research-article

DualMOP-RPL: Supporting Multiple Modes of Downward Routing in a Single RPL Network

Authors:

Omprakash Gnawali,

Jeongyeup PaekAuthors Info & Claims

ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks (TOSN), Volume 11, Issue 2

Article No.: 39, Pages 1 - 20

https://doi.org/10.1145/2700261

Published: 02 March 2015 Publication History

Abstract

RPL is an IPv6 routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks (LLNs) designed to meet the requirements of a wide range of LLN applications including smart grid AMIs, home and building automation, industrial and environmental monitoring, health care, wireless sensor networks, and the Internet of Things (IoT) in general with thousands and millions of nodes interconnected through multihop mesh networks. RPL constructs tree-like routing topology rooted at an LLN border router (LBR) and supports bidirectional IPv6 communication to and from the mesh devices by providing both upward and downward routing over the routing tree. In this article, we focus on the interoperability of downward routing and supporting its two modes of operations (MOPs) defined in the RPL standard (RFC 6550). Specifically, we show that there exists a serious connectivity problem in RPL protocol when two MOPs are mixed within a single network, even for standard-compliant implementations, which may result in network partitions. To address this problem, this article proposes DualMOP-RPL, an enhanced version of RPL, which supports nodes with different MOPs for downward routing to communicate gracefully in a single RPL network while preserving the high bidirectional data delivery performance. DualMOP-RPL allows multiple overlapping RPL networks in the same geographical regions to cooperate as a single densely connected network even if those networks are using different MOPs. This will not only improve the link qualities and routing performances of the networks but also allow for network migrations and alternate routing in the case of LBR failures. We evaluate DualMOP-RPL through extensive simulations and testbed experiments and show that our proposal eliminates all the problems we have identified.

References

[1]

R. Adler, Phil Buonadonna, Jasmeet Chhabra, Mick Flanigan, Lakshman Krishnamurthy, Nandakishore Kushalnagar, Lama Nachman, and Mark Yarvis. 2005. Design and deployment of industrial sensor networks: Experiences from the north sea and a semiconductor plant. In Proceedings of ACM Sensys 2005.

[2]

A. Brandt, J. Buron, and G. Porcu. 2010. Home automation routing requirements in low-power and lossy networks. RFC 5826 (April 2010).

[3]

Cisco. 2015. Smart Grid - Field Area Network. Retrieved from http://www.cisco.com/web/strategy/energy/field_area_network.html.

[4]

T. Clausen, U. Herberg, and M. Philipp. 2011. A critical evaluation of the IPv6 routing protocol for low power and lossy networks (RPL). In Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE 7th International Conference on Wireless and Mobile Computing, Networking and Communications (WiMob’11). 365--372.

Digital Library

[5]

T. Winter, P. Thubert, A. Brandt, J. Hui, R. Kelsey, P. Levis, K. Pister, R. Struik, J. P. Vasseur, and R. Alexander. 2009. Routing requirements for urban low-power and lossy networks. RFC 5548 (May 2009).

[6]

T. Winter, P. Thubert, A. Brandt, J. Hui, R. Kelsey, P. Levis, K. Pister, R. Struik, J. P. Vasseur, and R. Alexander. 2012. RPL: IPv6 routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks. RFC 6550 (March 2012).

[7]

German Federal Ministry of Education and Research. 2015. Project of the Future: Industry 4.0. Retrieved from http://www.bmbf.de/en/19955.php.

[8]

T. Heo, K. Kim, H. Kim, C. Lee, J. Ryu, Y. Leem, J. Jun, C. Pyo, S-M. Yoo, and J. Ko. 2014. Escaping from ancient Rome&excl; Applications and challenges for designing smart cities. Transactions on Emerging Telecommunications Technologies 25, 1 (2014), 109--119.

Digital Library

[9]

J. Hui, J. P. Vasseur, D. Culler, and V. Manral. 2012. An IPv6 routing header for source routes with the routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks (RPL). RFC 6554 (March 2012).

[10]

IEEE Std. 802.15.4-2003 2003. IEEE Standard for Information technology -- Telecommunications and information exchange between systems -- Local and metropolitan area networks. Specific requirements -- Part 15.4: Wireless Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications for Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (LR-WPANs). Retrieved from http://www.ieee802.org/15/pub/TG4.html.

[11]

J. Martocci, P. De Mil, N. Riou, and W. Vermeylen. 2010. Building automation routing requirements in low-power and lossy networks. RFC 5867 (June 2010).

[12]

J. Jeong, J. Kim, and P. Mah. 2011. Design and implementation of low power wireless IPv6 routing for NanoQplus. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Advanced Communication Technology (ICACT’11).

[13]

K. Pister, Ed. P. Thubert, S. Dwars, and T. Phinney. 2009. Industrial routing requirements in low-power and lossy networks. RFC 5673 (Oct. 2009).

