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- ArticleMarch 2006
Gaze behavior of spotters during an air-to-ground search
ETRA '06: Proceedings of the 2006 symposium on Eye tracking research & applicationsPages 163–179https://doi.org/10.1145/1117309.1117362Crashed aircraft must be located quickly to minimize loss of life, often requiring visual search from the air. This study was designed to develop methods for evaluating the gaze behaviors of spotters during air-to-ground search and to compare field ...
- ArticleMarch 2006
Clutter or content?: how on-screen enhancements affect how TV viewers scan and what they learn
ETRA '06: Proceedings of the 2006 symposium on Eye tracking research & applicationsPages 155–162https://doi.org/10.1145/1117309.1117361The influence of "on-screen enhancements" such as headline bars and bottom-of-the-screen crawlers on viewing of TV was tested using television news stories. Eye-movement data were recorded for participants' viewings of three news stories in three design ...
- ArticleMarch 2006
Eye tracking insights into cognitive modeling
ETRA '06: Proceedings of the 2006 symposium on Eye tracking research & applicationsPages 141–147https://doi.org/10.1145/1117309.1117358The original 2000 AMBR project sought to evaluate how well four human performance models simulated behavior of human participants. Participants and models completed a modified version of an air traffic control task and were compared on the dimensions of ...
- ArticleMarch 2006
Gaze-contingent temporal filtering of video
ETRA '06: Proceedings of the 2006 symposium on Eye tracking research & applicationsPages 109–115https://doi.org/10.1145/1117309.1117353We describe an algorithm for manipulating the temporal resolution of a video in real time, contingent upon the viewer's direction of gaze. The purpose of this work is to study the effect that a controlled manipulation of the temporal frequency content ...
- ArticleMarch 2006
A single camera eye-gaze tracking system with free head motion
ETRA '06: Proceedings of the 2006 symposium on Eye tracking research & applicationsPages 87–94https://doi.org/10.1145/1117309.1117349Eye-gaze as a form of human machine interface holds great promise for improving the way we interact with machines. Eye-gaze tracking devices that are non-contact, non-restrictive, accurate and easy to use will increase the appeal for including eye-gaze ...
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- ArticleMarch 2006
Empathic tutoring software agents using real-time eye tracking
ETRA '06: Proceedings of the 2006 symposium on Eye tracking research & applicationsPages 73–78https://doi.org/10.1145/1117309.1117346This paper describes an empathic software agent (ESA) interface using eye movement information to facilitate empathy-relevant reasoning and behavior. Eye movement tracking is used to monitor user's attention and interests, and to personalize the agent ...
- ArticleMarch 2006
Eye drawing with gaze estimation model
ETRA '06: Proceedings of the 2006 symposium on Eye tracking research & applicationsPage 57https://doi.org/10.1145/1117309.1117342Many research works in gaze-controlled interfaces have focused on target selection with eye gaze. For example, eye typing is built based on gaze patterns and language models. However only parts of these methods in target selection can be transferred to ...
- ArticleMarch 2006
Mobile eye tracking as a basis for real-time control of a gaze driven head-mounted video camera
ETRA '06: Proceedings of the 2006 symposium on Eye tracking research & applicationsPage 56https://doi.org/10.1145/1117309.1117341Eye trackers based on video-oculographic (VOG) methods are a convenient means for oculomotor research. This work focused on the development of a VOG device that allows mobile eye tracking. It was especially designed to support a head-mounted gaze driven ...
- ArticleMarch 2006
Eye typing with common cameras
ETRA '06: Proceedings of the 2006 symposium on Eye tracking research & applicationsPage 55https://doi.org/10.1145/1117309.1117340Low cost eye tracking has received an increased attention due to the rapid developments in tracking hardware (video boards, digital camera and CPU's) [Hansen and Pece 2005; OpenEyes 2005]. We present a gaze typing system based on components that can be ...
- ArticleMarch 2006
Eye movements and motor programming in a Time-To-Contact task
ETRA '06: Proceedings of the 2006 symposium on Eye tracking research & applicationsPage 54https://doi.org/10.1145/1117309.1117339In previous experiments investigating motor control in a Time-To-Contact task [Morya et al., 2003], events occurring 400-600 ms prior to contact (but not earlier or later) caused volunteers to anticipate their estimate of when contact occurred. Many ...
