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Machine learning (ML) techniques have demonstrated considerable effectiveness when integrated into routing protocols to enhance the performance of Smart Grid Networks. However, their performance across diverse real-world scenarios remains a topic ...

Delay Tolerant Network (DTN) provides communication in environments composed of nodes with heterogeneous characteristics such as frequent disconnections, limited transmission range, dynamic topology, and scarce resources. Data delivery is achieved ...

Currently, increasing attention is being devoted to the optimization of routing schemes in the field of distributed data collection, as effective data collection relies on efficient data transmission and routing. The crucial role in data transmission is ...

The limited energy source used in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is a crucial aspect when designing a routing protocol. Developing a routing protocol that tries to maximize energy utilization can significantly improve the system's lifetime and ...

A wireless sensor network (WSN) consists of specialized sensor nodes that perform sensing services for Internet of Things devices with limited battery power. As the replacement or recharging of batteries is not possible, energy consumption ...

Secondary cluster head (SCH)based two routing protocols, namely Extended stable election protocol (SEP) and Extended P‐SEP, have been proposed for heterogeneous wireless sensor networks. Hence, SCH reduces the energy burden of the CH as well as increases ...

A An overview of IPv6 implementation's present state and potential future paths is given in this abstract. This paper examines the current efforts being made to adopt IPv6 as the globe struggles with the run-out of IPv4 addresses. The study broadly ...

An emerging subclass of the wireless network is known as a Delay Tolerant Network (DTN), in this network whenever the contact opportunity occurs sender nodes select the relay node randomly and disseminate the message in the network. The basic ...

In wireless communication systems, Wireless ad hoc network plays a significant role in the research domain. MANET is also an ad hoc network that build a temporary network to transmit data around the network utilizing multi-hop routers. MANET is ...

Recently, there has been an increasing interest in monitoring and exploring the underwater environment for scientific applications such as oceanographic data collection, marine surveillance, and pollution detection. Underwater acoustic sensor ...

In Vehicular Ad-hoc NETworks (VANETs), it is important to consider the quality of the path used to forward data packets. Because of the fluctuating conditions of VANETs, stringent requirements have been imposed on routing protocols and thus ...

Wireless networks such as MANETs present unique challenges due to their dynamic and decentralized nature. Efficient routing protocols are essential for achieving reliable and robust communication in such networks. In this research, we propose a ...

Opportunistic networks (OppNets) are a sub-part of (delay-tolerant networks) DTNs but are quite different from it. OppNets do not need any end-to-end path between the nodes, as they forward the message in the store-carry-forward method. Due to the ...

The inter-domain routing security is often based on trust, which, as seen in practice, is an insufficient approach. Due to the deficit of native security controls in the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP), many new routing security ...

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a well-known platform for analysing data generated by environmental sensors and instruments. Transporting data from IoT sensor nodes to the cloud is time-consuming due to congestion and energy consumption in IoT ...

Underwater Sensor Networks have been proposed to monitor underwater regions. One of the major problems with underwater communication is the limited power supply of the underwater nodes, leading to costly transmission collisions. In this work, we ...

The emergence of the intelligent city, in the late 2000s, was a worldwide success that has invited itself to the national political agendas of several countries in world association of the major metropolises as well as in the multinational ...

Currently, WSN is a critical component of the IoT environment that allows reliable data collection and delivery. WSN is a fast-paced network, a productive operation that can be used in the event of an emergency along with natural hazards, military ...

Delay Tolerant Network offers communication architecture for scenarios where attaining uninterrupted connectivity between source and destination is challenging due to dynamic topology, short transmission range, and mobility of nodes. The messages ...

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a paradigm in which real-world things are connected to the Internet for efficient processing, control, and communication without the need for human interaction. Due to the growing ...

In modern computing architectures, graph theory is the soul of the play due to the rising core counts. It is indispensable to keep finding a better way to connect the cores. A novel chordal-ring interconnect topology system, Equality, is revisited ...