Nothing Special   »   [go: up one dir, main page]

skip to main content
research-article

Sustaining Open Source Communities by Understanding the Influence of Discursive Manifestations on Sentiment

Published: 15 September 2020 Publication History

Abstract

Sustaining open source (OS) communities is fundamental to the long-term success of any open source software (OSS) project. An OSS project consists of a community of software developers who are part of a larger business ecosystem involving hardware and software companies. Peer review of software code, known as patch review comments, is an important quality assurance activity for OSS development that requires developers to provide feedback concerning their degree of satisfaction. Despite the importance of feedback, which can affect sentiment of OS communities, the underlying discourse has not been studied. In this study, we use Activity Theory to identify and categorise 20,651 discursive manifestations of contradictions that occurred in patch review comments of a large, evolving OS community. Unique community-specific expressions are identified and mapped to developers’ sentiment during a software release cycle. The study contributes new insights concerning discursive manifestations of contradictions as a driving force for sustaining OS communities.

References

[1]
Allen DK, Brown A, Karanasios S, and Norman A How Should Technology-Mediated Organizational Change Be Explained? A Comparison of the Contributions of Critical Realism and Activity Theory MIS Quarterly 2013 37 835-854
[2]
Appleyard MM and Chesbrough HW The dynamics of open strategy: from adoption to reversion Long Range Planning 2017 50 3 310-321
[3]
Aue, A., & Gamon, M. (2005). Customizing sentiment classifiers to new domains: A case study. In Proceedings of recent advances in natural language processing (RANLP) 1(3), 1–2.
[4]
Banville C and Landry M Can the Field of MIS be Disciplined? Communications of the ACM 1989 32 48-60
[5]
Barham, A. (2012). The impact of formal QA practices on FLOSS communities–the case of Mozilla. In Proceedings of 2012 IFIP International Conference on Open Source Systems (pp. 262–267). Berlin: Springer
[6]
Baysal, O., & Malton, A. J. (2007, May). Correlating social interactions to release history during software evolution. In Proceedings of the Fourth International Workshop on Mining Software Repositories (MSR’07: ICSE Workshops 2007) (pp. 7–7). IEEE.
[7]
Bednar PM and Welch C Socio-Technical Perspectives on Smart Working: Creating Meaningful and Sustainable Systems Information Systems Frontiers 2020 22 4 281-229
[8]
Berns M, Townend A, Khayat Z, Balagopal B, Reeves M, Hopkins MS, and Kruschwitz N The business of sustainability: what it means to managers now MIT Sloan Management Review 2009 51 1 20-26
[9]
Bertelsen OW and Bødker S Introduction: Information technology in human activity Scandinavian Journal of Information Systems 2000 12 1 3
[10]
Beynon-Davies P The enactment of significance: a unified conception of information, systems and technology European Journal of Information Systems 2010 19 4 389-408
[11]
Bird, C., Gourley, A., Devanbu, P., Gertz, M., & Swaminathan, A. (2006). Mining email social networks. In Proceedings of the 2006 International Workshop on Mining Software Repositories (pp. 137–143). ACM.
[12]
Carver J, Capilla R, Penzenstadler B, Serebrenik A, and Valdezate A Gender, sentiment and emotions, and safety-critical systems IEEE Software 2018 35 6 16-19
[13]
Chapman, P., Clinton, J., Kerber, R., Khabaza, T., Reinartz, T., Shearer, C., & Wirth, R. (2000). CRISP-DM 1.0: Step-by-step data mining guide. Chicago: SPSS Inc, 16.
[14]
Chaudhury A, Mallick D, and Rao HR Web channels in e-commerce Communications of the ACM 2001 44 1 99-104
[15]
Chen H, Chiang RH, and Storey VC Business intelligence and analytics: From big data to big impact MIS Quarterly 2012 36 4 1165-1188
[16]
Chen R, Sharman R, Rao HR, and Upadhyaya SJ Data Model Development for Fire Related Extreme Events: An Activity Theory Approach MIS Quarterly 2013 37 125-147
[17]
Cole M and Engeström. Y A cultural-historical approach to distributed cognition 1993 Distributed cognitions Psychological and educational considerations 1-46
[18]
De Choudhury, M., & Counts., S. (2013). Understanding affect in the workplace via social media. In Proceedings of the 2013 Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (303–316). New York: ACM
[19]
De Dreu, C. K. W. & Van De Vliert., E. (1997). Introduction: Using conflict in organizations.
[20]
Dennehy D and Conboy K Breaking the flow: a study of contradictions in information systems development (ISD) Information Technology & People 2019 33 2 477-501
[21]
Dionne P and Bourdon S Contradictions as the driving force of collective and subjective development group employment programmes Journal of Education and Work 2018 31 3 277-290
[22]
Ditsa, G. (2003). Activity theory as a theoretical foundation for information systems research. Information Management: Support Systems & Multimedia Technology,192–231.
[23]
Ducheneaut N Socialization in an open source software community: A socio-technical analysis Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) 2005 14 4 323-368
[24]
Engestrom, Y. (1987). Learning by expanding. Helsinki: Orienta-Konsultit Oy.
[25]
Engeström Y Activity theory and individual and social transformation Perspectives on activity theory 1999 19 38 19-30
[26]
Engestrom Y Activity theory as a framework for analyzing and redesigning work Ergonomics 2000 43 7 960-974
