A Microstrip Transmission Line Biosensor to Measure the Interaction between Microliter Aqueous Solutions and 1.0–17.0 GHz Radio Frequencies
<p>Shown is a 3D rendering of the proposed RF biosensor. A microliter well is located directly adjacent to the microstrip transmission line, which is seen milled into the substrate and will be used to hold aqueous solutions under test.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>(<b>a</b>) A 3D simulation was created in HFSS of the top view of the proposed microstrip transmission line RF biosensor. Design features include using Rogers TMM4 material, a transmission line made of copper, and the adjacent microstrip well (shown in light yellow color) for loading/unloading of MUTs in simulations. (<b>b</b>) The lateral view of the biosensor, including the two SMA connectors modeled on each end for coaxial connection to a Vector Network Analyzer.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>The E- and H-field radiation pattern lines are shown for a microstrip transmission line. The electric field lines (solid blue lines) radiate perpendicular to the transmission line in a clockwise and counterclockwise circular pattern. Meanwhile, the magnetic field lines (dashed orange lines) radiate parallel to the transmission line.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>(<b>a</b>) An HFSS animation of the simulated E-field line’s strength set at 1.5 GHz during a frequency sweep from 1.0 GHz–17.0 GHz. The edges of the E-field lines pass through the entirety of the microliter well. (<b>b</b>) The simulated E-field line’s strength at a frequency point of 16.625 GHz. At higher transmitted EM wave frequency, an increase in E-field line strength is seen as the field lines continually pass through the microliter well.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>(<b>a</b>) A comparison of S<sub>21</sub> parameters of the 50 Ω microstrip transmission line simulated in ADS and the experimentally tested 50 Ω microstrip transmission line prototype with exact specifications (described in <a href="#sensors-23-05193-t001" class="html-table">Table 1</a>) minus the milled microliter well. Note: Any effects due to SMA connectors were not accounted for in the ADS model. (<b>b</b>) After finding general S-parameter agreement in part (<b>a</b>), the prototype’s well was included. The experimental sweep protocol was reperformed with an empty well and compared to HFSS simulation results.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>(<b>a</b>) The experimental setup consisted of the RF biosensor (left) connected to Port 1 and Port 2 of an E5071C VNA via two 50 Ω coaxial cables. The magnitude and extended phase of S<sub>11</sub> and S<sub>21</sub> parameters were saved via as.csv files. (<b>b</b>) A close-up of the RF biosensor (outlined by a black box in (<b>a</b>)) was connected to the VNA’s Port 1 and 2 with coaxial cables.</p> "> Figure 7
<p>The voltage ratio measurements of the well left empty (air-filled) are shown above. These results show the mean of 10 sweeps per set with 4 sets collected. Standard error bars were attached to each mean to calculate the variability between measurements within a set.</p> "> Figure 8
<p>The biosensor was loaded with MUTs, in this case, deionized water, at room temperature (~21 °C). Four sets of ten sweeps were analyzed to determine the repeatability of loading, drying, and measuring the solution under test, along with the mean and standard error bars.</p> "> Figure 9
<p>Various MUTs were loaded into the microliter well to determine interaction during EM energy exposure. The experimental data shows distinct voltage ratio trends, demonstrating the RF biosensor’s ability to capture reproducible data.</p> "> Figure 10
<p>The RF biosensor demonstrates enough measurement sensitivity to distinguish varying concentrations of lambda DNA contained in the well. Frequencies of interest are also seen, showing increased interaction between the MUTs and RF energy.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Biosensor Design and Fabrication
2.2. Biosensor’s Measurement Characteristics
2.3. Characteristics as Told by Voltage Ratios
2.4. Experimental Design and Setup
- Frequency Sweep 1.0–17.0 GHz;
- Collect 1601 data points;
- Collect S11 and S21 magnitude (dB) and phase (degrees).
- Deionized water (at ~21 °C);
- Tris-EDTA;
- NaCl diluted in Tris-EDTA at concentrations 0.2 M, 0.6 M, and 1.0 M;
- Leaving the well empty (air-filled).
- Deionized water (at ~21 °C);
- Tris-EDTA;
- Lambda DNA (no dilution);
- Lambda DNA diluted in Tris-EDTA at dilutions 1:2, 1:6, and 1:10;
- Leaving the well empty (air-filled).
2.5. Experimental Setup
3. Results and Analysis
Repeatability and Sensitivity Measurements
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Symbol | Quantity | Simulation Dimensions/Measurements |
---|---|---|
L1 | Trace length | 40.0 mm |
W1 | Trace width | 1.7965 mm |
D1 | Trace thickness | 17.5 µm |
L2 × W2 × D2 | Well dimensions | 39.0 × 1.5 × 0.25 mm |
D3 | Substrate height | 1.0 mm |
εr | Substrate dielectric (Rogers TMM4) | 4.7 (unitless) |
Z | Impedance | 49.9 Ω |
v | Well volume | 15 µL |
Error Type | Air-Filled Well | DI Water |
---|---|---|
Absolute Average Error | 5.08 × 10−5 | 2.75 × 10−4 |
Min/Max Standard Error Range | 6.54 × 10−6 to 1.85 × 10−4 | 1.25 × 10−5 to 7.40 × 10−4 |
Relative Standard Error Range (%) | 0.00065% to 0.025% | 0.0013% to 0.36% |
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Godfrey, M.; Ewert, D.; Striker, R.; Braaten, B. A Microstrip Transmission Line Biosensor to Measure the Interaction between Microliter Aqueous Solutions and 1.0–17.0 GHz Radio Frequencies. Sensors 2023, 23, 5193. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23115193
Godfrey M, Ewert D, Striker R, Braaten B. A Microstrip Transmission Line Biosensor to Measure the Interaction between Microliter Aqueous Solutions and 1.0–17.0 GHz Radio Frequencies. Sensors. 2023; 23(11):5193. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23115193
Chicago/Turabian StyleGodfrey, Mary, Daniel Ewert, Ryan Striker, and Benjamin Braaten. 2023. "A Microstrip Transmission Line Biosensor to Measure the Interaction between Microliter Aqueous Solutions and 1.0–17.0 GHz Radio Frequencies" Sensors 23, no. 11: 5193. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23115193