Nothing Special   »   [go: up one dir, main page]

skip to main content
10.1145/3025453.3025580acmconferencesArticle/Chapter ViewAbstractPublication PageschiConference Proceedingsconference-collections
research-article
Open access

Modelling Learning of New Keyboard Layouts

Published: 02 May 2017 Publication History

Abstract

Predicting how users learn new or changed interfaces is a long-standing objective in HCI research. This paper contributes to understanding of visual search and learning in text entry. With a goal of explaining variance in novices' typing performance that is attributable to visual search, a model was designed to predict how users learn to locate keys on a keyboard: initially relying on visual short-term memory but then transitioning to recall-based search. This allows predicting search times and visual search patterns for completely and partially new layouts. The model complements models of motor performance and learning in text entry by predicting change in visual search patterns over time. Practitioners can use it for estimating how long it takes to reach the desired level of performance with a given layout.

Supplementary Material

MP4 File (p4203-jokinen.mp4)

References

[1]
John R Anderson. 1976. Language, memory and thought Hillsdale. NJ: LEA (1976).
[2]
John R Anderson. 1995. Learning and memory. Wiley, New York.
[3]
John R Anderson. 2007. How Can the Human Mind Occur in the Physical Universe? Oxford University Press, New York.
[4]
John R Anderson. 2013. The architecture of cognition. Psychology Press.
[5]
John R Anderson, D Bothell, C Lebiere, and M Matessa. 1998. An integrated theory of list memory. Journal Of Memory And Language 38, 4 (1998), 341--380.
[6]
Alan Baddeley. 2012. Working memory: theories, models, and controversies. Annual review of psychology 63 (2012), 1--29.
[7]
Gilles Bailly, Antti Oulasvirta, Duncan P Brumby, and Andrew Howes. 2014. Model of visual search and selection time in linear menus. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, 3865--3874.
[8]
Gilles Bailly, Antti Oulasvirta, Timo Kötzing, and Sabrina Hoppe. 2013. Menuoptimizer: Interactive optimization of menu systems. In Proceedings of the ACM symposium on User interface software and technology. ACM, 331--342.
[9]
Douglas Bates, Martin Mächler, Ben Bolker, and Steve Walker. 2015. Fitting Linear Mixed-Effects Models Using lme4. Journal of Statistical Software 67, 1 (2015), 1--48.
[10]
Xiaojun Bi, Barton A. Smith, and Shumin Zhai. 2010. Quasi-qwerty Soft Keyboard Optimization. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, 283--286.
[11]
Xiaojun Bi and Shumin Zhai. 2016. IJQwerty: What Difference Does One Key Change Make? Gesture Typing Keyboard Optimization Bounded by One Key Position Change from Qwerty. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '16). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 49--58.
[12]
Michael D Byrne. 2001. ACT-R/PM and menu selection: Applying a cognitive architecture to HCI. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 55, 1 (2001), 41--84.
[13]
Stuart K Card, Thomas P Moran, and Allen Newell. 1980. Computer text-editing: An information-processing analysis of a routine cognitive skill. Cognitive psychology 12, 1 (1980), 32--74.
[14]
Stuart K Card, Allen Newell, and Thomas P Moran. 1983. The psychology of human-computer interaction. (1983).
[15]
Andy Cockburn, Carl Gutwin, and Saul Greenberg. 2007. A predictive model of menu performance. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems. ACM, 627--636.
[16]
Andy Cockburn, Carl Gutwin, Joey Scarr, and Sylvain Malacria. 2015. Supporting novice to expert transitions in user interfaces. ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR) 47, 2 (2015), 31:1--31:36.
[17]
Nelson Cowan. 2012. Working memory capacity. Psychology press.
[18]
Justin Cuaresma and I Scott MacKenzie. 2013. A study of variations of Qwerty soft keyboards for mobile phones. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Multimedia and Human-Computer Interaction-MHCI. 126.1--126.8.
[19]
Arindam Das and Wolfgang Stuerzlinger. 2012. Comparing Cognitive Effort in Spatial Learning of Text Entry Keyboards and ShapeWriters. In Proceedings of the International Working Conference on Advanced Visual Interfaces. ACM, New York, NY, USA, 649--652.
