research-article

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Deep Dive into NTP Pool's Popularity and Mapping

Authors:

Giovane C. M. Moura,

Caspar Schutijser,

Cristian Hesselman,

John Heidemann,

Georgios SmaragdakisAuthors Info & Claims

Proceedings of the ACM on Measurement and Analysis of Computing Systems, Volume 8, Issue 1

Article No.: 15, Pages 1 - 30

https://doi.org/10.1145/3639041

Published: 21 February 2024 Publication History

Abstract

Time synchronization is of paramount importance on the Internet, with the Network Time Protocol (NTP) serving as the primary synchronization protocol. The NTP Pool, a volunteer-driven initiative launched two decades ago, facilitates connections between clients and NTP servers. Our analysis of root DNS queries reveals that the NTP Pool has consistently been the most popular time service. We further investigate the DNS component (GeoDNS) of the NTP Pool, which is responsible for mapping clients to servers. Our findings indicate that the current algorithm is heavily skewed, leading to the emergence of time monopolies for entire countries. For instance, clients in the US are served by 551 NTP servers, while clients in Cameroon and Nigeria are served by only one and two servers, respectively, out of the 4k+ servers available in the NTP Pool. We examine the underlying assumption behind GeoDNS for these mappings and discover that time servers located far away can still provide accurate clock time information to clients. We have shared our findings with the NTP Pool operators, who acknowledge them and plan to revise their algorithm to enhance security.

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Wirtgen TRybowski NPelsser CBonaventure O(2024)The Multiple Benefits of a Secure Transport for BGPProceedings of the ACM on Networking10.1145/36964062:CoNEXT4(1-23)Online publication date: 25-Nov-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3696406
Moura GDavids MSchutijser CHesselman CHeidemann JSmaragdakis G(2024)Deep Dive into NTP Pool's Popularity and MappingACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review10.1145/3673660.365505152:1(9-10)Online publication date: 13-Jun-2024
https://doi.org/10.1145/3673660.3655051
Frieß JMirdita DSchulmann HWaidner MLuo BLiao XXu JKirda ELie D(2024)Byzantine-Secure Relying Party for Resilient RPKIProceedings of the 2024 on ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security10.1145/3658644.3690368(49-63)Online publication date: 2-Dec-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3658644.3690368
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cover image Proceedings of the ACM on Measurement and Analysis of Computing Systems

Proceedings of the ACM on Measurement and Analysis of Computing Systems Volume 8, Issue 1

POMACS

March 2024

494 pages

EISSN:2476-1249

DOI:10.1145/3649331

Editors:
Augustin Chaintreau
Columbia University
,
Leana Golubchik
University of Southern California, United States
,
Zhi-Li Zhang
University of Minnesota, United States

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Copyright © 2024 Owner/Author.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution International 4.0 License.

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Published: 21 February 2024

Published in POMACS Volume 8, Issue 1

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Cited By

Wirtgen TRybowski NPelsser CBonaventure O(2024)The Multiple Benefits of a Secure Transport for BGPProceedings of the ACM on Networking10.1145/36964062:CoNEXT4(1-23)Online publication date: 25-Nov-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3696406
Moura GDavids MSchutijser CHesselman CHeidemann JSmaragdakis G(2024)Deep Dive into NTP Pool's Popularity and MappingACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review10.1145/3673660.365505152:1(9-10)Online publication date: 13-Jun-2024
https://doi.org/10.1145/3673660.3655051
Frieß JMirdita DSchulmann HWaidner MLuo BLiao XXu JKirda ELie D(2024)Byzantine-Secure Relying Party for Resilient RPKIProceedings of the 2024 on ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security10.1145/3658644.3690368(49-63)Online publication date: 2-Dec-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3658644.3690368
Moura GDavids MSchutijser CHesselman CHeidemann JSmaragdakis GGaretto MMarin ACiucu FFanti GRighter R(2024)Deep Dive into NTP Pool's Popularity and MappingAbstracts of the 2024 ACM SIGMETRICS/IFIP PERFORMANCE Joint International Conference on Measurement and Modeling of Computer Systems10.1145/3652963.3655051(9-10)Online publication date: 10-Jun-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3652963.3655051

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