Nothing Special   »   [go: up one dir, main page]

skip to main content
10.5555/1862280.1862290dlproceedingsArticle/Chapter ViewAbstractPublication PagesauicConference Proceedingsconference-collections
research-article
Free access

Life-sketch: a framework for sketch-based modelling and animation of 3D objects

Published: 01 January 2010 Publication History

Abstract

The design and animation of digital 3D models is an essential task for many applications in science, engineering, education, medicine and arts. In many instances only an approximate representation is required and a simple and intuitive modelling and animation process, suitable for untrained users, is more important than realism and extensive features. Sketch-based modelling has been shown to be a suitable interface because the underlying pen-and-paper metaphor is intuitive and effective.
In this paper we present LifeSketch, a framework for sketched-based modelling and animation. Three-dimensional models are created with a variation of the popular "Teddy" algorithm. The models are analysed and skeletons with joints are extracted fully automatically. The surface mesh is bound to the curved skeletons using skinning techniques and the resulting model can be animated using skeletal animation methods.
The results of our evaluation and user study suggest that modelling and animation tasks are considerable more efficient than with traditional tools. The learning curve is very flat and a half page document was sufficient to familiarise users with the tools functionality. Users were satisfied with the automatically extracted joints, but some users struggled selecting the appropriate rotation axes and angles for animating the resulting 3D objects. A more intuitive, preferable automatic or sketch-based approach for animations is needed. Overall users were satisfied with the modelling capabilities of the tool, found most of its functionality natural and intuitive, and they enjoyed using it.

