The Lost MIS 11c Mammalian Fauna from Via dell’Impero (Rome, Italy)
<p>Location of the investigated Via dell’Impero (VFI) faunal assemblage in the city of Rome. The studied locality is characterized by the fluvial-deltaic system of the low course of the Tiber River (Campagna Romana) and of the central Italy peri-Tyrrhenian volcanic system (Vulsini, Vico, Sabatini, Colli Albani, Volsci, and Roccamonfina). The latitude refers to North, the longitude refers to East.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>“Teschio di Alifante” drawing, depicting a skull and mandible that is the first documentation of the discovery of a fossil elephant in Rome (Filippo D’Angeli detto Filippo Napoletano—Teschio di Alifante (Sanguigna—Lille, Musee des Beaux-Art) (Modified after [<a href="#B30-quaternary-07-00054" class="html-bibr">30</a>]).</p> "> Figure 3
<p><span class="html-italic">Palaeoloxodon antiquus</span>: Picture of the skull found in 1932 during the opening of Via dell’Impero, as it appeared at the time of the discovery (modified after [<a href="#B39-quaternary-07-00054" class="html-bibr">39</a>], <a href="#quaternary-07-00054-f001" class="html-fig">Figure 1</a>).</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Picture published in media in October 1932, depicting the excavation works for the opening of the VFI and the dismantling of the Velia hill (credit Archive X division Municipality of Rome).</p> "> Figure 5
<p><span class="html-italic">Palaeoloxodon antiquus</span>: frontal view of the mandible found in 1932 during the opening of Via dell’Impero, not far from the skull of the same individual (modified after [<a href="#B40-quaternary-07-00054" class="html-bibr">40</a>], tav. II, figure a).</p> "> Figure 6
<p><span class="html-italic">Palaeoloxodon antiquus:</span> left second upper molar (M2) (AC 49015c) in occlusal view. © Sovrintendenza Capitolina ai Beni Culturali.</p> "> Figure 7
<p><span class="html-italic">Palaeoloxodon antiquus:</span> left second upper molar (M2) (AC 49015c) in buccal (<b>a</b>) and labial (<b>b</b>) view. © Sovrintendenza Capitolina ai Beni Culturali.</p> "> Figure 8
<p><span class="html-italic">Palaeoloxodon antiquus:</span> third right (<b>a</b>) and left (<b>b</b>) upper molars (M3) in occlusal view. The molars were described by De Angelis D’Ossat [<a href="#B40-quaternary-07-00054" class="html-bibr">40</a>] but they have been apparently lost (modified after [<a href="#B40-quaternary-07-00054" class="html-bibr">40</a>], tav. I, figure a).</p> "> Figure 9
<p><span class="html-italic">Palaeoloxodon antiquus:</span> left hemimandible large fragment with the third molar (m3) (AC 49015d), in dorsal view. © Sovrintendenza Capitolina ai Beni Culturali.</p> "> Figure 10
<p><span class="html-italic">Palaeoloxodon antiquus:</span> left hemimandible large fragment with the third molar (m3) (AC 49015d), in buccal view. © Sovrintendenza Capitolina ai Beni Culturali.</p> "> Figure 11
<p><span class="html-italic">Palaeoloxodon antiquus:</span> left hemimandible large fragment with the third molar (m3) (AC 49015d), in labial view. © Sovrintendenza Capitolina ai Beni Culturali.</p> "> Figure 12
<p><span class="html-italic">Palaeoloxodon antiquus:</span> right lower third molar (m3) (AC 49015e), in occlusal view. © Sovrintendenza Capitolina ai Beni Culturali.</p> "> Figure 13
<p><span class="html-italic">Palaeoloxodon antiquus:</span> right lower third molar (m3) (AC 49015e) and a small alveolus fragment in buccal view. The buccal side of the hemimandible is largely broken and some roots are partially visible. © Sovrintendenza Capitolina ai Beni Culturali.</p> "> Figure 14
