research-article

Evaluation of Locomotion Techniques for Room-Scale VR: Joystick, Teleportation, and Redirected Walking

Authors:

Frank SteinickeAuthors Info & Claims

VRIC '18: Proceedings of the Virtual Reality International Conference - Laval Virtual

Article No.: 4, Pages 1 - 9

https://doi.org/10.1145/3234253.3234291

Published: 04 April 2018 Publication History

Abstract

Due to its multimodal nature virtual reality technology imposes new challenges, for example, when it comes to navigating through a virtual environment. Joystick-based controls and teleportation techniques support only limited self-motion experiences, however, other techniques such as redirected walking provide promising solutions to enable near-natural walking, while overcoming limits of the physical space. In this article, we report an experiment that analyzed the effects of the three different locomotion techniques, i. e., (i) joystick-based, (ii) teleportation, and (iii) redirected walking, on the user's cognitive map building of an indoor virtual environment, as well as effectiveness, motion sickness, presence, and user preferences. Our results suggest that redirected walking performs best regarding the user's ability to unconsciously acquire spatial knowledge about the virtual environment. Redirected walking and teleportation were subjectively preferred over joystick by the participants. Furthermore, we found a significant effect of an increased motion sickness for joystick-based navigation. Hence, redirected walking as well as teleportation are locomotion techniques with different benefits and drawbacks, and should be preferred.

References

[1]

Niels H. Bakker, Peter O. Passenier, and Peter J. Werkhoven. 2003. Effects of Head-Slaved Navigation and the Use of Teleports on Spatial Orientation in Virtual Environments. Human factors 45, 1 (2003), 160--169.

[2]

A. Berthoz. 2000. The Brain's Sense of Movement. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

[3]

Mark Billinghurst and Suzanne Weghorst. 1995. The Use of Sketch Maps to Measure Cognitive Maps of Virtual Environments. In IEEE Virtual Reality Annual International Symposium.

Digital Library

[4]

Benjamin Bolte, Frank Steinicke, and Gerd Bruder. 2011. The Jumper Metaphor: an Effective Navigation Technique for Immersive Display Setups. In Proceedings of Virtual Reality International Conference (VRIC).

[5]

D.A. Bowman, D. Koller, and L.F. Hodges. 1997. Travel in Immersive Virtual Environments: An Evaluation of Viewpoint Motion Control Techniques. In Proceedings of IEEE Virtual Reality Annual International Symposium (VRAIS), Vol. 7. IEEE, 45--52.

Digital Library

[6]

D.A. Bowman, E. Kruijff, J.J. LaViola, Jr., and I. Poupyrev. 2004. 3D User Interfaces: Theory and Practice. Addison-Wesley Professional.

Digital Library

[7]

Doug A. Bowman, Elizabeth T. Davis, Larry F. Hodges, and Albert N. Badre. 1999. Maintaining Spatial Orientation During Travel in an Immersive Virtual Environment. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 8, 6 (1999), 618--631.

Digital Library

[8]

Evren Bozgeyikli, Andrew Raij, Srinivas Katkoori, and Rajiv Dubey. 2016. Point & Teleport Locomotion Technique for Virtual Reality. In Proceedings of ACM Symposium on Computer-Human Interaction in Play (CHI Play). 205--216.

Digital Library

[9]

Gerd Bruder, Paul Lubos, and Frank Steinicke. 2015. Cognitive Resource Demands of Redirected Walking. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics (TVCG) 21, 4 (2015), 539--544.

Digital Library

[10]

Yam San Chee and Chit Meng Hooi. 2002. C-VISions: Socialized Learning Through Collaborative, Virtual, Interactive Simulations. In Proceedings of the Conference on Computer Support for Collaborative Learning: Foundations for a CSCL Community (CSCL '02). International Society of the Learning Sciences, 687--696. http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1658616.1658789

Digital Library

[11]

Daniel Cliburn, Stacy Rilea, David Parsons, Prakash Surya, and Jessica Semler. 2009. The Effects of Teleportation on Recollection of the Structure of a Virtual World. In Proceedings of Joint Virtual Reality Eurographics Conference on Virtual Environments (JVRC). 117--120.

Digital Library

[12]

Ajoy S. Fernandes and Steven K. Feiner. 2016. Combating VR Sickness Through Subtle Dynamic Field-of-View Modification. In IEEE Symposium on 3D User Interfaces (3DUI).

[13]

Sebastian Freitag, Dominik Rausch, and Torsten Kuhlen. 2014. Reorientation in virtual environments using interactive portals. In IEEE Symposium on 3D User Interfaces (3DUI). 119--122.

[14]

Robert S. Kennedy, Norman E. Lane, Kevin S. Berbaum, and Michael G. Lilienthal. 1993. Simulator Sickness Questionnaire: An Enhanced Method for Quantifying Simulator Sickness. The International Journal of Aviation Psychology 3, 3 (1993), 203--220.