[27]
Engeström Y Expansive learning at work: Toward an activity theoretical reconceptualization Journal of education and work 2001 14 1 133-156
[28]
Engeström Y and Kerosuo H From workplace learning to inter-organizational learning and back: the contribution of activity theory Journal of Workplace Learning 2007 19 6 336-342
[29]
Engeström Y and Sannino A Discursive manifestations of contradictions in organizational change efforts: A methodological framework Journal of Organizational Change Management 2011 24 3 368-387
[30]
Fitzgerald, B., & Adam, F. (2000). The status of the IS field: historical perspective and practical orientation.
[31]
Foot KA Cultural-historical activity theory as practice theory: Illuminating the development of conflict-monitoring network Communication Theory 2001 11 1 56-83
[32]
Gamalielsson J and Lundell B Sustainability of Open Source software communities beyond a fork: How and why has the LibreOffice project evolved? Journal of Systems and Software 2014 89 128-145
[33]
García-Cumbreras M, Montejo-Ráez A, and Díaz-Galiano MC Pessimists and optimists: Improving collaborative filtering through sentiment analysis Expert Systems with Applications 2013 40 17 6758-6765
[34]
Germonprez M, Kendall JE, Kendall KE, Mathiassen L, Young B, and Warner B A theory of responsive design: A field study of corporate engagement with open source communities Information Systems Research 2017 28 1 64-83
[35]
Gupta A, Deokar A, Iyer L, Sharda R, and Schrader D Big data and analytics for societal impact: Recent research and trends Information Systems Frontiers 2018 20 2 185-194
[36]
Guzman, E., Azócar, D., & Li, Y. (2014). Sentiment analysis of commit comments in GitHub: an empirical study. In Proceedings of the 11th Working Conference on Mining Software Repositories (352–355). New York: ACM.
[37]
Guzzi, A., Bacchelli, A., Lanza, M., Pinzger, M., & Deursen, A.-V. (2013). Communication in open source software development mailing lists. In Proceedings of the 10th Working Conference on Mining Software Repositories (277–286). Piscataway: IEEE Press.
[38]
Hasan, H., & Banna, S. (2012). The unit of analysis in IS theory: The case for activity. Information Systems Foundations, 191.
[39]
Hasan H, Gould E, and Hyland P Information systems and activity theory: tools in context 1998 Wollongong University of Wollongong Press
[40]
Hasan, H., Kazluaskas, A., & Crawford, K. P. (2010). Blending complexity and activity frameworks for a broader and deeper understanding of IS. In Proceedings of the Thirty First International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS), St. Louis, USA.
[41]
Helle M Disturbances and contradictions as tools for understanding work in the newsroom Scandinavian Journal of Information Systems 2000 12 1 7
[42]
Hemetsberger A and Reinhardt C Collective development in open-source communities: An activity theoretical perspective on successful online collaboration Organization Studies 2009 30 9 987-1008
[43]
Hertel M and Wiesent J Investments in information systems: A contribution towards sustainability Information Systems Frontiers 2013 15 5 815-829
[44]
Hirschheim R, Klein HK, and Lyytinen K Exploring the intellectual structures of information systems development: a social action theoretic analysis Accounting, Management and Information Technologies 1996 6 1–2 1-64
[45]
Ho SY and Rai A Continued voluntary participation intention in firm-participating open source software projects Information Systems Research 2017 28 3 603-625
[46]
Ho SY and Richardson A Trust and distrust in open source software development Journal of Computer Information Systems 2013 54 1 84-93
[47]
Igira FT The situatedness of work practices and organizational culture: implications for information systems innovation uptake Journal of Information Technology 2008 23 2 79-88
[48]
Ilyenkov, E. V. (1974). Activity and knowledge. Philosophy and culture.
[49]
Jensen, C., & Scacchi, W. (2007). Role migration and advancement processes in OSSD projects: A comparative case study. In Proceedings of the 29th international conference on Software Engineering (pp. 364–374). Washington, D.C.: IEEE Computer Society.
[50]
Jongeling, R., Datta, S., & Serebrenik, A. (2015). Choosing your weapons: On sentiment analysis tools for software engineering research. In Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE International Conference on Software Maintenance and Evolution (ICSME) (531–535).
[51]
Karanasios S Toward a unified view of technology and activity: The contribution of activity theory to information systems research Information Technology & People 2018 31 1 134-155
[52]
Karanasios S and Allen D Mobile technology in mobile work: contradictions and congruencies in activity systems European Journal of Information Systems 2014 23 5 529-542
[53]
Karanasios, S., Riisla, K., & Simeonova, B. (2017). Exploring the use of contradictions in activity theory studies: An interdisciplinary review.
[54]
Kietzmann J Interactive innovation of technology for mobile work European Journal of Information Systems 2008 17 3 305-320
[55]
Klievink B, Romijn BJ, Cunningham S, and de Bruijn H Big data in the public sector: Uncertainties and readiness Information systems frontiers 2017 19 2 267-283
[56]
Korpela M, Mursu A, and Soriyan HA Information systems development as an activity Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) 2001 11 1–2 111-128
[57]