[14]

J. Ko, S. Dawson-Haggerty, O. Gnawali, D. Culler, and A. Terzis. 2011a. Evaluating the performance of RPL and 6LoWPAN in TinyOS. In Proceedings of the Workshop on Extending the Internet to Low Power and Lossy Networks (IP+SN’11).

[15]

J. Ko, J. Lim, Y. Chen, R. Musaloiu, A. Terzis, G. Masson, T. Gao, W. Destler, L. Selavo, and R. Dutton. 2010. MEDiSN: Medical emergency detection in sensor networks. ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems (TECS), Special Issue on Wireless Health Systems (2010).

Digital Library

[16]

J. Ko, A. Terzis, S. Dawson-Haggerty, D. E. Culler, J. W. Hui, and P. Levis. 2011b. Connecting low-power and lossy networks to the internet. IEEE Communications Magazine 49, 4 (April 2011), 96--101.

[17]

M. Goyal, E. Baccelli, M. Philipp, A. Brandt, and J. Martocci. 2013. Reactive discovery of point-to-point routes in low-power and lossy networks. RFC 6997 (Aug. 2013).

[18]

G. Montenegro, N. Kushalnagar, J. Hui, and D. Culler. 2007. Transmission of IPv6 packets over IEEE 802.15.4 networks. RFC 4944 (Sept. 2007).

[19]

J. Paek and R. Govindan. 2010. RCRT: Rate-controlled reliable transport protocol for wireless sensor networks. ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks 7, 3 (Oct. 2010), Article 20, 45 pages.

Digital Library

[20]

J. Paek, B. Greenstein, O. Gnawali, K-Y. Jang, A. Joki, M. Vieira, J. Hicks, D. Estrin, R. Govindan, and E. Kohler. 2010. The tenet architecture for tiered sensor networks. ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks 6, 4 (Juy 2010), Article 34, 44 pages.

Digital Library

[21]

J. Paek, J. Hicks, S. Coe, and R. Govindan. 2014. Image-based environmental monitoring sensor application using an embedded wireless sensor network. Sensors 14, 9 (2014), 15981--16002.

[22]

T. Schmid, R. Shea, M. Srivastava, and P. Dutta. 2010. Disentangling wireless sensing from mesh networking. In Proceedings of the Workshop on Hot Topics in Embedded Networked Sensors (HotEmNets’10).

Digital Library

[23]

P. Thubert. 2012. Objective function zero for the routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks (RPL). RFC 6552 (March 2012).

Cited By

Hossain MKayas GHasan RSkjellum ANoor SIslam S(2024)A Holistic Analysis of Internet of Things (IoT) Security: Principles, Practices, and New PerspectivesFuture Internet10.3390/fi1602004016:2(40)Online publication date: 24-Jan-2024
https://doi.org/10.3390/fi16020040
Verma ADeswal S(2024)FOG-RPL: Fog Computing-based Routing Protocol for IoT NetworksRecent Advances in Electrical & Electronic Engineering (Formerly Recent Patents on Electrical & Electronic Engineering)10.2174/235209651666623051012523817:2(170-180)Online publication date: Feb-2024
https://doi.org/10.2174/2352096516666230510125238
Kim HLee GShin JPaek JBahk S(2024)Quick6TiSCH: Accelerating Formation of 6TiSCH Networks with TSCH and RPL2024 IEEE 21st International Conference on Mobile Ad-Hoc and Smart Systems (MASS)10.1109/MASS62177.2024.00020(66-74)Online publication date: 23-Sep-2024
https://doi.org/10.1109/MASS62177.2024.00020
Show More Cited By

Index Terms

DualMOP-RPL: Supporting Multiple Modes of Downward Routing in a Single RPL Network
1. Networks
  1. Network protocols

Recommendations

DIO messages and trickle timer analysis of RPL routing protocol for UAV-assisted data collection in IoT
DroneCom '20: Proceedings of the 2nd ACM MobiCom Workshop on Drone Assisted Wireless Communications for 5G and Beyond

Routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks (RPL) is an widely-used IPv6 routing protocol for lossy wireless networks with the power constrained devices in Internet of Things (IoT). It is a proactive protocol that constructs a destination oriented ...
Mobility Aware RPL (MARPL): Mobility to RPL on Neighbor Variability
Green, Pervasive, and Cloud Computing
Abstract
Low Power and Lossy Network (LLN) is a common type of wireless network in IoT applications. LLN communication patterns usually require an efficient routing protocol. The IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Network (RPL) is considered to ...
DT-RPL

As part of Internet of Things, low-power lossy network (LLN) applications are being diversified, which requires LLNs to support diverse traffic patterns. In this paper, we address performance issues of IPv6 routing protocol for LLNs (RPL) when ...

Comments

Please enable JavaScript to view thecomments powered by Disqus.

