research-article

IP is dead, long live IP for wireless sensor networks

Authors:

Jonathan W. Hui,

David E. CullerAuthors Info & Claims

SenSys '08: Proceedings of the 6th ACM conference on Embedded network sensor systems

Pages 15 - 28

https://doi.org/10.1145/1460412.1460415

Published: 05 November 2008 Publication History

Abstract

A decade ago as wireless sensor network research took off many researchers in the field denounced the use of IP as inadequate and in contradiction to the needs of wireless sensor networking. Since then the field has matured, standard links have emerged, and IP has evolved. In this paper, we present the design of a complete IPv6-based network architecture for wireless sensor networks. We validate the architecture with a production-quality implementation that incorporates many techniques pioneered in the sensor network community, including duty-cycled link protocols, header compression, hop-by-hop forwarding, and efficient routing with effective link estimation. In addition to providing interoperability with existing IP devices, this implementation was able to achieve an average duty-cycle of 0.65%, average per-hop latency of 62ms, and a data reception rate of 99.98% over a period of 4 weeks in a real-world home-monitoring application where each node generates one application packet per minute. Our results outperform existing systems that do not adhere to any particular standard or architecture. In light of this demonstration of full IPv6 capability, we review the central arguments that led the field away from IP. We believe that the presence of an architecture, specifically an IPv6-based one, provides a strong foundation for wireless sensor networks going forward.

References

[1]

R. Albrightson, J. Garcia-Luna-Aceves, and J. Boyle. Eigrp-a fast routing protocol based on distance vectors. 1994.

[2]

ATMForum. LANEmulation over ATMVersion-2 LUNI Specification, Dec. 1995.

[3]

H. Balakrishnan, S. Seshan, E. Amir, and R. H. Katz. Improving tcp/ip performance over wireless networks. In MobiCom '95: Proceedings of the 1st annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking, pages 2--11, New York, NY, USA, 1995. ACM.

Digital Library

[4]

G. Barrenetxea, F. Ingelrest, G. Schaefer, M. Vetterli, O. Couach, and M. Parlange. Sensorscope: Out-of-the-box environmental monitoring. In IPSN '08: Proceedings of the 2008 International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks (ipsn 2008), pages 332--343, Washington, DC, USA, 2008. IEEE Computer Society.

Digital Library

[5]

J. Bentham. TCP/IP lean: web servers for embedded systems. CMP Media, Inc., USA, 2000.

Digital Library

[6]

M. Buettner, G. V. Yee, E. Anderson, and R. Han. X-mac: a short preamble mac protocol for duty-cycled wireless sensor networks. In SenSys '06: Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems, pages 307--320, New York, NY, USA, 2006. ACM Press.

Digital Library

[7]

N. Burri, P. von Rickenbach, and R. Wattenhofer. Dozer: ultra-low power data gathering in sensor networks. In IPSN '07: Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Information processing in sensor networks, pages 450--459, New York, NY, USA, 2007. ACM.

Digital Library

[8]

T. Clausen and P. Jacquet. Optimized Link State Routing Protocol (OLSR). RFC 3626 (Experimental), Oct. 2003.

Digital Library

[9]

A. Conta, S. Deering, and M. Gupta. Internet control message protocol (icmpv6) for the internet protocol version 6 (ipv6) specification. RFC 4443 (Draft Standard), Mar. 2006. Updated by RFC 4884.

[10]

D. S. J. D. Couto, D. Aguayo, J. Bicket, and R. Morris. A high-throughput path metric for multi-hop wireless routing. In MobiCom '03: Proceedings of the 9th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking, pages 134--146, New York, NY, USA, 2003. ACM.

Digital Library

[11]

S. Deering, B. Haberman, T. Jinmei, E. Nordmark, and B. Zill. Ipv6 scoped address architecture. RFC 4007 (Proposed Standard), Mar. 2005.

[12]

S. Deering and R. Hinden. Internet protocol, version 6 (ipv6) specification. RFC 2460 (Draft Standard), Dec. 1998.

Digital Library

[13]

R. Droms, J. Bound, B. Volz, T. Lemon, C. Perkins, and M. Carney. Dynamic host configuration protocol for ipv6 (dhcpv6). RFC 3315 (Proposed Standard), July 2003. Updated by RFC 4361.

