Nothing Special   »   [go: up one dir, main page]

skip to main content
10.1145/2557500.2557524acmconferencesArticle/Chapter ViewAbstractPublication PagesiuiConference Proceedingsconference-collections
research-article

Towards facilitating user skill acquisition: identifying untrained visualization users through eye tracking

Published: 24 February 2014 Publication History

Abstract

A key challenge for information visualization designers lies in developing systems that best support users in terms of their individual abilities, needs, and preferences. However, most visualizations require users to first gather a certain set of skills before they can efficiently process the displayed information. This paper presents a first step towards designing visualizations that provide personalized support in order to ease the so-called 'learning curve' during a user's skill acquisition phase. We present prediction models, trained on users' gaze data, that can identify if users are still in the skill acquisition phase or if they have gained the necessary abilities. The paper first reveals that users exhibit the learning curve even during the usage of simple information visualizations, and then shows that we can generate reasonably accurate predictions about a user's skill acquisition using solely their eye gaze behavior.

References

[1]
Adams, J.A. Historical review and appraisal of research on the learning, retention, and transfer of human motor skills. Psychological Bulletin 101, 1 (1987), 41--74.
[2]
Amar, R., Eagan, J., and Stasko, J. Low-Level Components of Analytic Activity in Information Visualization. Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE Symposium on Information Visualization, IEEE Computer Society (2005), 15--.
[3]
Bednarik, R., Eivazi, S., and Vrzakova, H. A Computational Approach for Prediction of ProblemSolving Behavior Using Support Vector Machines and Eye-Tracking Data. In Y.I. Nakano, C. Conati and T. Bader, eds., Eye Gaze in Intelligent User Interfaces. Springer London, London, 2013, 111--134.
[4]
Bondareva, D., Conati, C., Feyzi-Behnagh, R., Harley, J.M., Azevedo, R., and Bouchet, F. Inferring Learning from Gaze Data during Interaction with an Environment to Support Self-Regulated Learning. In H.C. Lane, K. Yacef, J. Mostow and P. Pavlik, eds., Artificial Intelligence in Education. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013, 229--238.
[5]
Bunt, A., Conati, C., and McGrenere, J. Supporting interface customization using a mixed-initiative approach. ACM Press (2007), 92.
[6]
Carenini, G., Conati, C., Hoque, E., Steichen, B., Toker, D., and Enns, J.T. Highlighting Interventions and User Differences: Informing Adaptive Information Visualization Support. (2013), (accepted).
[7]
Conati, C. and Merten, C. Eye-tracking for user modeling in exploratory learning environments: An empirical evaluation. Knowledge-Based Systems 20, 6 (2007), 557--574.
[8]
D'Mello, S., Olney, A., Williams, C., and Hays, P. Gaze tutor: A gaze-reactive intelligent tutoring system. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 70, 5 (2012), 377--398.
[9]
Dillon, A. Spatial-semantics: How users derive shape from information space. Journal of the American Society for Information Science 51, 6 (2000), 521--528.
[10]
Goldberg, J.H. and Helfman, J.I. Comparing information graphics: a critical look at eye tracking. Proceedings of the 3rd BELIV'10 Workshop: BEyond time and errors: novel evaLuation methods for Information Visualization, ACM (2010), 71--78.
[11]
Hall, M., Frank, E., Holmes, G., Pfahringer, B., Reutemann, P., and Witten, I.H. The WEKA data mining software: an update. SIGKDD Explor. Newsl. 11, 1 (2009), 10--18.
[12]
Hall, M. Correlation-based Feature Selection for Machine Learning. 1999. http://www.cs.waikato.ac.nz/~mhall/thesis.pdf.
[13]
Jameson, A. The human-computer interaction handbook. In J.A. Jacko and A. Sears, eds., L. Erlbaum Associates Inc., Hillsdale, NJ, USA, 2003, 305--330.
[14]
Kardan, S. and Conati, C. Exploring gaze data for determining user learning with an interactive simulation. In: Proc. of UMAP, 20th Int. Conf. on User Modeling, Adaptation, and Personalization, (2012), 126--138.
[15]
Kardan, S. and Conati, C. Comparing and Combining Eye Gaze and Interface Actions for Determining User Learning with an Interactive Simulation. In: Proc. of UMAP, 21st Int. Conf. on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization, (2013).
[16]
Lewandowsky, S. and Spence, I. Discriminating Strata in Scatterplots. Journal of the American Statistical Association 84, 407 (1989), 682--688.
[17]
Linton, F. and Schaefer, H.-P. Recommender Systems for Learning: Building User and Expert Models through Long-Term Observation of Application Use. User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction 10, 2--3 (2000), 181--208.
[18]
Logan, G.D. Shapes of reaction-time distributions and shapes of learning curves: A test of the instance theory of automaticity. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 18, 5 (1992), 883--914.
[19]
McDonald, S. and Stevenson, R.J. Navigation in hyperspace: An evaluation of the effects of navigational tools and subject matter expertise on browsing and information retrieval in hypertext. Interacting with Computers 10, 2 (1998), 129--142.
[20]
Pascual-Cid, V., Vigentini, L., and Quixal, M. Visualising Virtual Learning Environments: Case Studies of the Website Exploration Tool. IEEE (2010), 149--155.
[21]
Qu, L. and Johnson, W.L. Detecting the Learner's Motivational States in An Interactive Learning Environment. Proceedings of the 2005 conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education: Supporting Learning through Intelligent and Socially Informed Technology, IOS Press (2005), 547--554.
[22]
Saraiya, P., North, C., and Duca, K. An Insight-Based Methodology for Evaluating Bioinformatics Visualizations. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics 11, 4 (2005), 443--456.
[23]
Speelman, C. and Kirsner, K. Beyond the Learning Curve. Oxford University Press, 2005.
[24]
Steichen, B., Carenini, G., and Conati, C. Useradaptive information visualization: using eye gaze data to infer visualization tasks and user cognitive abilities. Proceedings of the 2013 international conference on Intelligent user interfaces, ACM (2013), 317--328.
[25]
Toker, D., Conati, C., Carenini, G., and Haraty, M. Towards adaptive information visualization: on the influence of user characteristics. Proceedings of the 20th international conference on User Modeling, Adaptation, and Personalization, Springer-Verlag (2012), 274--285.
[26]
Toker, D., Conati, C., Steichen, B., and Carenini, G. Individual user characteristics and information visualization: connecting the dots through eye tracking. Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, ACM (2013), 295--304.
[27]
Velez, M.C., Silver, D., and Tremaine, M. Understanding visualization through spatial ability differences. IEEE Visualization, 2005. VIS 05, (2005), 511--518.
[28]
Zhu, Y. Measuring effective data visualization. In Advances in Visual Computing. Springer, 2007, 652--661.
[29]
Ziemkiewicz, C., Crouser, R.J., Yauilla, A.R., Su, S.L., Ribarsky, W., and Chang, R. How locus of control influences compatibility with visualization style. 2011 IEEE Conference on Visual Analytics Science and Technology (VAST), (2011), 81--90.

