun 1884, minooboros i Jose Rizal id iso jamuan om minamarait do "kepompong Kosilahon ... tumongkiad no mantad tionon dau", i popiadang do pombontukan "Filipina wagu" miampai metamorfosis kolibambang.[58] Insaru nogi isio do momoguno gambaran kolibambang id suang hiis-hiis om ponuatan disio montok papalambang do angkab tulun Filipina jajahan Sepanyol montok maganu kagabasan.[59]Alaid mantad di, id suang do iso suat kumaa Ferdinand Blumentritt, pinopiagal i Rizal do koposion dau id suang do pinataam miampai kolibambang di nohuyan om talad di natanda'an do tadau.[60]

Der Schmetterlingsjäger (Mogigihum do kolibambang) mantad di Carl Spitzweg (1840), iso kopokitanan timpu koulahan do monimung kolibambang.

Miagal do boros tulun, kolibambang nopo nga sumako id soosongulun di mogoit kosonongon. Hali pia miagal di, tumanud koubasanan do Devonshire, kolibambang di gulu okito nopo nga nuru do patayon, moi do aiso korutumon solinaid toun dii. [61] Id Filipina, kolibambang toi ko' kolibobod id suang do walai nopo nga panakatanda do haro napatai toi ko' oruhai no apatai soosongulun id suang do walai dii.[62]

Ilham kumaa sains om teknologi

[simbanai | simbanai toud]

Ponoriukan kumaa struktur talad kolibambang talad tombolog Palawan nopo nga minongimbulai do rekabontuk layang-layang om pesawar kirentang alaab talad.[63]

Ponoriukan kumaa pomantulan om panasadan binabang maya do sisi talad kolibambang tikiu layang-layang nopo nga minongimbulai do inovasi diod pemancar cahaya di lobi cekap.[64]