- ArticleMarch 2006
A widget library for gaze-based interaction elements
ETRA '06: Proceedings of the 2006 symposium on Eye tracking research & applicationsPage 53https://doi.org/10.1145/1117309.1117338Eye-control as an interaction mechanism for desktop computers was proposed already long time ago (e.g.; [Bolt 1982]). However, few systematic approaches to universal design guidelines and interaction elements for gaze-controlled user interfaces have ...
- ArticleMarch 2006
Effect of letter spacing on eye movements and reading performance
ETRA '06: Proceedings of the 2006 symposium on Eye tracking research & applicationsPage 52https://doi.org/10.1145/1117309.1117337Previous studies have shown that, when presented in rapid stream (i.e., RSVP paradigm), word recognition speed for strings of three-letter words increases approximately 10% with large letter spacing, both in the fovea and the periphery (up to 10° ...
- ArticleMarch 2006
Optical eye models for gaze tracking
ETRA '06: Proceedings of the 2006 symposium on Eye tracking research & applicationsPage 51https://doi.org/10.1145/1117309.1117336The traditional "bottom-up" approach to video gaze tracking consists of measuring image features, such as the position of the pupil, corneal reflex, limbus, etc. These measurements are mapped to gaze angles using coefficients obtained from calibration ...
- ArticleMarch 2006
The relation of eye fixation patterns with emotional content and episodic memory
ETRA '06: Proceedings of the 2006 symposium on Eye tracking research & applicationsPage 50https://doi.org/10.1145/1117309.1117335The focus of visual attention is closely related to eye movements and fixations, while episodic memory has been defined as the ability to be consciously aware of an earlier experience [Bond, 2005]. The role of emotional content plays a crucial role in ...
- ArticleMarch 2006
Pupil brightness variation as a function of gaze direction
ETRA '06: Proceedings of the 2006 symposium on Eye tracking research & applicationsPage 49https://doi.org/10.1145/1117309.1117334Pupil detection represents one of the most critical aspects for eye tracking systems based on video oculography. A robust segmentation of the aforementioned feature determines to a large extent the degree of performance of the system. However, a ...
- ArticleMarch 2006
Eye movements and pupil dilation during event perception
ETRA '06: Proceedings of the 2006 symposium on Eye tracking research & applicationsPage 48https://doi.org/10.1145/1117309.1117333Human observers segment ongoing activities into events that are reliable across observers [Newtson and Engquist 1976]. Segments can be small ("fine") or large ("coarse") with clusters of fine-grained segments relating hierarchically to coarse segments. ...
- ArticleMarch 2006
Perspective error compensation of pupillography using glint images
ETRA '06: Proceedings of the 2006 symposium on Eye tracking research & applicationsPage 45https://doi.org/10.1145/1117309.1117330This paper suggests a new method to compensate perspective error in measuring real size of pupil of pupillography for pupil light response. To get real size of pupil, the distance between cornea and camera should be calculated. The glints on the eye of ...
- ArticleMarch 2006
Simulation of effects of horizontal camera slippage on corneal reflections
ETRA '06: Proceedings of the 2006 symposium on Eye tracking research & applicationsPage 44https://doi.org/10.1145/1117309.1117329While the video-based measurement of eye movements, also referred to as "video-oculography" (VOG), has many advantages, it also suffers from a serious disadvantage which has not been solved yet: using images of the eye, how can we distinguish between a ...
- ArticleMarch 2006
Location location location: viewing patterns on WWW pages
ETRA '06: Proceedings of the 2006 symposium on Eye tracking research & applicationsPage 43https://doi.org/10.1145/1117309.1117328This study investigates which components of a web page are most likely to both attract and maintain a viewer's attention. We measure these two aspects of viewing behavior---attention onset and maintenance---through an analysis of eye movements on three ...
- ArticleMarch 2006
Visual attention in 3D video games
ETRA '06: Proceedings of the 2006 symposium on Eye tracking research & applicationsPage 42https://doi.org/10.1145/1117309.1117327Visual attention has long been an important topic in psychology and cognitive science. Recently, results from visual attention research (Haber et al. 2001; Myszkowski et al. 2001) are being adopted by computer graphics research. Due to speed limitations,...