References

[1]
}}Arcila, R., Levet, F. & Schlick, C. (2008), Thor: Sketch-based 3d modeling by skeletons, in 'Smart Graphics', pp. 232--238.
[2]
}}Baran, I. & Popovićć, J. (2007), 'Automatic rigging and animation of 3d characters', ACM Trans. Graph. 26(3), 72. http://www.mit.edu/~ibaran/autorig/.
[3]
}}Chen, X., Neubert, B., Xu, Y.-Q., Deussen, O. & Kang, S. B. (2008), Sketch-based tree modeling using markov random field, in 'ACM SIGGRAPH Asia 2008 papers', ACM, pp. 1--9.
[4]
}}Cheutet, V., Catalano, C. E., Pernot, J.-P., Falcidieno, B., Giannini, F. & Leon, J.-C. (2005), '3d sketching for aesthetic design using fully free-form deformation features', Computers & Graphics 29(6), 916--930.
[5]
}}Cootes, T. F., Taylor, C. J., Cooper, D. H. & Graham, J. (1995), 'Active shape models---their training and application', Computer Vision and Image Understanding 61(1), 38--59. http://www.isbe.man.ac.uk/~bim/Papers/cviu95.pdf.
[6]
}}Davis, J., Agrawala, M., Chuang, E., Popović, Z. & Salesin, D. (2003), A sketching interface for articulated figure animation, in 'SCA '03: Proceedings of the 2003 ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics symposium on Computer animation', Eurographics Association, pp. 320--328.
[7]
}}de Araújo, B., Jorge, J., Sousa, M. C., Samavati, F. & Wyvill, B. (2004), MIBlob: a tool for medical visualization and modelling using sketches, in 'SIGGRAPH '04: Posters', ACM Press, p. 107.
[8]
}}Eggli, L., Ching-Yao, H., Bruderlin, B. D. & Elber, G. (1997), 'Inferring 3d models from freehand sketches and constraints', Computer-Aided Design 29(2), 101--112.
[9]
}}Gain, J., Marais, P. & Strasser, W. (2009), Terrain sketching, in 'I3D '09: Proceedings of the 2009 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics and games', ACM, pp. 31--38. http://people.cs.uct.ac.za/~jgain/publications/terrsketch.pdf.
[10]
}}Google (2009), 'Google sketchup homepage'. http://sketchup.google.com/.
[11]
}}Grimm, C. & Hughes, J. (1998), Implicit generalized cylinders using profile curves, in 'Implicit Surfaces', pp. 33--41. Creating sweep surfaces using sketching.
[12]
}}Gross, M. D. & Do, E. Y.-L. (1996), Ambiguous intentions: a paper-like interface for creative design, in 'UIST '96: Proceedings of the 9th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology', ACM, pp. 183--192.
[13]
}}Hart, J. (1999), The Art of Storyboard: Storyboarding for Film, TV, and Animation, Focal Press.
[14]
}}Hua, J. & Qin, H. (2003), Free-form deformations via sketching and manipulating scalar fields, in 'Proceedings of the 8th Symposium on Solid modeling and Applications (SM 03)', ACM Press, pp. 328--333.
[15]
}}Igarashi, T. & Hughes, J. F. (2003), Smooth meshes for sketch-based freeform modeling, in 'I3D '03: Proceedings of the 2003 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics', ACM, pp. 139--142. http://www-ui.is.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~takeo/java/smoothteddy/index.html.
[16]
}}Igarashi, T., Matsuoka, S., Kawachiya, S. & Tanaka, H. (1997), Interactive beautification: a technique for rapid geometric design, in 'Proceedings of the Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology', pp. 105--114.
[17]
}}Igarashi, T., Moscovich, T. & Hughes, J. F. (2005a), 'As-rigid-as-possible shape manipulation', ACM Trans. Graph. 24(3), 1134--1141.
[18]
}}Igarashi, T., Moscovich, T. & Hughes, J. F. (2005b), Spatial keyframing for performance-driven animation, in 'SCA '05: Proceedings of the 2005 ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics symposium on Computer animation', ACM, pp. 107--115. http://www-ui.is.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~takeo/research/squirrel/index.html.
[19]
}}Igarashia, T., Matsuoka, S. & Tanaka, H. (1999), Teddy: a sketching interface for 3d freeform design, in 'Proceedings of SIGGRAPH '99', ACM Press, pp. 409--416.
[20]
}}Ijiri, T., Ashihara, T., Yamaguchi, T., Takayama, K., Igarashi, T., Shimada, T., Namba, T., Haraguchi, R. & Nakazawa, K. (2008), 'A procedural method for modeling the purkinje fibers of the heart', The Journal of Physiological Science 58(7), 481--486.
[21]
}}Ijiri, T., Owada, S. & Igarashi, T. (2006), The sketch l-system: Global control of tree modeling using free-form strokes, in 'Proceedings of Smart Graphics 2006', pp. 138--146. http://www-ui.is.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~ijiri/SketchLSystem/index.html.
[22]
}}Ijiri, T., Owada, S., Okabe, M. & Igarashi, T. (2005), 'Floral diagrams and inflorescences: interactive flower modeling using botanical structural constraints', ACM Trans. Graph. 24(3), 720--726. http://www-ui.is.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~ijiri/FdAndIfs/index.html.
[23]
}}Kara, L. B. & Shimada, K. (2007), 'Sketch-based 3d-shape creation for industrial styling design', IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications 27(1), 60--71.
[24]
}}Karpenko, O. A. & Hughes, J. F. (2006), 'Smoothsketch: 3d free-form shapes from complex sketches', ACM Transactions on Graphics 25(3), 589--598.
[25]
}}Karpenko, O., Hughes, J. & Raskar, R. (2002), 'Free-form sketching with variational implicit surfaces', Computer Graphics Forum 21(3), 585--594. http://www.merl.com/papers/docs/TR2002-27.pdf.
[26]
}}Landay, J. A. & Myers, B. A. (2001), 'Sketching interfaces: Toward more human interface design', Computer 34(3), 56--64. http://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/~landay/research/publications/silk-ieee-published.pdf.