Digital Library

[14]

A. Dunkels. Full tcp/ip for 8-bit architectures. In MobiSys '03: Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Mobile systems, applications and services, pages 85--98, New York, NY, USA, 2003. ACM.

Digital Library

[15]

A. Dunkels, F. Österlind, and Z. He. An adaptive communication architecture for wireless sensor networks. In SenSys '07: Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems, pages 335--349, New York, NY, USA, 2007. ACM.

Digital Library

[16]

A. Dunkels, T. Voigt, and J. Alonso. Making TCP/IP Viable for Wireless Sensor Networks. In Proceedings of the First European Workshop on Wireless Sensor Networks (EWSN 2004), work-in-progress session, Berlin, Germany, Jan. 2004.

[17]

C. T. Ee, R. Fonseca, S. Kim, D. Moon, A. Tavakoli, D. Culler, S. Shenker, and I. Stoica. A modular network layer for sensorsets. In OSDI '06: Proceedings of the 7th symposium on Operating systems design and implementation, pages 249--262, Berkeley, CA, USA, 2006. USENIX Association.

Digital Library

[18]

A. El-Hoiydi and J.-D. Decotignie. Wisemac: an ultra low power mac protocol for the downlink of infrastructure wireless sensor networks. In ISCC '04: Proceedings of the Ninth International Symposium on Computers and Communications 2004 Volume 2 (ISCC"04), pages 244--251, Washington, DC, USA, 2004. IEEE Computer Society.

Digital Library

[19]

D. Estrin, R. Govindan, J. Heidemann, and S. Kumar. Next century challenges: scalable coordination in sensor networks. In MobiCom '99: Proceedings of the 5th annual ACM/IEEE international conference on Mobile computing and networking, pages 263--270, New York, NY, USA, 1999. ACM.

Digital Library

[20]

S. Floyd and V. Jacobson. Random early detection gateways for congestion avoidance. IEEE/ACM Trans. Netw., 1(4):397--413, 1993.

Digital Library

[21]

R. Fonseca, O. Gnawali, K. Jamieson, and P. Levis. Four bit wireless link estimation. In HotNets VI: Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Hot Topics in Networks, 2007.

[22]

M. Gupta and N. Melam. Authentication/Confidentiality for OSPFv3. RFC 4552 (Proposed Standard), June 2006.

[23]

C. Hartung, R. Han, C. Seielstad, and S. Holbrook. Firewxnet: a multi-tiered portable wireless system for monitoring weather conditions in wildland fire environments. In MobiSys '06: Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Mobile systems, applications and services, pages 28--41, New York, NY, USA, 2006. ACM.

Digital Library

[24]

J. Hill, R. Szewczyk, A. Woo, S. Hollar, D. Culler, and K. Pister. System architecture directions for networked sensors. SIGPLAN Not., 35(11):93--104, 2000.

Digital Library

[25]

J. W. Hui and D. E. Culler. Extending ip to low-power, wireless personal area networks. Internet Computing, IEEE, 12(4):37--45, July-Aug. 2008.

Digital Library

[26]

B. Hull, K. Jamieson, and H. Balakrishnan. Mitigating congestion in wireless sensor networks. In SenSys '04: Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems, pages 134--147, New York, NY, USA, 2004. ACM.

Digital Library

[27]

H. Huo, H. Zhang, Y. Niu, S. Gao, Z. Li, and S. Zhang. Msrlab6: An ipv6 wireless sensor networks testbed. Signal Processing, 2006 8th International Conference on, 4:--, 16--20 2006.

[28]

J. Jubin and J. D. Tornow. The DARPA packet radio network protocols. Proceedings of IEEE, 75(1):21--32, Jan. 1987.

[29]

B. Karp and H. T. Kung. GPSR: Greedy perimeter stateless routing for wireless networks. In Proceedings of the Sixth Annual ACM/IEEE International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom 2000), pages 243--254, 2000.

Digital Library

[30]

P. Levis, S. Madden, D. Gay, J. Polastre, R. Szewczyk, A. Woo, E. Brewer, and D. Culler. The emergence of networking abstractions and techniques in tinyos. In NSDI'04: Proceedings of the 1st conference on Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation, pages 1--1, Berkeley, CA, USA, 2004. USENIX Association.

