Study of finite word-length effect on the performance of watermarking methods
Pages 112 - 129
Abstract
This present paper represents a simple framework for the novel study of the effect of finite word-length FWL on the performance of different watermarking methods in the computer environment. We have evaluated the performance of discrete wavelet transform DWT and singular value decomposition SVD-based watermarking methods at different word-lengths and found a reliable word-length the word-length up to which change in the performance is significant and beyond this, is unnoticeable for each watermarking method. The reliable word-length can be used as a new benchmark for comparing different watermarking methods for their real-time implementation, where optimisation with respect to memory, implementation area, performance, and power consumption are the foremost demand.
References
[1]
Agarwal, H., Atrey, P.K. and Raman, B. (2014) 'Image watermarking in real oriented wavelet transform domain', Multimedia Tools and Applications, pp.1-39.
[2]
Alattar, O.M. and Alattar, A.M. (2005) 'A fast hierarchical watermark detector for real-time software or low-cost hardware implementation', Image Processing, 2005: ICIP 2005, IEEE International Conference on, Vol. 1, pp.1-973, IEEE.
[3]
Ali, M. and Ahn, C.W. (2014) 'An optimized watermarking technique based on self-adaptive de in DWT-SVD transform domain', Signal Processing, Vol. 94, pp.545-556.
[4]
Bender, W., Butera, W., Gruhl, D., Hwang, R., Paiz, F.J. and Pogreb, S. (2000) 'Applications for data hiding', IBM Systems Journal, Vol. 39, Nos. 3/4, pp.547-568.
[5]
Bhatnagar, G. and Raman, B. (2009) 'A new robust reference watermarking scheme based on DWT-SVD', Computer Standards & Interfaces, Vol. 31, No. 5, pp.1002-1013.
[6]
Bhatnagar, G., Wu, Q.J. and Raman, B (2013) 'A new aspect in robust digital watermarking', Multimedia Tools and Applications, Vol. 66, No. 2, pp.179-200.
[7]
Brunton, A. and Zhao, J. (2005) 'Real-time video watermarking on programmable graphics hardware', Electrical and Computer Engineering, 2005: Canadian Conference on, pp.1312-1315, IEEE.
[8]
Constantinides, G.A., Cheung, P.Y. and Luk, W. (2003) 'Word length optimization for linear digital signal processing', Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems, IEEE Transactions on, Vol. 22, No. 10, pp.1432-1442.
[9]
Cox, I.J. and Miller, M.L. (2001) 'Electronic watermarking: the first 50 years', Multimedia Signal Processing, 2001 IEEE Fourth Workshop on, pp.225-230, IEEE.
[10]
Fallahpour, M. and Megías, D. (2011) 'High capacity audio watermarking using the high frequency band of the wavelet domain', Multimedia Tools and Applications, Vol. 52, Nos. 2-3, pp.485-498, Springer.
[11]
Faragallah, O.S. (2013) 'Efficient video watermarking based on singular value decomposition in the discrete wavelet transform domain', AEU-International Journal of Electronics and Communications, Vol. 67, No. 3, pp.189-196.
[12]
Hassanien, A.E. (2006) 'Hiding iris data for authentication of digital images using wavelet theory', Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis, Vol. 16, No. 4, pp.637-643.
[13]
Hilaire, T., Chevrel, P. and Whidborne, J.F. (2007) 'A unifying framework for finite word length realizations', Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers, IEEE Transactions on, Vol. 54, No. 8, pp.1765-1774.
[14]
Joshi, A., Darji, A. and Mishra, V. (2011) 'Design and implementation of real-time image watermarking', Signal Processing, Communications and Computing (ICSPCC), 2011 IEEE International Conference on, pp.1-5, IEEE.
[15]
Knowles, J. and Edwards, R. (1965) 'Effect of a finite-word-length computer in a sampled-data feedback system', Electrical Engineers, Proceedings of the Institution of, Vol. 112, No. 6, pp.1197-1207.
[16]
Kodek, D. (1980) 'Design of optimal finite word length FIR digital filters using integer programming techniques', Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, IEEE Transactions on, Vol. 28, No. 3, pp.304-308.
[17]
Kougianos, E., Mohanty, S.P. and Mahapatra, R.N. (2009) 'Hardware assisted watermarking for multimedia', Computers & Electrical Engineering, Vol. 35, No. 2, pp.339-358.
[18]
Kundur, D. and Hatzinakos, D. (1999) 'Digital watermarking for telltale tamper proofing and authentication', Proceedings of IEEE, Vol. 87, No. 7, pp.1167-1179.
[19]
Lai, C.C. (2011) 'A digital watermarking scheme based on singular value decomposition and tiny genetic algorithm', Digital Signal Processing, Vol. 21, No. 4, pp.522-527.
[20]
Liu, B. (1971) 'Effect of finite word length on the accuracy of digital filters - a review', Circuit Theory, IEEE Transactions on, Vol. 18, No. 6, pp.670-677.
[21]
Mathai, N.J., Kundur, D. and Sheikholeslami, A. (2003) 'Hardware implementation perspectives of digital video watermarking algorithms', Signal Processing, IEEE Transactions on, Vol. 51, No. 4, pp.925-938.
[22]
Memon, N. and Wong, P.W. (1998) 'Protecting digital media content', Communications of the ACM, Vol. 41, No. 7, pp.35-43.
[23]
Middleton, R. and Goodwin, G. (1986) 'Improved finite word length characteristics in digital control using delta operators', Automatic Control, IEEE Transactions on, Vol. 31, No. 11, pp.1015-1021.
