Nothing Special   »   [go: up one dir, main page]

skip to main content
10.1145/3314111.3319812acmconferencesArticle/Chapter ViewAbstractPublication PagesetraConference Proceedingsconference-collections
research-article

Space-time volume visualization of gaze and stimulus

Published: 25 June 2019 Publication History

Abstract

We present a method for the spatio-temporal analysis of gaze data from multiple participants in the context of a video stimulus. For such data, an overview of the recorded patterns is important to identify common viewing behavior (such as attentional synchrony) and outliers. We adopt the approach of space-time cube visualization, which extends the spatial dimensions of the stimulus by time as the third dimension. Previous work mainly handled eye tracking data in the space-time cube as point cloud, providing no information about the stimulus context. This paper presents a novel visualization technique that combines gaze data, a dynamic stimulus, and optical flow with volume rendering to derive an overview of the data with contextual information. With specifically designed transfer functions, we emphasize different data aspects, making the visualization suitable for explorative analysis and for illustrative support of statistical findings alike.

Supplementary Material

ZIP File (a12-bruder.zip)
Supplemental files.

References

[1]
Johanna Beyer, Markus Hadwiger, and Hanspeter Pfister. 2015. State-of-the-Art in GPU-Based Large-Scale Volume Visualization. Computer Graphics Forum 34, 8 (2015), 13--37.
[2]
Tanja Blascheck, Kuno Kurzhals, Michael Raschke, Michael Burch, Daniel Weiskopf, and Thomas Ertl. 2017. Visualization of Eye Tracking Data: A Taxonomy and Survey. Computer Graphics Forum 36, 8 (2017), 260--284.
[3]
R. Borgo, M. Chen, B. Daubney, E. Grundy, G. Heidemann, B. Höferlin, M. Höferlin, H. Leitte, D. Weiskopf, and X. Xie. 2012. State of the Art Report on Video-Based Graphics and Video Visualization. Computer Graphics Forum 31, 8 (2012), 2450--2477.
[4]
Thomas Brox, Andrés Bruhn, Nils Papenberg, and Joachim Weickert. 2004. High Accuracy Optical Flow Estimation Based on a Theory for Warping. In Proceedings of the European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV). 25--36.
[5]
Valentin Bruder, Steffen Frey, and Thomas Ertl. 2017. Prediction-Based Load Balancing and Resolution Tuning for Interactive Volume Raycasting. Visual Informatics 1, 2 (2017), 106--117.
[6]
Valentin Bruder, Marcel Hlawatsch, Steffen Frey, Michael Burch, Daniel Weiskopf, and Thomas Ertl. 2018. Volume-Based Large Dynamic Graph Analytics. In Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference Information Visualisation (IV). 210--219.
[7]
Min Chen, Ralf Botchen, Rudy Hashim, Daniel Weiskopf, Thomas Ertl, and Ian Thornton. 2006. Visual Signatures in Video Visualization. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics 12, 5 (2006), 1093--1100.
[8]
Robert A. Drebin, Loren Carpenter, and Pat Hanrahan. 1988. Volume Rendering. SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics 22, 4 (1988), 65--74.
[9]
Klaus Engel, Markus Hadwiger, Joe M. Kniss, Christof Rezk-Salama, and Daniel Weiskopf. 2006. Real-Time Volume Graphics. A. K. Peters, Ltd., Natick, MA.
[10]
Steffen Frey. 2018. Spatio-Temporal Contours from Deep Volume Raycasting. Computer Graphics Forum 37, 3 (2018), 513--524.
[11]
Steffen Frey and Thomas Ertl. 2017a. Flow-Based Temporal Selection for Interactive Volume Visualization. Computer Graphics Forum 36, 8 (2017), 153--165.
[12]
Steffen Frey and Thomas Ertl. 2017b. Progressive Direct Volume-to-Volume Transformation. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics 23, 1 (2017), 921--930.
[13]
Steffen Frey, Filip Sadlo, and Thomas Ertl. 2012. Visualization of Temporal Similarity in Field Data. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics 18, 12 (2012), 2023--2032.
[14]
Peter Gatalsky, Natalia Andrienko, and Gennady Andrienko. 2004. Interactive Analysis of Event Data Using Space-Time Cube. In Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Information Visualisation (IV). 145--152.
[15]
Torsten Hägerstraand. 1970. What About People in Regional Science? Papers in Regional Science 24, 1 (1970), 7--24.
[16]
Martin Hilpoltsteiner. 2005. Recreating Movement - Tools for Analyzing Film Sequences. Diplomarbeit. University of Applied Sciences, Wuerzburg, Germany.
[17]
James T. Kajiya and Brian P. von Herzen. 1984. Ray Tracing Volume Densities. SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics 18, 3 (1984), 165--174.
[18]
Maurice Koch, Kuno Kurzhals, and Daniel Weiskopf. 2018. Image-Based Scanpath Comparison with Slit-Scan Visualization. In Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Eye Tracking Research and Applications (ETRA). 55:1--55:5.
[19]
Menno-Jan Kraak and Irma Kveladze. 2017. Narrative of the Annotated Space-Time Cube - Revisiting a Historical Event. Journal of Maps 13, 1 (2017), 56--61.
[20]
Kuno Kurzhals, Cyrill Fabian Bopp, Jochen Bässler, Felix Ebinger, and Daniel Weiskopf. 2014a. Benchmark Data for Evaluating Visualization and Analysis Techniques for Eye Tracking for Video Stimuli. In Proceedings of the Workshop Beyond Time and Errors: Novel Evaluation Methods for Visualization (BELIV). 54--60.
[21]
Kuno Kurzhals, Florian Heimerl, and Daniel Weiskopf. 2014b. ISeeCube: Visual Analysis of Gaze Data for Video. In Proceedings of the Symposium on Eye-Tracking Research and Applications (ETRA). 43--50.
[22]
Kuno Kurzhals and Daniel Weiskopf. 2013. Space-Time Visual Analytics of Eye-Tracking Data for Dynamic Stimuli. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics 19, 12 (2013), 2129--2138.
[23]
Kuno Kurzhals and Daniel Weiskopf. 2016. Visualizing Eye Tracking Data with Gaze-Guided Slit-Scans. In Proceedings of the IEEE Second Workshop on Eye Tracking and Visualization (ETVIS). 45--49.
[24]
Xia Li, Arzu Çöltekin, and Menno-Jan Kraak. 2010. Visual Exploration of Eye Movement Data Using the Space-Time-Cube. In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Geographic Information Science. 295--309.
[25]
Parag K. Mital, Tim J. Smith, Robin L. Hill, and John M. Henderson. 2011. Clustering of Gaze during Dynamic Scene Viewing Is Predicted by Motion. Cognitive Computation 3, 1 (2011), 5--24.
[26]
Prithiviraj K. Muthumanickam, Katerina Vrotsou, Aida Nordman, Jimmy Johansson, and Matthew Cooper. 2019. Identification of Temporally Varying Areas of Interest in Long-Duration Eye-Tracking Data Sets. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics 25, 1 (2019), 87--97.
[27]
Cuong Nguyen, Yuzhen Niu, and Feng Liu. 2012. Video Summagator: An Interface for Video Summarization and Navigation. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 647--650.
[28]
Stefan Roettger, Stefan Guthe, Daniel Weiskopf, Thomas Ertl, and Wolfgang Strasser. 2003. Smart Hardware-accelerated Volume Rendering. In Proceedings of the 2003 Joint Eurographics/IEEE TCVG Symposium on Visualisation (VISSYM). 231--238.
[29]
Mario Romero, Jay Summet, John Stasko, and Gregory Abowd. 2008. Viz-A-Vis: Toward Visualizing Video through Computer Vision. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics 14, 6 (2008), 1261--1268.
[30]
Bernard W. Silverman. 1986. Density Estimation for Statistics and Data Analysis. Chapman and Hall, New York.
[31]
Simon Stegmaier, Magnus Strengert, Thomas Klein, and Thomas Ertl. 2005. A Simple and Flexible Volume Rendering Framework for Graphics-Hardware-Based Raycasting. In In Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Volume Graphics. 187--241.
[32]
Jonathan Woodring and Han-Wei Shen. 2003. Chronovolumes: a Direct Rendering Technique for Visualizing Time-varying Data. In Proceedings of the 2003 Eurographics/IEEE TCVG Workshop on Volume Graphics. 27--34.