Digital Library

[31]

P. Levis, N. Patel, D. Culler, and S. Shenker. Trickle: a self-regulating algorithm for code propagation and maintenance in wireless sensor networks. In NSDI'04: Proceedings of the 1st conference on Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation, pages 2--2, Berkeley, CA, USA, 2004. USENIX Association.

Digital Library

[32]

K. Mayer and W. Fritsche. Ip-enabled wireless sensor networks and their integration into the internet. In InterSense '06: Proceedings of the first international conference on Integrated internet ad hoc and sensor networks, page 5, New York, NY, USA, 2006. ACM.

Digital Library

[33]

P. P. Mishra and H. Kanakia. A hop by hop rate-based congestion control scheme. SIGCOMM Comput. Commun. Rev., 22(4):112--123, 1992.

Digital Library

[34]

G. Montenegro, N. Kushalnagar, J. Hui, and D. Culler. Transmission of ipv6 packets over ieee 802.15.4 networks. RFC 4944 (Proposed Standard), Sept. 2007.

[35]

T. Narten, E. Nordmark, W. Simpson, and H. Soliman. Neighbor discovery for ip version 6 (ipv6). RFC 4861 (Draft Standard), Sept. 2007.

[36]

C. Perkins. Ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV) routing. RFC 3561 (Experimental), July 2003.

Digital Library

[37]

J. Polastre, J. Hill, and D. Culler. Versatile low power media access for wireless sensor networks. In SenSys '04: Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems, pages 95--107, New York, NY, USA, 2004. ACM Press.

Digital Library

[38]

J. Polastre, J. Hui, P. Levis, J. Zhao, D. Culler, S. Shenker, and I. Stoica. A unifying link abstraction for wireless sensor networks. In SenSys '05: Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems, pages 76--89, New York, NY, USA, 2005. ACM Press.

Digital Library

[39]

J. Polastre, R. Szewczyk, and D. Culler. Telos: enabling ultra-low power wireless research. In IPSN '05: Proceedings of the 4th international symposium on Information processing in sensor networks, page 48, Piscataway, NJ, USA, 2005. IEEE Press.

Digital Library

[40]

J. Polastre, G. Tolle, and J. Hui. Low power mesh networking with telos and ieee 802.15.4. In SenSys '04: Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems, pages 319--319, New York, NY, USA, 2004. ACM.

Digital Library

[41]

N. Sastry and D. Wagner. Security considerations for IEEE 802.15.4 networks. In ACM Workshop on Wireless Security (WiSe 2004), October 2004.

Digital Library

[42]

Sensinode. Nanostack. http://sourceforge.net/projects/nanostack/.

[43]

R. Szewczyk, A. Mainwaring, J. Polastre, J. Anderson, and D. Culler. An analysis of a large scale habitat monitoring application. In SenSys '04: Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems, pages 214--226, New York, NY, USA, 2004. ACM.

Digital Library

[44]

K. Szlavecz, A. Terzis, R. MusÇŐloiu-E., J. Cogan, S. Small, S. Ozer, R. Burns, J. Gray, and A. S. Szalay. Life under your feet: An end-to-end soil ecology sensor network, database, web server, and analysis service. Technical Report MSR-TR-2006-90, Microsoft Research, 2006.

[45]

Texas Instruments. Cc2420: 2.4 ghz ieee 802.15.4 / zigbee-ready rf transceiver. http://focus.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/cc2420.pdf, Mar. 2007.

[46]

D. Thaler, M. Talwar, and C. Patel. Neighbor Discovery Proxies (ND Proxy). RFC 4389 (Experimental), Apr. 2006.

[47]

S. Thomson, T. Narten, and T. Jinmei. Ipv6 stateless address autoconfiguration. RFC 4862 (Draft Standard), Sept. 2007.

[48]

G. Tolle, J. Polastre, R. Szewczyk, D. Culler, N. Turner, K. Tu, S. Burgess, T. Dawson, P. Buonadonna, D. Gay, and W. Hong. A macroscope in the redwoods. In SenSys '05: Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems, pages 51--63, New York, NY, USA, 2005. ACM.