Sukuon

[simbanai | simbanai toud]
  1. ↑ Lobel, Jason William (2016). North Borneo Sourcebook: Vocabularies and Functors. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. p. 88. ISBN 9780824857790.
  2. ↑ Blust, Robert; Trussel, Stephen (2010). "*baŋbaŋ₂ butterfly, moth". Austronesian Comparative Dictionary. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. Linoyog ontok 29 Apr 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  3. ↑ Powell, J. A. (1987). "Records of prolonged diapause in Lepidoptera". J. Res. Lepid. 25: 83–109.
  4. ↑ India, a Lifescape: Butterflies of Peninsular India. Hyderabad, India: Universities Press. 2000. pp. 26–27. ISBN 9788173713545. Linoyog ontok 2012-05-24. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Do Butterflies Bite?: Fascinating Answers to Questions About Butterflies and Moths. Rutgers University Press. 2008. p. 61. ISBN 9780813542683. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  6. ↑ Devries, P.J. (1988). "The larval ant-organs of Thisbe irenea (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae) and their effects upon attending ants". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 94 (4): 379. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1988.tb01201.x.
  7. ↑ Devries, Pj (1990). "Enhancement of Symbioses Between Butterfly Caterpillars and Ants by Vibrational Communication". Science. 248 (4959): 1104–1106. doi:10.1126/science.248.4959.1104. PMID 17733373. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  8. ↑ Braby, Michael (2000). Butterflies of Australia: Their Identification, Biology and Distribution. Australia: Csiro Publishing. ISBN 9780643102927. Linoyog ontok 2012-05-24.
  9. ↑ Ehrlich, P. R.; Raven, P. H. (1964). "Butterflies and plants: a study in coevolution". Evolution. 18 (4): 586–608. doi:10.2307/2406212. JSTOR 2406212.
  10. ↑ Davies dan Butler, op. cit. ms. 77.
  11. ↑ Berridge, M.J. (1981). Advances in Insect Physiology, Volume 15. Academic Press. p. 480. ISBN 9780120242153. Linoyog ontok 2012-05-24.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Caterpillars “Melt” Almost Completely Before Growing Into Butterflies in the Chrysalis Templat:En icon, Today I Found Out, 28 Oktober 2011. Dicapai pada 12 April 2012.
  13. ↑ Mason, C. W. (1927). The Journal of Physical Chemistry. 31 (3): 321. doi:10.1021/j150273a001. {{cite journal}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  14. ↑ Vukusic, P., J. R. Sambles, and H. Ghiradella (2000) Optical Classification of Microstructure in Butterfly Wing-scales. Photonics Science News, 6, 61-66, EX.ac.uk Archived 2006-11-08 at the Wayback Machine
  15. ↑ Prum, Ro; Quinn, T; Torres, Rh (2006). "Anatomically diverse butterfly scales all produce structural colours by coherent scattering" (Free full text). The Journal of experimental biology. 209 (Pt 4): 748–65. doi:10.1242/jeb.02051. ISSN 0022-0949. PMID 16449568. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  16. ↑ Traut, W; Marec, F (1997). "Sex chromosome differentiation in some species of Lepidoptera (Insecta)". Chromosome research : an international journal on the molecular, supramolecular and evolutionary aspects of chromosome biology. 5 (5): 283–91. doi:10.1023/B:CHRO.0000038758.08263.c3. ISSN 0967-3849. PMID 9292232. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  17. ↑ Rousset, F; Bouchon, D; Pintureau, B; Juchault, P; Solignac, M (1992). "Wolbachia endosymbionts responsible for various alterations of sexuality in arthropods". Proceedings. Biological sciences / the Royal Society. 250 (1328): 91–8. doi:10.1098/rspb.1992.0135. ISSN 0962-8452. PMID 1361987. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  18. ↑ Jiggins, Francis M; Hurst, GD; Schulenburg, JH; Majerus, ME (2001). "Two male-killing Wolbachia strains coexist within a population of the butterfly Acraea encedon". Heredity. 86 (Pt 2): 161. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2540.2001.00804.x. PMID 11380661.
  19. ↑ Meyer, A (2006). "Repeating patterns of mimicry" (Free full text). PLoS biology. 4 (10): e341. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0040341. ISSN 1544-9173. PMC 1617347. PMID 17048984.
  20. ↑ Brunetti CR; et al. (2001). "The generation and diversification of butterfly eyespot color patterns". J. of Cell Biology. 11 (20): 1578–85. PMID 11676917. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  21. ↑ Brakefield, PM; et al. (1996). "Development, plasticity and evolution of butterfly eyespot patterns". Nature. 384 (6606): 236–242. doi:10.1038/384236a0. PMID 12809139. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)