Kuutti, K. (1996). Activity theory as a potential framework for human-computer interaction research. Context and consciousness: Activity theory and human-computer interaction, 1744.
[58]
Kuutti, K. (1999) Activity theory, transformation of work, and information systems design. Perspectives on activity theory: 360.
[59]
Kuutti, K., & Molin-Juustila, T. (1998). Information System Support for ‘Loose’Co-ordination in a Network Organisation: an Activity Theory perspective. Information Systems and Activity Theory: Tools in Context: 73–92.
[60]
Lakhani, K. R., & Von Hippel, E. (2004). How open source software works:“free” user-to-user assistance. In Porceedings of the Produktentwicklung mit virtuellen Communities (pp. 303–339). Wiesbaden: Gabler Verlag.
[61]
Lin, B., Zampetti, F., Bavota, G., Di Penta, M., Lanza, M., & Oliveto, R. (2018). Sentiment analysis for software engineering: How far can we go? In Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE/ACM 40th International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE) (94–104). Piscataway: IEEE.
[62]
Malaurent J and Karanasios S Learning from workaround practices: The challenge of enterprise system implementations in multinational corporations Information Systems Journal 2020 30 4 639-663
[63]
Metcalfe M Theory: Seeking a plain English explanation JITTA: Journal of Information Technology Theory and Application 2004 6 2 13
[64]
Mikalef P, Pappas IO, Krogstie J, and Pavlou PA Big data and business analytics: A research agenda for realizing business value Information & Management 2020 57 1 103237
[65]
Mistrík, I., Grundy, J., Van der Hoek, A., & Whitehead, J. (2010). Collaborative software engineering: challenges and prospects. In Collaborative Software Engineering (389–403). Berlin: Springer.
[66]
Mockus, A., Fielding, R. T., & Herbsleb, J. (2000). A case study of open source software development: the Apache server,” ICSE ‘00: In Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Software Engineering (pp. 263―272). New York: ACM Press.
[67]
Mursu A, Luukkonen I, Toivanen M, and Korpela M Activity Theory in information systems research and practice: theoretical underpinnings for an information systems development model Information Research: An International Electronic Journal 2007 12 3 3
[68]
Nardi, B. A. (1996). Activity theory and human-computer interaction. Context and consciousness: Activity theory and human-computer interaction (Vol. 436, pp. 7–16). Cambridge: MIT Press.
[69]
Novielli, N., Girardi, D., & Lanubile, F. (2018). A Benchmark Study on Sentiment Analysis for Software Engineering Research. In Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Mining Software Repositories (pp. 364–375). New York: ACM.
[70]
Nurolahzade, M., Nasehi, S. M., Khandkar, S. H., & Rawal, S. (2009). The role of patch review in software evolution: an analysis of the mozilla firefox. In Proceedings of the joint international and annual ERCIM workshops on Principles of software evolution (IWPSE) and software evolution (Evol) workshops (pp. 9–18). New York: ACM.
[71]
Ogawa, M., Ma, K. L., Bird, C., Devanbu, P., & Gourley, A. (2007). Visualizing social interaction in open source software projects. In Proceedings of the 2007 6th International Asia-Pacific Symposium on Visualization (pp. 25–32). Piscataway: IEEE.
[72]
Ortu, M., Destefanis, G., Adams, B., Murgia, A., Marchesi, M., & Tonelli, R. (2015). The jira repository dataset: Understanding social aspects of software development. In Proceedings of the 11th international conference on predictive models and data analytics in software engineering (pp. 1–4).
[73]
Ozer M and Vogel D Contextualized relationship between knowledge sharing and performance in software development Journal of Management Information Systems 2015 32 134-161
[74]
Pappas, I.-O., Mikalef, P., Giannakos, M.-N., Krogstie, J., & Lekakos, G. (2018). Big data and business analytics ecosystems: paving the way towards digital transformation and sustainable societies. Berlin: Springer.
[75]
Paul, R., Bosu, A., & Sultana, K. Z. (2018). Expressions of Sentiments During Code Reviews: Male vs. Female. In Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE 26th International Conference on Software Analysis, Evolution and Reengineering (SANER) (pp. 26–37). Piscataway: IEEE.
[76]
Perrini F and Tencati A Sustainability and stakeholder management: the need for new corporate performance evaluation and reporting systems Business Strategy and the Environment 2006 15 5 296-308
[77]
Pletea, D., Vasilescu, B., & Serebrenik, A. (2014). Security and emotion: sentiment analysis of security discussions on GitHub. In Proceedings of the 11th working conference on mining software repositories (pp. 348–351). New York: ACM.
[78]
Popovič A, Hackney R, Tassabehji R, and Castelli M The impact of big data analytics on firms’ high value business performance Information Systems Frontiers 2018 20 2 209-222
[79]
Porter ME and Kramer MR Strategy & Society: The Link Between Competitive Advantage and Corporate Social Responsibility Harvard Business Review 2006 84 12 78-92
[80]
Rigby, P. C., German, D. M., & Storey, M. A. (2008). Open source software peer review practices: a case study of the apache server. In Proceedings of the 30th international conference on Software engineering (pp. 541–550). New York: ACM.
[81]
Rogers DS, Duraiappah AK, Antons DC, Munoz P, Bai X, Fragkias M, and Gutscher H A vision for human well-being: transition to social sustainability Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 2012 4 1 61-73