Digital Library

[49]

University of California at Berkeley. Tinyos. http://www.tinyos.net/, 2004.

[50]

T. van Dam and K. Langendoen. An adaptive energy-efficient mac protocol for wireless sensor networks. In SenSys '03: Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems, pages 171--180, New York, NY, USA, 2003. ACM Press.

Digital Library

[51]

A. Woo and D. E. Culler. A transmission control scheme for media access in sensor networks. In MobiCom '01: Proceedings of the 7th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking, pages 221--235, New York, NY, USA, 2001. ACM.

Digital Library

[52]

A. Woo, T. Tong, and D. Culler. Taming the underlying challenges of reliable multihop routing in sensor networks. In SenSys '03: Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems, pages 14--27, New York, NY, USA, 2003. ACM Press.

Digital Library

[53]

Y. Xu, J. Heidemann, and D. Estrin. Geography-informed energy conservation for ad hoc routing. In MobiCom '01: Proceedings of the 7th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking, pages 70--84, New York, NY, USA, 2001. ACM.

Digital Library

[54]

W. Ye, J. Heidemann, and D. Estrin. An energy-efficient MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks. In 21st Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies (INFOCOM), volume 3, pages 1567--1576, June 2002.

[55]

W. Ye, F. Silva, and J. Heidemann. Ultra-low duty cycle mac with scheduled channel polling. In SenSys '06: Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems, pages 321--334, New York, NY, USA, 2006. ACM Press.

Digital Library

[56]

ZigBee Alliance. Zigbee. http://www.zigbee.org/.

Cited By

Engstrand JKrentz KAsan NPadmal MYan WJoseph LRangaiah PMandal BRohner CMani MAugustine RVoigt T(2024)Security and Privacy for Fat Intra-Body Communication: Mechanisms and Protocol Stack2024 IEEE 49th Conference on Local Computer Networks (LCN)10.1109/LCN60385.2024.10639677(1-9)Online publication date: 8-Oct-2024
https://doi.org/10.1109/LCN60385.2024.10639677
Krentz KVoigt T(2024)Secure opportunistic routing in 2-hop IEEE 802.15.4 networks with SMORComputer Communications10.1016/j.comcom.2024.01.024217:C(57-69)Online publication date: 25-Jun-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1016/j.comcom.2024.01.024
Grübel JThrash TAguilar LGath-Morad MChatain JSumner RHölscher CSchinazi V(2022)The Hitchhiker’s Guide to Fused Twins: A Review of Access to Digital Twins In Situ in Smart CitiesRemote Sensing10.3390/rs1413309514:13(3095)Online publication date: 27-Jun-2022
https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14133095
Show More Cited By

Index Terms

IP is dead, long live IP for wireless sensor networks
1. General and reference
  1. Document types
    1. Computing standards, RFCs and guidelines
2. Networks
  1. Network protocols
  2. Network types
    1. Mobile networks
    2. Wireless access networks

Recommendations

Extending IP to Low-Power, Wireless Personal Area Networks

Extending IP to low-power, wireless personal area networks (LoWPANs) was once considered impractical because these networks are highly constrained and must operate unattended for multiyear lifetimes on modest batteries. Many vendors embraced proprietary ...
Enhanced IP: IPv4 with 64-Bit Addresses

Enhanced IP (EnIP) offers a solution to the problem of IPv4 address depletion without replacing IPv4, as IPv6 does, but by building on top of IPv4, maximizing backward compatibility. An experimental EnIP deployment between nodes at the University of ...
IP-enabled wireless sensor networks and their integration into the internet
InterSense '06: Proceedings of the first international conference on Integrated internet ad hoc and sensor networks

Sensor networks become more and more important in various application areas and several application scenarios require connectivity between sensor network and the Internet. Especially scenarios of disaster management would benefit from IP-enabled sensor ...

Comments

Please enable JavaScript to view thecomments powered by Disqus.

Information & Contributors

Information

Published In

cover image ACM Conferences

SenSys '08: Proceedings of the 6th ACM conference on Embedded network sensor systems

November 2008

468 pages

ISBN:9781595939906

DOI:10.1145/1460412

General Chair:
Tarek Abdelzaher
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA
,
Program Chairs:
Margaret Martonosi
Princeton University, USA
,
Adam Wolisz
Technische Universität Berlin, Germany

Copyright © 2008 ACM.

Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected]

Sponsors

Publisher

Association for Computing Machinery

New York, NY, United States

Publication History

Published: 05 November 2008

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Request Permissions

Check for updates

Author Tags

Qualifiers

Research-article

Conference

SenSys08

Sponsor:

SenSys08: The 6th ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems

November 5 - 7, 2008

NC, Raleigh, USA

Acceptance Rates

Overall Acceptance Rate 174 of 867 submissions, 20%

Contributors

Other Metrics

View Article Metrics

Bibliometrics & Citations

Bibliometrics

Article Metrics

198
Total Citations
View Citations
2,797
Total Downloads

Downloads (Last 12 months)32
Downloads (Last 6 weeks)1

Reflects downloads up to 13 Nov 2024

Other Metrics

View Author Metrics

Citations

Cited By

Engstrand JKrentz KAsan NPadmal MYan WJoseph LRangaiah PMandal BRohner CMani MAugustine RVoigt T(2024)Security and Privacy for Fat Intra-Body Communication: Mechanisms and Protocol Stack2024 IEEE 49th Conference on Local Computer Networks (LCN)10.1109/LCN60385.2024.10639677(1-9)Online publication date: 8-Oct-2024
https://doi.org/10.1109/LCN60385.2024.10639677
Krentz KVoigt T(2024)Secure opportunistic routing in 2-hop IEEE 802.15.4 networks with SMORComputer Communications10.1016/j.comcom.2024.01.024217:C(57-69)Online publication date: 25-Jun-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1016/j.comcom.2024.01.024
Grübel JThrash TAguilar LGath-Morad MChatain JSumner RHölscher CSchinazi V(2022)The Hitchhiker’s Guide to Fused Twins: A Review of Access to Digital Twins In Situ in Smart CitiesRemote Sensing10.3390/rs1413309514:13(3095)Online publication date: 27-Jun-2022
https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14133095
Dong WLv JChen GWang YLi HGao YBharadia DBulusu NAryafar EBalasubramanian ASong J(2022)TinyNetProceedings of the 20th Annual International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications and Services10.1145/3498361.3538919(248-260)Online publication date: 27-Jun-2022
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3498361.3538919
Khan NAwang AKarim S(2022)Security in Internet of Things: A ReviewIEEE Access10.1109/ACCESS.2022.320935510(104649-104670)Online publication date: 2022
https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3209355
Garg RGarg H(2021)Internet of Things-Enabled Smart Entry System for Telecom SitesIntegration and Implementation of the Internet of Things Through Cloud Computing10.4018/978-1-7998-6981-8.ch008(155-177)Online publication date: 2021
https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-6981-8.ch008
Jagtap DBhaskar NPannuto PAngel SKasikci BKohler E(2021)Century-scale smart infrastructureProceedings of the Workshop on Hot Topics in Operating Systems10.1145/3458336.3465275(72-78)Online publication date: 1-Jun-2021
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3458336.3465275
Kumar SAndersen MKim HCuller DBhagwan RPorter G(2020)Performant TCP for low-power wireless networksProceedings of the 17th Usenix Conference on Networked Systems Design and Implementation10.5555/3388242.3388307(911-932)Online publication date: 25-Feb-2020
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.5555/3388242.3388307
Ayers HCrews PTeo HMcAvity CLevy ALevis P(2020)Design Considerations for Low Power Internet Protocols2020 16th International Conference on Distributed Computing in Sensor Systems (DCOSS)10.1109/DCOSS49796.2020.00027(103-111)Online publication date: May-2020
https://doi.org/10.1109/DCOSS49796.2020.00027
Fahmy HFahmy H(2020)Energy Management Projects for WSNsWireless Sensor Networks10.1007/978-3-030-29700-8_8(611-637)Online publication date: 26-Jan-2020
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29700-8_8
Show More Cited By

View Options

Get Access

Login options

Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.

Full Access

Get this Publication

View options

PDF

View or Download as a PDF file.

eReader

View online with eReader.

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

View Table of Contents