Cited By

View all
  • (2024)The State of the Art in User‐Adaptive VisualizationsComputer Graphics Forum10.1111/cgf.15271Online publication date: 4-Dec-2024
  • (2023)Perceptual Pat: A Virtual Human Visual System for Iterative Visualization DesignProceedings of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems10.1145/3544548.3580974(1-17)Online publication date: 19-Apr-2023
  • (2023)Detecting Learning Stages within a Sensor-Based Mixed Reality Learning Environment Using Deep LearningJournal of Computing in Civil Engineering10.1061/JCCEE5.CPENG-516937:4Online publication date: Jul-2023
  • Show More Cited By

Index Terms

  1. Towards facilitating user skill acquisition: identifying untrained visualization users through eye tracking

    Recommendations

    Comments

    Please enable JavaScript to view thecomments powered by Disqus.

    Information & Contributors

    Information

    Published In

    cover image ACM Conferences
    IUI '14: Proceedings of the 19th international conference on Intelligent User Interfaces
    February 2014
    386 pages
    ISBN:9781450321846
    DOI:10.1145/2557500
    Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than the author(s) must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected].

    Sponsors

    Publisher

    Association for Computing Machinery

    New York, NY, United States

    Publication History

    Published: 24 February 2014

    Permissions

    Request permissions for this article.

    Check for updates

    Author Tags

    1. adaptation
    2. eye-tracking
    3. information visualization
    4. machine learning
    5. skill acquisition

    Qualifiers

    • Research-article

    Conference

    IUI'14
    Sponsor:

    Acceptance Rates

    IUI '14 Paper Acceptance Rate 46 of 191 submissions, 24%;
    Overall Acceptance Rate 746 of 2,811 submissions, 27%

    Upcoming Conference

    IUI '25

    Contributors

    Other Metrics

    Bibliometrics & Citations

    Bibliometrics

    Article Metrics

    • Downloads (Last 12 months)16
    • Downloads (Last 6 weeks)1
    Reflects downloads up to 07 Mar 2025

    Other Metrics

    Citations

    Cited By

    View all
    • (2024)The State of the Art in User‐Adaptive VisualizationsComputer Graphics Forum10.1111/cgf.15271Online publication date: 4-Dec-2024
    • (2023)Perceptual Pat: A Virtual Human Visual System for Iterative Visualization DesignProceedings of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems10.1145/3544548.3580974(1-17)Online publication date: 19-Apr-2023
    • (2023)Detecting Learning Stages within a Sensor-Based Mixed Reality Learning Environment Using Deep LearningJournal of Computing in Civil Engineering10.1061/JCCEE5.CPENG-516937:4Online publication date: Jul-2023
    • (2022)PONI: A Personalized Onboarding Interface for Getting Inspiration and Learning About AR/VR CreationNordic Human-Computer Interaction Conference10.1145/3546155.3546642(1-14)Online publication date: 8-Oct-2022
    • (2022)A Survey on ML4VIS: Applying Machine Learning Advances to Data VisualizationIEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics10.1109/TVCG.2021.310614228:12(5134-5153)Online publication date: 1-Dec-2022
    • (2022)How the Preattentive Process is Exploited in Practical Information Visualization Design: A ReviewInternational Journal of Human–Computer Interaction10.1080/10447318.2022.204913739:4(707-720)Online publication date: 19-Apr-2022
    • (2020)Survey on the Analysis of User Interactions and Visualization ProvenanceComputer Graphics Forum10.1111/cgf.1403539:3(757-783)Online publication date: 18-Jul-2020
    • (2019)On the Accuracy of Eye Gaze-driven Classifiers for Predicting Image Content Familiarity in Graphical PasswordsProceedings of the 27th ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization10.1145/3320435.3320474(201-205)Online publication date: 7-Jun-2019
    • (2019)The role of user differences in customizationProceedings of the 24th International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces10.1145/3301275.3302283(329-339)Online publication date: 17-Mar-2019
    • (2018)Eye Gaze-driven Prediction of Cognitive Differences during Graphical Password CompositionProceedings of the 23rd International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces10.1145/3172944.3172996(147-152)Online publication date: 5-Mar-2018
    • Show More Cited By

    View Options

    Login options

    View options

    PDF

    View or Download as a PDF file.

    PDF

    eReader

    View online with eReader.

    eReader

    Figures

    Tables

    Media

    Share

    Share

    Share this Publication link

    Share on social media