[20]
Paul A David. 1985. Clio and the Economics of QWERTY. The American economic review 75, 2 (1985), 332--337.
[21]
Mark Dunlop and John Levine. 2012. Multidimensional pareto optimization of touchscreen keyboards for speed, familiarity and improved spell checking. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, 2669--2678.
[22]
August Dvorak. 1943. There is a better typewriter keyboard. National Business Education Quarterly 11, 51--58 (1943), 66.
[23]
Brian D Ehret. 2002. Learning where to look: Location learning in graphical user interfaces. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems. ACM, 211--218.
[24]
Janine F. Hay and Larry L. Jacoby. 1999. Separating habit and recollection in young and older adults: effects of elaborative processing and distinctiveness. Psychology and aging 14, 1 (1999), 122--134.
[25]
William E Hick. 1952. On the rate of gain of information. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 4, 1 (1952), 11--26.
[26]
Joop Hox. 2010. Multilevel analysis: Techniques and Applications (2nd ed.). Routledge, Hove.
[27]
Johan Hulleman. 2009. No need for inhibitory tagging of locations in visual search. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 16, 1 (2009), 116--120.
[28]
Ray Hyman. 1953. Stimulus information as a determinant of reaction time. Journal of experimental psychology 45, 3 (1953), 188--196.
[29]
Christian P. Janssen and Wayne D. Gray. 2012. When, What, and How Much to Reward in Reinforcement Learning-Based Models of Cognition. Cognitive Science 36, 2 (2012), 333--358.
[30]
Bonnie E John, Konstantine Prevas, Dario D Salvucci, and Ken Koedinger. 2004. Predictive human performance modeling made easy. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, 455--462.
[31]
Marcel A Just and Patricia A Carpenter. 1980. A theory of reading: from eye fixations to comprehension. Psychological review 87, 4 (1980), 329--354.
[32]
S. W. Keele. 1986. Motor Control. In Handbook of perception and human performance, & J. P. Thomas K. R. Boff, L. Kaufman (Ed.). Wiley, New York, 30.1--30.60.
[33]
Nina Keith and K Anders Ericsson. 2007. A deliberate practice account of typing proficiency in everyday typists. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied 13, 3 (2007), 135--145.
[34]
David Kieras. 2011. The persistent visual store as the locus of fixation memory in visual search tasks. Cognitive Systems Research 12, 2 (2011), 102--112.
[35]
David E Kieras and Anthony J Hornof. 2014. Towards accurate and practical predictive models of active-vision-based visual search. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, 3875--3884.
[36]
David E Kieras and David E Meyer. 1997. An overview of the EPIC architecture for cognition and performance with application to human-computer interaction. Human-computer interaction 12, 4 (1997), 391--438.
[37]
Tuomo Kujala and Dario D Salvucci. 2015. Modeling visual sampling on in-car displays: The challenge of predicting safety-critical lapses of control. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies 79 (2015), 66--78.
[38]
Paul Ung-Joon Lee and Shumin Zhai. 2004. Top-down learning strategies: can they facilitate stylus keyboard learning? International journal of human-computer studies 60, 5 (2004), 585--598.
[39]
Blake MacDonald, Pritam Ranjan, Hugh Chipman, and others. 2015. GPfit: An R package for ?tting a gaussian process model to deterministic simulator outputs. Journal of Statistical Software 64, 12 (2015), 1--23.
[40]
I. Scott Mackenzie. 2002. A note on calculating text entry speed. (2002). Unpublished work. Available online at http://www.yorku.ca/mack/RN-TextEntrySpeed.html.
[41]
I. Scott MacKenzie and Shawn X. Zhang. 1999. The design and evaluation of a high-performance soft keyboard. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 25--31.
[42]
I. Scott MacKenzie and Shawn X Zhang. 2001. An empirical investigation of the novice experience with soft keyboards. Behaviour & Information Technology 20, 6 (2001), 411--418.
[43]
Laurent Magnien, Jean Leon Bouraoui, and Nadine Vigouroux. 2004. Mobile Devices: Soft Keyboard Text-entry Enhanced by Visual Cues. In Proceedings of the 1st French-speaking Conference on Mobility and Ubiquity Computing. ACM, New York, NY, USA, 158--165.
[44]