[27]
}}Lepetit, V. & Fua, P. (2005), 'Monocular model-based 3d tracking of rigid objects: A survey', Foundations and Trends in Computer Graphics and Vision 1(1), 1--89.
[28]
}}Levet, F. & Granier, X. (2007), Improved skeleton extraction and surface generation for sketch-based modeling, in 'GI '07: Proceedings of Graphics Interface 2007', ACM, pp. 27--33.
[29]
}}Lewis, J. P., Cordner, M. & Fong, N. (2000), Pose space deformation: a unified approach to shape interpolation and skeleton-driven deformation, in 'SIGGRAPH '00: Proceedings of the 27th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques', ACM Press/Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., pp. 165--172.
[30]
}}Mao, C., Qin, S. F. & Wright, D. (2007), Sketch-based virtual human modelling and animation, in 'SG '07: Proceedings of the 8th international symposium on Smart Graphics', Springer-Verlag, pp. 220--223.
[31]
}}Mao, C., Qin, S. F. & Wright, D. K. (2006), Sketching-out virtual humans: from 2d storyboarding to immediate 3d character animation, in 'ACE '06: Proceedings of the 2006 ACM SIGCHI international conference on Advances in computer entertainment technology', ACM, p. 61.
[32]
}}Marr, D. & Nishihara, H. K. (1978), Representation and recognition of the spatial organization of three-dimensional images, in 'Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B', Vol. 200, pp. 269--294.
[33]
}}McCord, G., Wünsche, B. C., Plimmer, B., Gilbert, G. & Hirsch, C. (2008), A pen and paper metaphor for orchid modeling, in 'Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Computer Graphics Theory and Applications (GRAPP 2008)', pp. 119--124.
[34]
}}Mitani, J., Suzuki, H. & Kimura, F. (2002), '3d sketch: sketch-based model reconstruction and rendering', pp. 85--98.
[35]
}}Nealen, A., Igarashi, T., Sorkine, O. & Alexa, M. (2007), Fibermesh: designing freeform surfaces with 3d curves, in 'SIGGRAPH '07: ACM SIGGRAPH 2007 papers', ACM, p. 41.
[36]
}}Olsen, L., Samavati, F. F., Sousa, M. C. & Jorge, J. A. (2009), 'Technical section: Sketch-based modeling: A survey', Computers & Graphics 33(1), 85--103. http://pages.cpsc.ucalgary.ca/~olsenl/wiki/uploads/Papers/CnGsurvey.pdf.
[37]
}}Sakamoto, D., Honda, K., Inami, M. & Igarashi, T. (2009), Sketch and run: a stroke-based interface for home robots, in 'CHI '09: Proceedings of the 27th international conference on Human factors in computing systems', ACM, pp. 197--200.
[38]
}}Sanders, M., Lobb, R. & Riddle, P. (2003), Evolving controllers for virtual creature locomotion, in 'GRAPHITE '03: Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques in Australasia and South East Asia', ACM, pp. 255--256.
[39]
}}Schmidt, R., Wyvill, B., Sousa, M. C. & Jorge, J. A. (2006), Shapeshop: sketch-based solid modeling with blobtrees, in 'SIGGRAPH '06: ACM SIGGRAPH 2006 Courses', ACM, p. 14.
[40]
}}Sezgin, T. M., Stahovich, T. & Davis, R. (2001), Sketch based interfaces: Early processing for sketch understanding, in 'Proceedings of the Workshop for Perceptive User Interfaces (PUI 01)', ACM Press, pp. 1--8.
[41]
}}Sims, K. (1994), Evolving virtual creatures, in 'SIGGRAPH '94: Proceedings of the 21st annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques', ACM, pp. 15--22.
[42]
}}Smith, R. (2007), 'Open Dynamics Engine home page'. http://www.ode.org.
[43]
}}Steger, E. (2004), Sketch-based animation language, Technical report, Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto. URL: http://www.cs.toronto.edu/~esteger/sketchlang/index.html.
[44]
}}Sugihara, M., Groot, E., Wyvill, B. & Schmidt, R. (2008), A sketch-based method to control deformation in a skeletal implicit surface modeler, in 'Proceedings of the 5th Eurographics Workshop on Sketch-Based Interfaces and Modeling', pp. 65--72.
[45]
}}Takayama, K., Ashihara, T., Ijiri, T., Igarashi, T., Haraguchi, R. & Nakazawa, K. (2008), 'A sketch-based interface for modeling myocardial fiber orientation that considers the layered structure of the ventricles', The Journal of Physiological Sciences 58(7), 487--492.
[46]
}}Thorne, M., Burke, D. & van de Panne, M. (2004), 'Motion doodles: an interface for sketching character motion', ACM Trans. Graph. 23(3), 424--431. http://people.cs.ubc.ca/~van/papers/doodle.html.
[47]
}}Turquin, E., Wither, J., Boissieux, L., Cani, M.-P. & Hughes, J. F. (2007), 'A sketch-based interface for clothing virtual characters', IEEE Comput. Graph. Appl. 27(1), 72--81.
[48]
}}Villar, J. R. (2007--2009), 'Typhoonlabs' opengl shading language tutorials'. Typhoonlabs Real Time Technologies {Online} www.opengl.org/sdk/docs/tutorials/TyphoonLabs/.
[49]
}}Wong, Y. Y. (1992), Rough and ready prototypes: lessons from graphic design, in 'CHI '92: Posters and short talks of the 1992 SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems', ACM, pp. 83--84.
[50]
}}Xie, X. S. & Wüünsche, B. C. (2010), 'Efficient contour line labelling for terrain modelling'. {Submitted for publication}.
[51]
}}Yang, R. (2009), Life sketch - a tool for sketch-based modelling and animation, Master's thesis, Department of Computer Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. (to be published).
[52]
}}Zeleznik, R. C., Herndon, K. P. & Hughes, J. F. (1996), SKETCH: An interface for sketching 3d scenes, in 'Proceedings of SIGGRAPH '96', ACM Press, pp. 163--170.
[53]
}}Zimmermann, J., Nealen, A. & Alexa, M. (2008), 'Sketching contours', Computers & Graphics 32(5), 486--499. http://www.cs.rutgers.edu/~nealen/research/sc_preprint.pdf.