[15]

Eike Langbehn, Benjamin Bolte, Tino Raupp, Gerd Bruder, Markus Lappe, and Frank Steinicke. 2016. Visual Blur in Immersive Virtual Environments: Does Depth of Field or Motion Blur Affect Distance and Speed Estimation?. In Proceedings of ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology (VRST). 241--250. http://basilic.informatik.uni-hamburg.de/Publications/2016/LBRBLS16

Digital Library

[16]

Eike Langbehn, Paul Lubos, Gerd Bruder, and Frank Steinicke. 2017. Bending the Curve: Sensitivity to Bending of Curved Paths and Application in Room-Scale VR. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics (TVCG) (2017), 1389--1398.

Digital Library

[17]

J.J. LaViola, E. Kruijff, R.P. McMahan, D. Bowman, and I.P. Poupyrev. 2017. 3D User Interfaces: Theory and Practice Second Edition. Pearson Education.

[18]

Joseph J. LaViola Jr. 2000. A Discussion of Cybersickness in Virtual Environments. ACM SIGCHI Bulletin 32, 1 (2000), 47--56.

Digital Library

[19]

T.C. Peck, H. Fuchs, and M.C. Whitton. 2011. An Evaluation of Navigational Ability Comparing Redirected Free Exploration with Distractors to Walking-in-Place and Joystick Locomotion Interfaces. In Proceedings of IEEE Virtual Reality (VR). IEEE, 56--62.

Digital Library

[20]

S. Razzaque, Z. Kohn, and M. Whitton. 2001. Redirected Walking. In Proceedings of Eurographics. ACM, 289--294.

[21]

R.A. Ruddle and S. Lessels. 2009. The Benefits of Using a Walking Interface to Navigate Virtual Environments. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI) 16, 1 (2009), 5:1--5:18.

Digital Library

[22]

R. A. Ruddle, E. P. Volkova, and H. H. Bülthoff. 2010. Walking improves your cognitive map in environments that are large-scale and large in extent. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction 18, 2 (2010), 10:1--10:22.

Digital Library

[23]

Frank Steinicke, Gerd Bruder, Jason Jerald, Harald Fenz, and Markus Lappe. 2010. Estimation of Detection Thresholds for Redirected Walking Techniques. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics (TVCG) 16, 1 (2010), 17--27.

Digital Library

[24]

F. Steinicke, Y. Visell, J. Campos, and A. Lecuyer. 2013. Human Walking in Virtual Environments: Perception, Technology, and Applications. Springer Verlag.

Digital Library

[25]

Evan A. Suma, Gerd Bruder, Frank Steinicke, David M. Krum, and Marc Bolas. 2012. A Taxonomy for Deploying Redirection Techniques in Immersive Virtual Environments. In Proceedings of IEEE Virtual Reality (VR). 43--46.

Digital Library

[26]

Martin Usoh, Kevin Arthur, Mary C. Whitton, Rui Bastos, Aanthony Steed, Mel Slater, and Frederick P. Brooks, Jr. 1999. Walking > Walking-in-Place > Flying, in Virtual Environments. In Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH. 359--364.

Digital Library

[27]

Martin Usoh, Ernest Catena, Sima Arman, and Mel Slater. 1999. Using Presence Questionaires in Reality. Presence: Teleoperators & Virtual Environments 9, 5 (1999), 497--503.

Digital Library

[28]

Robert C Zeleznik, Joseph J LaViola, D Acevedo Feliz, and Daniel F Keefe. 2002. Pop through button devices for VE navigation and interaction. In Virtual Reality, 2002. Proceedings. IEEE. IEEE, 127--134.

Digital Library

Cited By

Ohashi YPerusquía-Hernández MKiyokawa KSakata N(2025)Cross-Modal Interaction Between Perception and Vision of Grasping a Slanted Handrail to Reproduce the Sensation of Walking on a Slope in Virtual RealitySensors10.3390/s2503093825:3(938)Online publication date: 4-Feb-2025
https://doi.org/10.3390/s25030938
Jeon SJung JPark JLee I(2025)F-RDW: Redirected Walking With Forecasting Future PositionIEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics10.1109/TVCG.2024.337608031:4(1970-1984)Online publication date: Apr-2025
https://doi.org/10.1109/TVCG.2024.3376080
Lee HJeon SCho YLee I(2025)MARR: A Multi-Agent Reinforcement Resetter for Redirected WalkingIEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics10.1109/TVCG.2024.336804331:3(1664-1676)Online publication date: Mar-2025
https://doi.org/10.1109/TVCG.2024.3368043
Show More Cited By

Index Terms

Evaluation of Locomotion Techniques for Room-Scale VR: Joystick, Teleportation, and Redirected Walking
1. Computing methodologies
  1. Computer graphics
    1. Graphics systems and interfaces
      1. Virtual reality
2. Human-centered computing
  1. Human computer interaction (HCI)
    1. Interaction paradigms
      1. Virtual reality

Recommendations

Assessing the Accuracy of Point & Teleport Locomotion with Orientation Indication for Virtual Reality using Curved Trajectories
CHI '19: Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems

Room-scale Virtual Reality (VR) systems have arrived in users' homes where tracked environments are set up in limited physical spaces. As most Virtual Environments (VEs) are larger than the tracked physical space, locomotion techniques are used to ...
Taking steps: the influence of a walking technique on presence in virtual reality
Special issue on virtual reality software and technology

This article presents an interactive technique for moving through an immersive virtual environment (or “virtual reality”). The technique is suitable for applications where locomotion is restricted to ground level. The technique is derived from the idea ...
Analysis of VR Sickness and Gait Parameters During Non-Isometric Virtual Walking with Large Translational Gain
VRCAI '19: Proceedings of the 17th ACM SIGGRAPH International Conference on Virtual-Reality Continuum and its Applications in Industry

The combination of room-scale virtual reality and non-isometric virtual walking techniques is promising-the former provides a comfortable and natural VR experience, while the latter relaxes the constraint of the physical space surrounding the user. In ...