Information & Contributors

Information

Published In

cover image ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks

ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks Volume 11, Issue 2

February 2015

563 pages

ISSN:1550-4859

EISSN:1550-4867

DOI:10.1145/2656931

Editor:
Chenyang Lu
Department of Computer Science and Engineering/School of Engineering and Applied Sciences/Washington University/1 Brookings Drive/St. Louis, MO

Issue’s Table of Contents

Copyright © 2015 ACM.

Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected]

Publisher

Association for Computing Machinery

New York, NY, United States

Journal Family

ACM Journals for the Design of Smart and Connected Systems

Publication History

Published: 02 March 2015

Accepted: 01 September 2014

Revised: 01 July 2014

Received: 01 March 2014

Published in TOSN Volume 11, Issue 2

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Request Permissions

Check for updates

Author Tags

Qualifiers

Research-article
Research
Refereed

Funding Sources

Korean Ministry of Knowledge and Economy Project #10035570
Cisco and the National Science Foundation
“Development of Self-Powered Smart Sensor Node Platform for Smart and Green Buildings.”
Cisco University Research Program Fund

Contributors

Other Metrics

View Article Metrics

Bibliometrics & Citations

Bibliometrics

Article Metrics

68
Total Citations
View Citations
558
Total Downloads

Downloads (Last 12 months)13
Downloads (Last 6 weeks)1

Reflects downloads up to 24 Nov 2024

Other Metrics

View Author Metrics

Citations

Cited By

Hossain MKayas GHasan RSkjellum ANoor SIslam S(2024)A Holistic Analysis of Internet of Things (IoT) Security: Principles, Practices, and New PerspectivesFuture Internet10.3390/fi1602004016:2(40)Online publication date: 24-Jan-2024
https://doi.org/10.3390/fi16020040
Verma ADeswal S(2024)FOG-RPL: Fog Computing-based Routing Protocol for IoT NetworksRecent Advances in Electrical & Electronic Engineering (Formerly Recent Patents on Electrical & Electronic Engineering)10.2174/235209651666623051012523817:2(170-180)Online publication date: Feb-2024
https://doi.org/10.2174/2352096516666230510125238
Kim HLee GShin JPaek JBahk S(2024)Quick6TiSCH: Accelerating Formation of 6TiSCH Networks with TSCH and RPL2024 IEEE 21st International Conference on Mobile Ad-Hoc and Smart Systems (MASS)10.1109/MASS62177.2024.00020(66-74)Online publication date: 23-Sep-2024
https://doi.org/10.1109/MASS62177.2024.00020
Kim HLee GShin JPaek JBahk S(2024)Slot-Size Adaptation and Utility-Based Packet Aggregation for IEEE 802.15.4e Time-Slotted Communication NetworksIEEE Internet of Things Journal10.1109/JIOT.2024.335405111:9(16382-16397)Online publication date: 1-May-2024
https://doi.org/10.1109/JIOT.2024.3354051
Fersi G(2024)FOLLOWER: A Fog-based peer-to-peer routing protocol for mobile Internet of Things2024 IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications (ISCC)10.1109/ISCC61673.2024.10733654(1-6)Online publication date: 26-Jun-2024
https://doi.org/10.1109/ISCC61673.2024.10733654
Zhang KBhandari KCho G(2023)TB-RPL: A Try-the-Best Fused Mode of Operation to Enhance Point-to-Point Communication Performance in RPLElectronics10.3390/electronics1207163912:7(1639)Online publication date: 30-Mar-2023
https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12071639
Verma ADeswal S(2023)Comparative Study of Routing Protocols for IoT NetworksRecent Patents on Engineering10.2174/187221211766623012014235817:6Online publication date: Nov-2023
https://doi.org/10.2174/1872212117666230120142358
Anusha TPushpalatha M(2023)C3P-RPL: A collaborative and proactive approach for optimal peer to peer path selection and sustenancePeer-to-Peer Networking and Applications10.1007/s12083-023-01447-316:2(914-931)Online publication date: 31-Jan-2023
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12083-023-01447-3
Mishra AKhatik SPuthal D(2023)A 2-Colorable DODAG Structured Hybrid Mode of Operations Architecture for RPL Protocol to Reduce Communication OverheadInternet of Things. Advances in Information and Communication Technology10.1007/978-3-031-45882-8_15(212-224)Online publication date: 26-Oct-2023
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-45882-8_15
Mishra ASingh OKumar APuthal DSharma PPradhan B(2022)Hybrid Mode of Operation Schemes for P2P Communication to Analyze End-Point Individual Behaviour in IoTACM Transactions on Sensor Networks10.1145/354868619:2(1-23)Online publication date: 20-Dec-2022
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3548686
Show More Cited By

View Options

Login options

Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.

Full Access

Get this Article

View options

PDF

View or Download as a PDF file.

eReader

View online with eReader.

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

View Issue’s Table of Contents