Cited By

View all
  • (2023)Been There, Seen That: Visualization of Movement and 3D Eye Tracking Data from Real‐World EnvironmentsComputer Graphics Forum10.1111/cgf.1483842:3(385-396)Online publication date: 27-Jun-2023
  • (2023)GazeGraphVisAdvanced Engineering Informatics10.1016/j.aei.2023.10211157:COnline publication date: 1-Aug-2023
  • (2020)Vis4Vis: Visualization for (Empirical) Visualization ResearchFoundations of Data Visualization10.1007/978-3-030-34444-3_10(209-224)Online publication date: 12-Aug-2020

Index Terms

  1. Space-time volume visualization of gaze and stimulus

    Recommendations

    Comments

    Please enable JavaScript to view thecomments powered by Disqus.

    Information & Contributors

    Information

    Published In

    cover image ACM Conferences
    ETRA '19: Proceedings of the 11th ACM Symposium on Eye Tracking Research & Applications
    June 2019
    623 pages
    ISBN:9781450367097
    DOI:10.1145/3314111
    Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than the author(s) must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected].

    Sponsors

    Publisher

    Association for Computing Machinery

    New York, NY, United States

    Publication History

    Published: 25 June 2019

    Permissions

    Request permissions for this article.

    Check for updates

    Author Tags

    1. eye tracking
    2. space-time cube
    3. volume visualization

    Qualifiers

    • Research-article

    Funding Sources

    Conference

    ETRA '19

    Acceptance Rates

    Overall Acceptance Rate 69 of 137 submissions, 50%

    Upcoming Conference

    ETRA '25

    Contributors

    Other Metrics

    Bibliometrics & Citations

    Bibliometrics

    Article Metrics

    • Downloads (Last 12 months)39
    • Downloads (Last 6 weeks)3
    Reflects downloads up to 17 Feb 2025

    Other Metrics

    Citations

    Cited By

    View all
    • (2023)Been There, Seen That: Visualization of Movement and 3D Eye Tracking Data from Real‐World EnvironmentsComputer Graphics Forum10.1111/cgf.1483842:3(385-396)Online publication date: 27-Jun-2023
    • (2023)GazeGraphVisAdvanced Engineering Informatics10.1016/j.aei.2023.10211157:COnline publication date: 1-Aug-2023
    • (2020)Vis4Vis: Visualization for (Empirical) Visualization ResearchFoundations of Data Visualization10.1007/978-3-030-34444-3_10(209-224)Online publication date: 12-Aug-2020

    View Options

    Login options

    View options

    PDF

    View or Download as a PDF file.

    PDF

    eReader

    View online with eReader.

    eReader

    Figures

    Tables

    Media

    Share

    Share

    Share this Publication link

    Share on social media