research-article

High Confidence Visual Recognition of Persons by a Test of Statistical Independence

Author:

J. G. DaugmanAuthors Info & Claims

IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Volume 15, Issue 11

Pages 1148 - 1161

https://doi.org/10.1109/34.244676

Published: 01 November 1993 Publication History

Abstract

A method for rapid visual recognition of personal identity is described, based on the failure of a statistical test of independence. The most unique phenotypic feature visible in a person's face is the detailed texture of each eye's iris. The visible texture of a person's iris in a real-time video image is encoded into a compact sequence of multi-scale quadrature 2-D Gabor wavelet coefficients, whose most-significant bits comprise a 256-byte "iris code". Statistical decision theory generates identification decisions from Exclusive-OR comparisons of complete iris codes at the rate of 4000 per second, including calculation of decision confidence levels. The distributions observed empirically in such comparisons imply a theoretical "cross-over" error rate of one in 131000 when a decision criterion is adopted that would equalize the false accept and false reject error rates. In the typical recognition case, given the mean observed degree of iris code agreement, the decision confidence levels correspond formally to a conditional false accept probability of one in about 10/sup 31/.

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Cited By

Jia LZhang BLi P(2025)Stochastic stylization transformer with self-supervision for iris recognitionMultimedia Systems10.1007/s00530-024-01619-y31:1Online publication date: 1-Feb-2025
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Nguyen VBailey RDiaz GMa CFix AOrorbia A(2024)Deep Domain Adaptation: A Sim2Real Neural Approach for Improving Eye-Tracking SystemsProceedings of the ACM on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques10.1145/36547037:2(1-17)Online publication date: 17-May-2024
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Nguyen KProença HAlonso-Fernandez F(2024)Deep Learning for Iris Recognition: A SurveyACM Computing Surveys10.1145/365130656:9(1-35)Online publication date: 24-Apr-2024
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cover image IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence

IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence Volume 15, Issue 11

November 1993

120 pages

ISSN:0162-8828

Issue’s Table of Contents

Copyright © Copyright © 1993 IEEE. All Rights Reserved.

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IEEE Computer Society

United States

Publication History

Published: 01 November 1993

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Cited By

Jia LZhang BLi P(2025)Stochastic stylization transformer with self-supervision for iris recognitionMultimedia Systems10.1007/s00530-024-01619-y31:1Online publication date: 1-Feb-2025
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1007/s00530-024-01619-y
Nguyen VBailey RDiaz GMa CFix AOrorbia A(2024)Deep Domain Adaptation: A Sim2Real Neural Approach for Improving Eye-Tracking SystemsProceedings of the ACM on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques10.1145/36547037:2(1-17)Online publication date: 17-May-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3654703
Nguyen KProença HAlonso-Fernandez F(2024)Deep Learning for Iris Recognition: A SurveyACM Computing Surveys10.1145/365130656:9(1-35)Online publication date: 24-Apr-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3651306
Wei JWang YGao XHe RSun Z(2024)Multi-Faceted Knowledge-Driven Graph Neural Network for Iris SegmentationIEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security10.1109/TIFS.2024.340750819(6015-6027)Online publication date: 12-Jun-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1109/TIFS.2024.3407508
Wickramaarachchi WZhao DZhou JXiang J(2024)An effective iris biometric privacy protection scheme with renewabilityJournal of Information Security and Applications10.1016/j.jisa.2023.10368480:COnline publication date: 17-Apr-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1016/j.jisa.2023.103684
Özbilgin FKurnaz ÇAydın E(2024)Non-invasive coronary artery disease identification through the iris and bio-demographic health profile features using stacking learningImage and Vision Computing10.1016/j.imavis.2024.105046146:COnline publication date: 1-Jun-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1016/j.imavis.2024.105046
Frasca MLa Torre D(2024)An extended Daugman’s algorithm for iris with eye pathology recognitionExpert Systems with Applications: An International Journal10.1016/j.eswa.2024.124160252:PAOnline publication date: 24-Jul-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1016/j.eswa.2024.124160
Uddin MShahriar MMahamood MAlnajjar FPramanik MAhad M(2024)Deep learning with image-based autism spectrum disorder analysisEngineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence10.1016/j.engappai.2023.107185127:PAOnline publication date: 1-Feb-2024
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Du MZhang JZhi YZhang JLiu RZhang GWang J(2024)A method for extracting corneal reflection images from multiple eye imagesComputers in Biology and Medicine10.1016/j.compbiomed.2024.108631177:COnline publication date: 24-Jul-2024
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Yan YWang QZhu HJiang W(2024)Iris-LAHNet: a lightweight attention-guided high-resolution network for iris segmentation and localizationMultimedia Systems10.1007/s00530-024-01280-530:2Online publication date: 19-Mar-2024
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