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Reduced empathizing skills increase challenges for user-centered design

Published: 04 April 2009 Publication History

Abstract

User-Centered Design is surprisingly difficult. One of the biggest issues, certainly for those with no HCI or usability experience, is a lack of appreciation of how users think and work. Their assumption is that users will approach and solve problems in the same way as the designers and developers of an interactive solution. Extreme examples of this self-as-user outlook is the belief that interaction problems are either the direct fault of users or the failure of users to follow instructions (the 'RTFM' syndrome [9]).
This paper explores a psychological explanation of the self-as-user outlook through Empathizing-Systemizing theory, including a large-scale study (n = 441) of men and women working in the Information Technology field. The study found that men whose role was technological had significantly lower empathizing scores. The results of the study help to explain the self-as-user outlook and how it needs to be overcome in the design process.

References

[1]
(1999). Human-centred design processes for interactive systems. ISO 13407:1999, International Organization for Standardization.
[2]
Baron-Cohen, S. (2002). The extreme male brain theory of autism. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 6(6), 248--254.
[3]
Baron-Cohen, S. (2003). The Essential Difference: Men, Women and the Extreme Male Brain. Allen Lane (Penguin Press).
[4]
Baron-Cohen, S., Richler, J., Bisarya, D., Gurunathan, N. and Wheelright, S. (2003). The systemizing quotient: an investigation of adults with Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism, and normal sex differences. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B, 358(1430), 361--374.
[5]
Gallese, V. (2001). The "shared manifold" hypothesis: From mirror neurons to empathy. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 8(5-7), 33--50.
[6]
Golan, O. and Baron-Cohen, S. (2006). Systemizing empathy: Teaching adults with Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism to recognize complex emotions using interactive multimedia. Development and Psychopathology, 18(02), 591--617.
[7]
Rizzolatti, G., Sinigaglia, C. and Anderson, F. (2008). Mirrors in the Brain: How Our Minds Share Actions and Emotions. Oxford University Press, USA.
[8]
Technology, N. C. f. W. I. (2007). 2007 Fact Sheet. URL http://www.ncwit.org/pdf/Stat_sheet_2007.pdf.
[9]
Wikipedia. RTFM. URL http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RTFM.

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    cover image ACM Conferences
    CHI '09: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
    April 2009
    2426 pages
    ISBN:9781605582467
    DOI:10.1145/1518701
    Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected]

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    Published: 04 April 2009

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    Author Tags

    1. designer behavior
    2. empathy
    3. social issues
    4. user-centered design

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    CHI '09 Paper Acceptance Rate 277 of 1,130 submissions, 25%;
    Overall Acceptance Rate 6,199 of 26,314 submissions, 24%

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    • (2021)Data-Driven PersonasSynthesis Lectures on Human-Centered Informatics10.2200/S01072ED1V01Y202101HCI04814:1(i-317)Online publication date: 5-Feb-2021
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