[82]
Rousinopoulos A, Robles G, and González-Barahona J Sentiment Analysis Of Free / Open Source Developers: Preliminary Findings From a Case Study Electronic Journal of Information Systems 2014 13 2 1
[83]
Rückriem, G. (2009). Digital technology and mediation: A challenge to activity theory. Learning and expanding with activity theory (pp. 88–111).
[84]
Ryu C, Kim YJ, Chaudhury A, and Rua H-R Knowledge acquisition via three learning processes in enterprise information portals: Learning-by-investment, learning-by-doing, and learning-from-others MIS Quarterly 2005 29 245-278
[85]
Sannino A Experiencing conversations: Bridging the gap between discourse and activity Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour 2008 38 3 267-291
[86]
Sethanandha, B. D. (2011). Improving open source software patch contribution process: methods and tools. In Proceedings of the 33rd International Conference on Software Engineering (pp. 1134–1135). New York: ACM.
[87]
Sethanandha, B. D., Massey, B., & Jones, W. (2010a). Managing Open Source Contributions For Software Project Sustainability. Management of Engineering & Technology, 2010. In Proceedings of the Technology Management for Global Economic Growth (pp. 1–9). IEEE. Portland International.
[88]
Sethanandha, B. D., Massey, B., & Jones, W. (2010b). On the need for OSS patch contribution tools. In Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on Building Sustainable Open Source Communities (Notre Dame, IN, USA, June 2010)..
[89]
Shaikh M and Vaast E Folding and unfolding: Balancing openness and transparency in open source communities Information Systems Research 2016 27 4 813-833
[90]
Sharif KY, English M, Ali N, Exton. C, Collins JJ, and Buckley J An empirically-based characterization and quantification of information seeking through mailing lists during open source developers’ software evolution Information and Software Technology 2015 57 3 77-94
[91]
Shearer C The CRISP-DM model: the new blueprint for data mining Journal of Data Warehousing 2000 5 4 13-22
[92]
Shihab, E., Bettenburg, N., Adams, B., & Hassan, A. E. (2009). On the central role of mailing lists in open source projects: An exploratory study. In Proceedings of the JSAI International Symposium on Artificial Intelligence (pp. 91–103). Berlin: Springer.
[93]
Sholler, D., Steinmacher, I., Ford, D., Averick, M., Hoye, M., & Wilson, G. (2019). Ten simple rules for helping newcomers become contributors to open projects. PLoS Computational Biology, 15(9), e1007296.
[94]
Sinha, V., Lazar, A., & Sharif, B. (2016). Analyzing developer sentiment in commit logs. In Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Mining Software Repositories (pp. 520–523). New York: ACM.
[95]
Slavova M and Karanasios S When Institutional Logics Meet Information and Communication Technologies: Examining Hybrid Information Practices in Ghana’s Agriculture Journal of the Association for Information Systems 2018 19 9 4
[96]
Solow, R. M. (1993). Sustainability: An economists perspective. Published in Dorfman, R. & Dorfman, NS (eds.) Selected readings in environmental economics.
[97]
Sowe SK, Stamelos I, and Angelis L Understanding knowledge sharing activities in free/open source software projects: An empirical study Journal of Systems and Software 2008 81 3 431-446
[98]
Tourani, P., Jiang, Y., & Adams, B. (2014). Monitoring sentiment in open source mailing lists: exploratory study on the apache ecosystem. In Proceedings of 24th Annual International Conference on Computer Science and Software Engineering (pp. 34–44). Armonk: IBM Corp.
[99]
Turney, P. D. (2002). Thumbs up or thumbs down?: semantic orientation applied to unsupervised classification of reviews. In Proceedings of the 40th annual meeting on association for computational linguistics (pp. 417–424). Stroudsburg: Association for Computational Linguistics.
[100]
Valecha R, Rao R, Upadhyaya S, and Sharman R An activity theory approach to modeling dispatch-mediated emergency response Journal of the Association for Information Systems 2019 20 1 2
[101]
Vermeulen, H., Gain, J., Marais, P., & O’Donovan, S. (2016). Reimagining gamification through the lens of Activity Theory. In Proceedings of the 49th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS)..
[102]
Wang J, Shih PC, Wu Y, and Carroll JM Comparative case studies of open source software peer review practices Information and Software Technology 2015 67 1 1-12
[103]
Weick KE Theory construction as disciplined imagination Academy of management review 1989 14 516-531
[104]
Weißgerber, P., Neu, D., & Diehl, S. (2008). Small patches get in! In Proceedings of the 2008 international working conference on Mining software repositories (pp. 67–76). Leipzig: ACM.
[105]
White L, Burger K, and Yearworth M Understanding behaviour in problem structuring methods interventions with activity theory European Journal of Operational Research 2016 249 3 983-1004
[106]
Wilson, T., Wiebe, J., & Hoffmann, P. (2005). Recognizing contextual polarity in phrase-level sentiment analysis. In Proceedings of the Human Language Technology and Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (pp. 347–354). Stroudsburg: Association for Computational Linguistics.
[107]
Wiredu GO and Sørensen C The dynamics of control and mobile computing in distributed activities European Journal of Information Systems 2006 15 3 307-319
[108]
Xie, I., & Matusiak, K. (2016). Discover digital libraries: Theory and practice. Amsterdam: Elsevier.