Comments

Please enable JavaScript to view thecomments powered by Disqus.

Information & Contributors

Information

Published In

cover image ACM Other conferences

VRIC '18: Proceedings of the Virtual Reality International Conference - Laval Virtual

April 2018

173 pages

ISBN:9781450353816

DOI:10.1145/3234253

Conference Chair:
Simon Richir
Arts et Metiers ParisTech, France

Copyright © 2018 ACM.

Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than the author(s) must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected].

In-Cooperation

Laval Virtual: Laval Virtual

Publisher

Association for Computing Machinery

New York, NY, United States

Publication History

Published: 04 April 2018

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Request Permissions

Check for updates

Author Tags

Qualifiers

Research-article
Research
Refereed limited

Funding Sources

Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft

Conference

VRIC '18

VRIC '18: Virtual Reality International Conference - Laval Virtual VRIC '18

April 4 - 6, 2018

Laval, France

Contributors

Other Metrics

View Article Metrics

Bibliometrics & Citations

Bibliometrics

Article Metrics

177
Total Citations
View Citations
2,167
Total Downloads

Downloads (Last 12 months)413
Downloads (Last 6 weeks)22

Reflects downloads up to 05 Mar 2025

Other Metrics

View Author Metrics

Citations

Cited By

Ohashi YPerusquía-Hernández MKiyokawa KSakata N(2025)Cross-Modal Interaction Between Perception and Vision of Grasping a Slanted Handrail to Reproduce the Sensation of Walking on a Slope in Virtual RealitySensors10.3390/s2503093825:3(938)Online publication date: 4-Feb-2025
https://doi.org/10.3390/s25030938
Jeon SJung JPark JLee I(2025)F-RDW: Redirected Walking With Forecasting Future PositionIEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics10.1109/TVCG.2024.337608031:4(1970-1984)Online publication date: Apr-2025
https://doi.org/10.1109/TVCG.2024.3376080
Lee HJeon SCho YLee I(2025)MARR: A Multi-Agent Reinforcement Resetter for Redirected WalkingIEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics10.1109/TVCG.2024.336804331:3(1664-1676)Online publication date: Mar-2025
https://doi.org/10.1109/TVCG.2024.3368043
Orsmaa LKangas JRasouli NJaskari JSahlsten JMehtonen HJärnstedt JKaski KRaisamo R(2025)Diving, Grabbing and Teleporting: Methods for Medical 3D Image Manipulation in VRInteracting with Computers10.1093/iwc/iwae06137:2(105-119)Online publication date: 7-Jan-2025
https://doi.org/10.1093/iwc/iwae061
Jia YSin ZLi CNg PHuang XBaciu GCao JLi Q(2025)Traceable teleportation: Improving spatial learning in virtual locomotionInternational Journal of Human-Computer Studies10.1016/j.ijhcs.2024.103399194(103399)Online publication date: Feb-2025
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2024.103399
Tang KYu GWang JHe YXu SZhang S(2025)Strategies for reducing motion sickness in virtual reality through improved handheld controller movementsGraphical Models10.1016/j.gmod.2025.101254138(101254)Online publication date: Mar-2025
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gmod.2025.101254
Rebenitsch LRebenitsch LLoveland R(2025)Walking and NavigationA Practical Introduction to Virtual Reality10.1016/B978-0-443-14036-5.00010-8(181-200)Online publication date: 2025
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-14036-5.00010-8
Kim HLee I(2025)In-vehicle full-window augmented reality system (FARS) for passengers: effects on spatial knowledge and user experienceVirtual Reality10.1007/s10055-024-01068-y29:1Online publication date: 5-Feb-2025
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10055-024-01068-y
Payne JRobb A(2024)Exploring the Effects of Self-Overlapping Spaces on Distance Perception and Action JudgmentsACM Transactions on Applied Perception10.1145/369563221:4(1-14)Online publication date: 10-Sep-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3695632
Chen QWu ZLiu YHan LLi ZKan GFan M(2024)SilverCycling: Exploring the Impact of Bike-Based Locomotion on Spatial Orientation for Older Adults in VRProceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies10.1145/36785228:3(1-24)Online publication date: 9-Sep-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3678522
Show More Cited By

View Options

Login options

Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.

Full Access

Get this Publication

View options

PDF

View or Download as a PDF file.

eReader

View online with eReader.

Figures

Tables

Media

View Table of Conten