  22. ↑ Brakefield, Pm; Kesbeke, F; Koch, Pb (1998). "The regulation of phenotypic plasticity of eyespots in the butterfly Bicyclus anynana". The American naturalist. 152 (6): 853–60. doi:10.1086/286213. ISSN 0003-0147. PMID 18811432. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  23. ↑ Nijhout, Hf (2003). "Development and evolution of adaptive polyphenisms". Evolution & development. 5 (1): 9–18. doi:10.1046/j.1525-142X.2003.03003.x. ISSN 1520-541X. PMID 12492404. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  24. ↑ Brakefield, PAUL M.; Larsen, Torben B. (1984). "The evolutionary significance of dry and wet season forms in some tropical butterflies". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 22: 1. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1984.tb00795.x.
  25. ↑ Lyytinen, A.; Brakefield, P. M.; Lindström, L.; Mappes, J. (2004). "Does predation maintain eyespot plasticity in Bicyclus anynana". The Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences. 271 (1536): 279–283. doi:10.1098/rspb.2003.2571.
  26. ↑ Brakefield, P. M.; Gates, J.; Keys, D.; Kesbeke, F.; Wijngaarden, P. J.; Monteiro, A.; French, V.; Carroll, S. B. (1996). "Development, plasticity and evolution of butterfly eyespot patterns". Nature. 384 (6606): 236–242. doi:10.1038/384236a0. PMID 12809139.
  27. ↑ Gilbert LE (1972). "Pollen feeding and reproductive biology of Heliconius butterflies". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 69 (6): 1402–1407. doi:10.1073/pnas.69.6.1403.
  28. ↑ Herrera, C.M. (1987). "Components of pollinator "quality": comparative analysis of a diverse insect assemblage" (PDF). Oikos. Oikos, Vol. 50, No. 1. 50 (1): 79–90. doi:10.2307/3565403. JSTOR 3565403.
  29. ↑ Goulson, D.; Ollerton, J.; Sluman, C. (1997). "Foraging strategies in the small skipper butterfly, Thymelicus flavus: when to switch?". Animal Behavior. 53 (5): 1009–1016. doi:10.1006/anbe.1996.0390. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |author-name-separator= (help); Unknown parameter |author-separator= ignored (help)
  30. ↑ Molleman, Freerk; Grunsven, Roy H. A.; Liefting, Maartje; Zwaan, BAS J.; Brakefield, Paul M. (2005). "Is male puddling behaviour of tropical butterflies targeted at sodium for nuptial gifts or activity?". Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 86 (3): 345–361. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2005.00539.x.
  31. ↑ Colours take wing Frontline Magazine , pg 75, Oct 27–Nov 9, 1990
  32. ↑ "Article on San Diego Zoo website". Sandiegozoo.org. Linoyog ontok 2009-03-30.
  33. ↑ Obara, Y; Hidaki, T. (1968). "Recognition of the female by the male, on the basis of ultra-violet reflection, in the white cabbage butterfly Pieris rapae crucivora". Boisduval. Proc. Japan Acad. 44: 829–832. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |author-name-separator= (help); Unknown parameter |author-separator= ignored (help)
  34. ↑ Hirota, Tadao; Yoshiomi, Yoshiomi (2004). "Color discrimination on orientation of female Eurema hecabe (Lepidoptera: Pieridae)". Applied Entomology and Zoology. 39 (2): 229–233. doi:10.1303/aez.2004.229.
  35. ↑ Kinoshita, Michiyo; Shimada, Naoko; Arikawa, Kentaro (1999). "Color vision of the foraging swallowtail butterfly Papilio xuthus" (PDF). The Journal of Experimental Biology. 202 (2): 95–102. PMID 9851899.
  36. ↑ Swihart, S. L (1967). "Hearing in butterflies". Journal of Insect Physiology. 13 (3): 469–472. doi:10.1016/0022-1910(67)90085-6.
  37. ↑ Reppert, Steven M.; Zhu, Haisun; White, Richard H. (2004). "Polarized light helps monarch butterflies navigate". Current biology. 14 (2): 155–158. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2003.12.034. PMID 14738739.
  38. ↑ Ellers, J.; Boggs, Carol L. (2002). "The evolution of wing color in Colias butterflies: Heritability, Sex Linkage, and population divergence" (PDF). Evolution. 56 (4): 836–840. PMID 12038541. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |author-name-separator= (help); Unknown parameter |author-separator= ignored (help)
  39. ↑ Srygley, R. B.; Thomas, A. L. R. (2002). "Aerodynamics of insect flight: flow visualisations with free flying butterflies reveal a variety of unconventional lift-generating mechanisms" (PDF). Nature. 420 (6916): 660–664. doi:10.1038/nature01223. PMID 12478291. Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad (PDF) ontok 2009-03-26. Linoyog ontok 2021-10-01. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |author-name-separator= (help); Unknown parameter |author-separator= ignored (help)
  40. ↑ Williams, C. B. (1927). "A study of butterfly migration in south India and Ceylon, based largely on records by Messrs. G Evershed, E.E.Green, J.C.F. Fryer and W. Ormiston". Trans. Ent. Soc. London. 75: 1–33.
  41. ↑ Urquhart, F. A.; Urquhart, N. R. (1977). "Overwintering areas and migratory routes of the Monarch butterfly (Danaus p. plexippus, Lepidoptera: Danaidae) in North America, with special reference to the western population". Can. Ent. 109 (12): 1583–1589. doi:10.4039/Ent1091583-12.