Cited By

View all
  • (2014)Towards a 3D sketch-based modelling APIProceedings of the Fifteenth Australasian User Interface Conference - Volume 15010.5555/2667657.2667660(21-28)Online publication date: 20-Jan-2014
  • (2012)An evaluation of a sketch-based model-by-example approach for crowd modellingProceedings of the Thirteenth Australasian User Interface Conference - Volume 12610.5555/2512125.2512134(69-76)Online publication date: 31-Jan-2012
  • (2012)A virtual touchscreen with depth recognitionProceedings of the Thirteenth Australasian User Interface Conference - Volume 12610.5555/2512125.2512131(39-48)Online publication date: 31-Jan-2012
  • Show More Cited By

Recommendations

Comments

Please enable JavaScript to view thecomments powered by Disqus.

Information & Contributors

Information

Published In

cover image DL Hosted proceedings
AUIC '10: Proceedings of the Eleventh Australasian Conference on User Interface - Volume 106
January 2010
114 pages
ISBN:9781920682873

Sponsors

  • Australian Comp Soc: Australian Computer Society
  • SAP Research
  • Queensland University of Technology
  • CEED
  • CSIRO ICT Centre
  • CORE - Computing Research and Education
  • Macquarie University-Sydney

Publisher

Australian Computer Society, Inc.

Australia

Publication History

Published: 01 January 2010

Author Tags

  1. human-computer interfaces
  2. skeletal animation
  3. sketch-based modelling
  4. skinning

Qualifiers

  • Research-article

Acceptance Rates

Overall Acceptance Rate 40 of 100 submissions, 40%

Contributors

Other Metrics

Bibliometrics & Citations

Bibliometrics

Article Metrics

  • Downloads (Last 12 months)53
  • Downloads (Last 6 weeks)5
Reflects downloads up to 22 Nov 2024

Other Metrics

Citations

Cited By

View all
  • (2014)Towards a 3D sketch-based modelling APIProceedings of the Fifteenth Australasian User Interface Conference - Volume 15010.5555/2667657.2667660(21-28)Online publication date: 20-Jan-2014
  • (2012)An evaluation of a sketch-based model-by-example approach for crowd modellingProceedings of the Thirteenth Australasian User Interface Conference - Volume 12610.5555/2512125.2512134(69-76)Online publication date: 31-Jan-2012
  • (2012)A virtual touchscreen with depth recognitionProceedings of the Thirteenth Australasian User Interface Conference - Volume 12610.5555/2512125.2512131(39-48)Online publication date: 31-Jan-2012
  • (2012)RigMeshACM Transactions on Graphics10.1145/2366145.236621731:6(1-9)Online publication date: 1-Nov-2012
  • (2011)Sketch-based crowd modellingProceedings of the Twelfth Australasian User Interface Conference - Volume 11710.5555/2460616.2460624(67-76)Online publication date: 17-Jan-2011
  • (2010)Sketch, click, plug and playProceedings of the 11th International Conference of the NZ Chapter of the ACM Special Interest Group on Human-Computer Interaction10.1145/1832838.1832845(33-40)Online publication date: 8-Jul-2010

View Options

View options

PDF

View or Download as a PDF file.

PDF

eReader

View online with eReader.

eReader

Login options

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

Share

Share

Share this Publication link

Share on social media