Akira Miyake and Priti Shah. 1999. Models of working memory: Mechanisms of active maintenance and executive control. Cambridge University Press.
[45]
Allen Newell. 1990. Unified theories of cognition. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass.
[46]
Allen Newell and Paul S Rosenbloom. 1981. Mechanisms of skill acquisition and the law of practice. Cognitive skills and their acquisition 1 (1981), 1--55.
[47]
Marketta Niemelä and Pertti Saariluoma. 2003. Layout attributes and recall. Behaviour & information technology 22, 5 (2003), 353--363.
[48]
Antti Oulasvirta, Lari Kärkkäinen, and Jari Laarni. 2005. Expectations and memory in link search. Computers in Human Behavior 21, 5 (2005), 773--789.
[49]
Antti Oulasvirta, Anna Reichel, Wenbin Li, Yan Zhang, and Myroslav Bachynskyi. 2013. Improving Two Thumb Text Entry on Touchscreen Devices. Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (2013), 2765--2774. http://10.1145/2470654.2481383
[50]
Andriy Pavlovych and Wolfgang Stuerzlinger. 2004. Model for non-expert text entry speed on 12-button phone keypads. In Proceedings of the Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 351--358.
[51]
David Peebles and Corinna Jones. A model of object location memory. In Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society.
[52]
Robert A Rescorla and Allan R Wagner. 1972. A theory of Pavlovian conditioning: Variations in the effectiveness of reinforcement and nonreinforcement. Classical conditioning II: Current research and theory 2 (1972), 64--99.
[53]
Ladislao Salmerón, José J Cañas, and Inmaculada Fajardo. 2005. Are expert users always better searchers' Interaction of expertise and semantic grouping in hypertext search tasks. Behaviour & information technology 24, 6 (2005), 471--475.
[54]
Timothy A Salthouse. 1984. Effects of age and skill in typing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 113, 3 (1984), 345--371.
[55]
Dario D Salvucci. 2001. An integrated model of eye movements and visual encoding. Cognitive Systems Research 1, 4 (2001), 201--220.
[56]
Dario D Salvucci and Kristen L Macuga. 2002. Predicting the Effects of Cell-Phone Dialing on Driver Performance. Cognitive Systems Research 3, 1 (2002), 95--102.
[57]
Andrew Sears, Julie A Jacko, Josey Chu, and Francisco Moro. 2001. The role of visual search in the design of effective soft keyboards. Behaviour & Information Technology 20, 3 (2001), 159--166.
[58]
Amanda L. Smith and B. S. Chaparro. 2015. Smartphone Text Input Method Performance, Usability, and Preference With Younger and Older Adults. Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 57, 6 (2015), 1015--1028.
[59]
Leong-hwee Teo, Bonnie E John, and Marilyn Hughes Blackmon. 2012. CogTool-Explorer: A Model of Goal-Directed User Exploration that Considers Information Layout. Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (2012), 2479--2488.
[60]
Kashyap Todi, Daryl Weir, and Antti Oulasvirta. 2016. Sketchplore: Sketch and Explore with a Layout Optimiser. In Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Designing Interactive Systems. ACM, 543--555.
[61]
Vladislav D. Veksler, Christopher W. Myers, and Kevin A. Gluck. 2014. SAwSu: An Integrated Model of Associative and Reinforcement Learning. Cognitive Science 38, 3 (2014), 580--598.
[62]
Viswanath Venkatesh, James YL Thong, and Xin Xu. 2016. Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology: A Synthesis and the Road Ahead. Journal of the Association for Information Systems 17, 5 (2016), 328.
[63]
R William Soukoreff and I. Scott Scott Mackenzie. 1995. Theoretical upper and lower bounds on typing speed using a stylus and a soft keyboard. Behaviour & Information Technology 14, 6 (1995), 370--379.
[64]
Eldad Yechiam, Ido Erev, Vered Yehene, and Daniel Gopher. 2003. Melioration and the transition from touch-typing training to everyday use. Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 45, 4 (2003), 671--684.
[65]
Shumin Zhai, Michael Hunter, and Barton A Smith. 2002a. Performance optimization of virtual keyboards. Human--Computer Interaction 17, 2--3 (2002), 229--269.
[66]
Shumin Zhai, Alison Sue, and Johnny Accot. 2002b. Movement model, hits distribution and learning in virtual keyboarding. Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (2002), 17--24.