Cited By

View all
  • (2023)From Groups to Communities: A Resource Mobilization Theory Perspective on the Emergence of CommunitiesInformation Systems Frontiers10.1007/s10796-023-10368-825:6(2457-2474)Online publication date: 1-Dec-2023

Recommendations

Comments

Please enable JavaScript to view thecomments powered by Disqus.

Information & Contributors

Information

Published In

cover image Information Systems Frontiers
Information Systems Frontiers  Volume 25, Issue 1
Feb 2023
414 pages

Publisher

Kluwer Academic Publishers

United States

Publication History

Published: 15 September 2020

Author Tags

  1. Activity theory
  2. Contradictions
  3. Sentiment analysis
  4. Open source
  5. Patch reviews

Qualifiers

  • Research-article

Funding Sources

  • Science Foundation Ireland

Contributors

Other Metrics

Bibliometrics & Citations

Bibliometrics

Article Metrics

  • Downloads (Last 12 months)0
  • Downloads (Last 6 weeks)0
Reflects downloads up to 25 Nov 2024

Other Metrics

Citations

Cited By

View all
  • (2023)From Groups to Communities: A Resource Mobilization Theory Perspective on the Emergence of CommunitiesInformation Systems Frontiers10.1007/s10796-023-10368-825:6(2457-2474)Online publication date: 1-Dec-2023

View Options

View options

Login options

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

Share

Share

Share this Publication link

Share on social media