[24]
Mintzer, F., Braudaway, G.W. and Yeung, M.M. (1997) 'Effective and ineffective digital watermarks', Image Processing, 1997: Proceedings, International Conference on, Vol. 3, pp.9-12, IEEE.
[25]
Mitra, S. (2010) 'Dynamic route optimisation in a multihomed mobile network', International Journal of Computational Vision and Robotics, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp.121-135.
[26]
Mohammad, A.A., Alhaj, A. and Shaltaf, S. (2008) 'An improved SVD-based watermarking scheme for protecting rightful ownership', Signal Processing, Vol. 88, No. 9, pp.2158-2180.
[27]
Mohanty, S.P., Pati, N. and Kougianos, E. (2007) 'A watermarking co-processor for new generation graphics processing units', Consumer Electronics, 2007, ICCE 2007: Digest of Technical Papers, International Conference on, pp.1-2, IEEE.
[28]
Oppenheim, A.V. and Weinstein, C.J. (1972) 'Effects of finite register length in digital filtering and the fast Fourier transform', Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 60, No. 8, pp.957-976.
[29]
Podilchuk, C.I. and Delp, E.J. (2001) 'Digital watermarking: algorithms and applications', Signal Processing Magazine, Vol. 18, No. 4, pp.33-46, IEEE.
[30]
Rani, A., Raman, B. and Kumar, S. (2014) 'A robust watermarking scheme exploiting balanced neural tree for rightful ownership protection', Multimedia Tools and Applications, Vol. 72, No. 3, pp.2225-2248.
[31]
Roy, S.D., Li, X., Shoshan, Y., Fish, A. and Yadid-Pecht, O. (2013) 'Hardware implementation of a digital watermarking system for video authentication', IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, Vol. 23, No. 2, pp.289-301.
[32]
Shoshan, Y., Fish, A., Jullien, G.A. and Yadid-Pecht, O. (2008) 'Hardware implementation of a DCT watermark for CMOs image sensors', Electronics, Circuits and Systems, 2008, ICECS 2008: 15th IEEE International Conference on, IEEE, pp.368-371.
[33]
Soheili, M.R. (2008) 'Redundant watermarking using wavelet packets', IEEE/ACS International Conference on Computer Systems and Applications, 2008, AICCSA 2008, Doha, pp.591-598.
[34]
Subramanyam, A., Emmanuel, S. and Kankanhalli, M.S. (2012) 'Robust watermarking of compressed and encrypted jpeg2000 images', IEEE Transactions on Multimedia, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp.703-716.
[35]
Sung, W. and Kum, K.I. (1995) 'Simulation-based word-length optimization method for fixed-point digital signal processing systems', Signal Processing, IEEE Transactions on, Vol. 43, No. 12, pp.3087-3090.
[36]
Wang, N. and Men, C. (2013) 'Reversible fragile watermarking for locating tampered blocks in 2D vector maps', Multimedia Tools and Applications, Vol. 67, No. 3, pp.709-739.
[37]
Wolfgang, R.B., Podilchuk, C.I. and Delp, E.J. (1999) 'Perceptual watermarks for digital images and video', Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 87, No. 7, pp.1108-1126.
[38]
Yoo, K.S. and Lee, W.H. (2003) 'Wavelet-based blind watermarking technique for real-time watermark interpretation', Computational Science and Its Applications - ICCSA 2003, pp.348-355, Springer.
[39]
Zebbiche, K., Ghouti, L., Khelifi, F. and Bouridane, A. (2006) 'Protecting fingerprint data using watermarking', First NASA/ESA Conference on Adaptive Hardware and Systems, 2006, AHS 2006, Istanbul, pp.451-456.
[40]
Zhang, T., Wang, Z. and Parhi, K.K. (2001) 'On finite precision implementation of low density parity check codes decoder', Circuits and Systems, 2001: ISCAS 2001: The 2001 IEEE International Symposium on, Vol. 4, pp.202-205, IEEE.
[41]
Zhang, Y. and Tan, K.K. (2009) 'Text extraction from images captured via mobile and digital devices', International Journal of Computational Vision and Robotics, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp.34-58.
[42]
Zhao, J., Koch, E. and Luo, C. (1998) 'In business today and tomorrow', Communications of the ACM, Vol. 41, No. 7, pp.67-72.
Recommendations
Quantization based watermarking methods against valumetric distortions
Most of the quantization based watermarking algorithms are very sensitive to valumetric distortions, while these distortions are regarded as common processing in audio/video analysis. In recent years, watermarking methods which can resist this kind of ...
An image digital watermarking method embedding self-orthogonal finite-length sequences into wavelet domain
MUSP'06: Proceedings of the 6th WSEAS international conference on Multimedia systems & signal processingThe growth of new image technologies has created a need for techniques that can be used for copyright protection of digital images. One approach for copyright protection is to introduce an invisible signal known as a digital watermark in the image. In ...
Comments
Please enable JavaScript to view thecomments powered by Disqus.Information & Contributors
Information
Published In
Publisher
Inderscience Publishers
Geneva 15, Switzerland
Publication History
Published: 01 April 2015
Qualifiers
- Article
Contributors
Other Metrics
Bibliometrics & Citations
Bibliometrics
Article Metrics
- 0Total Citations
- 0Total Downloads
- Downloads (Last 12 months)0
- Downloads (Last 6 weeks)0
Reflects downloads up to 24 Nov 2024
Other Metrics
Citations
View Options
View options
Login options
Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.
Sign in