Cited By

View all
  • (2024)CRTypist: Simulating Touchscreen Typing Behavior via Computational RationalityProceedings of the 2024 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems10.1145/3613904.3642918(1-17)Online publication date: 11-May-2024
  • (2024)Metrics of Motor Learning for Analyzing Movement Mapping in Virtual RealityProceedings of the 2024 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems10.1145/3613904.3642354(1-18)Online publication date: 11-May-2024
  • (2024)Keyboardless Keyboard: Smart Phone Gyroscope for Improved User Interface2024 IEEE 21st Consumer Communications & Networking Conference (CCNC)10.1109/CCNC51664.2024.10454832(472-477)Online publication date: 6-Jan-2024
  • Show More Cited By

Index Terms

  1. Modelling Learning of New Keyboard Layouts

    Recommendations

    Comments

    Please enable JavaScript to view thecomments powered by Disqus.

    Information & Contributors

    Information

    Published In

    cover image ACM Conferences
    CHI '17: Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
    May 2017
    7138 pages
    ISBN:9781450346559
    DOI:10.1145/3025453
    This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike International 4.0 License.

    Sponsors

    Publisher

    Association for Computing Machinery

    New York, NY, United States

    Publication History

    Published: 02 May 2017

    Permissions

    Request permissions for this article.

    Check for updates

    Badges

    • Best Paper

    Author Tags

    1. keyboard layouts
    2. models of learning
    3. visual search

    Qualifiers

    • Research-article

    Funding Sources

    Conference

    CHI '17
    Sponsor:

    Acceptance Rates

    CHI '17 Paper Acceptance Rate 600 of 2,400 submissions, 25%;
    Overall Acceptance Rate 6,199 of 26,314 submissions, 24%

    Upcoming Conference

    CHI 2025
    ACM CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
    April 26 - May 1, 2025
    Yokohama , Japan

    Contributors

    Other Metrics

    Bibliometrics & Citations

    Bibliometrics

    Article Metrics

    • Downloads (Last 12 months)402
    • Downloads (Last 6 weeks)30
    Reflects downloads up to 26 Dec 2024

    Other Metrics

    Citations

    Cited By

    View all
    • (2024)CRTypist: Simulating Touchscreen Typing Behavior via Computational RationalityProceedings of the 2024 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems10.1145/3613904.3642918(1-17)Online publication date: 11-May-2024
    • (2024)Metrics of Motor Learning for Analyzing Movement Mapping in Virtual RealityProceedings of the 2024 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems10.1145/3613904.3642354(1-18)Online publication date: 11-May-2024
    • (2024)Keyboardless Keyboard: Smart Phone Gyroscope for Improved User Interface2024 IEEE 21st Consumer Communications & Networking Conference (CCNC)10.1109/CCNC51664.2024.10454832(472-477)Online publication date: 6-Jan-2024
    • (2024)The Guided Evaluation MethodInternational Journal of Human-Computer Studies10.1016/j.ijhcs.2024.103317190:COnline publication date: 1-Oct-2024
    • (2023)Gridfinite Possibilities: the Illuminated Button Matrix as Input and Output DeviceProceedings of the 15th Conference on Creativity and Cognition10.1145/3591196.3596615(378-379)Online publication date: 19-Jun-2023
    • (2023)RoboType: Realistic Mobile Text Entry Evaluations with Synthetic UsersProceedings of the 25th International Conference on Mobile Human-Computer Interaction10.1145/3565066.3608693(1-7)Online publication date: 26-Sep-2023
    • (2023)Does Repeatedly Typing the Same Phrase Provide a Good Estimate of Expert Text Entry Performance?Extended Abstracts of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems10.1145/3544549.3585647(1-8)Online publication date: 19-Apr-2023
    • (2023)Amortized Inference with User SimulationsProceedings of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems10.1145/3544548.3581439(1-20)Online publication date: 19-Apr-2023
    • (2022)Utility of Crowdsourced User Experiments for Measuring the Central Tendency of User Performance: A Case of Error-Rate Model Evaluation in a Pointing TaskFrontiers in Artificial Intelligence10.3389/frai.2022.7988925Online publication date: 17-Mar-2022
    • (2022)What simulation can do for HCI researchInteractions10.1145/356403829:6(48-53)Online publication date: 3-Nov-2022
    • Show More Cited By

    View Options

    View options

    PDF

    View or Download as a PDF file.

    PDF

    eReader

    View online with eReader.

    eReader

    Login options

    Media

    Figures

    Other

    Tables

    Share

    Share

    Share this Publication link

    Share on social media