  42. ↑ Wassenaar, L.I.; Hobson, K.A. (1998). "Natal origins of migratory monarch butterflies at wintering colonies in Mexico: new isotopic evidence". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 95 (26): 15436–9. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.26.15436. PMC 28060. PMID 9860986.
  43. ↑ Sauman, Ivo; Briscoe, Adriana D.; Zhu, Haisun; Shi, Dingding; Froy, Oren; Stalleicken, Julia; Yuan, Quan; Casselman, Amy; Reppert, Steven M.; et al. (2005). "Connecting the Navigational Clock to Sun Compass Input in Monarch Butterfly Brain". Neuron. 46 (3): 457–467. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2005.03.014. PMID 15882645. Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad ontok 2006-12-09. Linoyog ontok 2012-04-17. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |author-name-separator= (help); Explicit use of et al. in: |first9= (help); Unknown parameter |author-separator= ignored (help)
  44. ↑ Southwood, T. R. E. (1962). "Migration of terrestrial arthropods in relation to habitat". Biol. Rev. 37 (2): 171–214. doi:10.1111/j.1469-185X.1962.tb01609.x.
  45. ↑ Dennis, R L H; Shreeve, Tim G.; Arnold, Henry R.; Roy, David B. (2005). "Does diet breadth control herbivorous insect distribution size? Life history and resource outlets for specialist butterflies". Journal of Insect Conservation. 9 (3): 187–200. doi:10.1007/s10841-005-5660-x. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |author-name-separator= (help); Unknown parameter |author-separator= ignored (help)
  46. ↑ Nishida, Ritsuo (2002). "Sequestration of defensive substances from plants by Lepidoptera". Annu. Rev. Entomol. 47: 57–92. doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.47.091201.145121. PMID 11729069.
  47. ↑ Robbins, Robert K. (1981). "The "False Head" Hypothesis: Predation and Wing Pattern Variation of Lycaenid Butterflies". American Naturalist. 118 (5): 770–775. doi:10.1086/283868.
  48. ↑ Nafus, D. M. and I. H. Schreiner (1988) Parental care in a tropical nymphalid butterfly Hypolimas anomala. Anim. Behav. 36: 1425- 143
  49. ↑ William E. Cooper, Jr. (1998) Conditions favoring anticipatory and reactive displays deflecting predatory attack. Behavioral Ecology
  50. ↑ Hind Wings Help Butterflies Make Swift Turns to Evade Predators Newswise, Diterima pada 8 Januari 2008.
  51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 Intan Fazria Ridwan; Chong Ju Lian (3 Jun 2019). "Rama-Rama & Keunikannya". Majalah Sains.
  52. ↑ Larsen, Torben (1994) Butterflies of Egypt. Saudi Aramco world. 45(5):24-27 Online
  53. ↑ The Gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the Maya. Miller, Mary 1993 Thames & Hudson. London ISBN 978-0-500-27928-1
  54. ↑ Hearn, Lafcadio (1904). Kwaidan: Stories and Studies of Strange Thing. Dover Publications, Inc. ISBN 0-486-21901-1.
  55. ↑ Hutchins, M., Arthur V. Evans, Rosser W. Garrison and Neil Schlager (Eds) (2003) Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia, 2nd edition. Volume 3, Insects, Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group, 2003.
  56. ↑ Rabuzzi, M. 1997. Butterfly etymology. Cultural Entomology November 1997 Fourth issue online Archived 1998-12-03 at the Wayback Machine
  57. ↑ 莊子/齊物論, Wikisource, dicapai pada 21 April 2012. Petikan: "昔者莊周夢為胡蝶，栩栩然胡蝶也。自喻適志與！不知周也。俄然覺，則蘧蘧然周也。不知周之夢為胡蝶與，胡蝶之夢為周與？周與胡蝶，則必有分矣。此之謂物化。"
  58. ↑ "The Best Known Speech of Jose Rizal". Joserizal.info. Linoyog ontok 2009-03-30.
  59. ↑ "The Life and Writings of Dr. Jose Rizal". Joserizal.info. Linoyog ontok 2009-03-30.
  60. ↑ "193. Rizal, Dapitan, 19 December 1898". Univie.ac.at. Linoyog ontok 2009-03-30.
  61. ↑ Dorset Chronicle, May 1825, reprinted in: "The First Butterfly", in The Every-day Book and Table Book; or, Everlasting Calendar of Popular Amusements, Sports, Pastimes, Ceremonies, Manners, Customs, and Events, Each of the Three Hundred and Sixty-Five Days, in Past and Present Times; Forming a Complete History of the Year, Months, and Seasons, and a Perpetual Key to the Almanac, Including Accounts of the Weather, Rules for Health and Conduct, Remarkable and Important Anecdotes, Facts, and Notices, in Chronology, Antiquities, Topography, Biography, Natural History, Art, Science, and General Literature; Derived from the Most Authentic Sources, and Valuable Original Communication, with Poetical Elucidations, for Daily Use and Diversion. Vol III., ed. William Hone, (London: 1838) p 678.
  62. ↑ "Death practices Philippine style". Sunstar.com.ph. 2005-10-30. Pinoopi mantad sand̠ad ontok 2010-01-25. Linoyog ontok 2009-03-30.
  63. ↑ "An Introduction to The World of Birdwing Butterflies". Nagypal.net. 2000-05-28. Linoyog ontok 2009-03-30.
  64. ↑ Vukusic, Pete and Ian Hooper. 2005. Directionally Controlled Fluorescence Emission in Butterflies Science. 310(5751):1151. doi:10.1126/science.1116612.

 

Noputan labus

[simbanai | simbanai toud]
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