<p><span class="html-italic">Palaeoloxodon antiquus:</span> right lower third molar (m3) (AC 49015e) and a small alveolus fragment in labial view. © Sovrintendenza Capitolina ai Beni Culturali.</p> "> Figure 15
<p>(<b>A</b>–<b>F</b>) Fragmentary mandible of <span class="html-italic">Hippopotamus</span> (AC 49636a): (<b>A</b>) dorsal view of the horizontal ramus, (<b>A1</b>) occlusal view of right m3, (<b>B</b>) lingual view of the horizontal ramus, (<b>C</b>) buccal view of the horizontal ramus, (<b>D</b>) anterior view of the incisor corpus, (<b>E</b>) dorsal view of the incisor corpus, (<b>F</b>) internal view of the symphyseal area; (<b>G</b>,<b>H</b>), isolated first lower incisor of <span class="html-italic">Hippopotamus</span> (AC 49636a) in (<b>G</b>) lateral view, (<b>H</b>) anterior view; (<b>I</b>–<b>L</b>) partially preserved femur of <span class="html-italic">Hippopotamus</span> (AC 49636b) in (<b>I</b>) anterior view of the trochlea, (<b>I1</b>) gnawing marks above the trochlea, (<b>J</b>) posterior view, (<b>K</b>) lateral view, (<b>L</b>) medial view. Scale bar = 5 cm. © Sovrintendenza Capitolina ai Beni Culturali.</p> "> Figure 16
<p>Boxplot of the anterior breadth (AB, in mm) of m3 measurements from different <span class="html-italic">Hippopotamidae taxa</span>. For the complete set of measurements, consult <a href="#app1-quaternary-07-00054" class="html-app">Supplementary Materials (Table S1)</a>.</p> "> Figure 17
<p>Scatterplot of the femoral distal breadth (BD, in mm) against the femoral distal depth (DD, in mm) from different Hippopotamidae species. For the complete set of measurements, refer to <a href="#app1-quaternary-07-00054" class="html-app">Supplementary Materials (Table S1)</a>.</p> "> Figure 18
<p>(<b>A</b>–<b>D</b>) Calcaneus of <span class="html-italic">Bos primigenius</span> (AC 49637) in (<b>A</b>) anterior view, (<b>B</b>) medial view, (<b>C</b>) posterior view, (<b>D</b>) lateral view; (<b>E</b>) partially preserved beam (AC 49638) of <span class="html-italic">Cervus elaphus</span> in lateral view; (<b>F</b>–<b>I</b>) burr with the basal portion of brow tine (AC 49639) of <span class="html-italic">Dama</span> sp. in (<b>F</b>) anterior view, (<b>B</b>) posterior view, (<b>H</b>) internal view, (<b>I</b>) external view. Scale bar = 5 cm. © Sovrintendenza Capitolina ai Beni Culturali.</p> "> Figure 19
<p>Total alkali vs. silica (TAS; [<a href="#B59-quaternary-07-00054" class="html-bibr">59</a>]) classification diagram and bi-plot scatter diagrams of the investigated samples.</p> "> Figure 20
<p>TAS and bi-plot scatter diagrams of the investigated units in comparison with literature data of Vico diagrams of the investigated Plinian fall deposits. Data source: Vico α Plinian fall deposit: [<a href="#B128-quaternary-07-00054" class="html-bibr">128</a>].</p> "> Figure 21
<p>Bi-plot scatter diagrams of the investigated samples in comparison with literature data of Vico diagrams of top proximal deposits and their distal equivalents. Data source: Vico β Data source: [<a href="#B128-quaternary-07-00054" class="html-bibr">128</a>]; TF-116 and TF-115: [<a href="#B149-quaternary-07-00054" class="html-bibr">149</a>].</p> "> Figure 22
<p>Chronological and paleoenvironmental-paleoclimatic setting of Via dell’Impero faunal remains. (<b>a</b>) Origin and age of the pumice samples extracted from the sediment adhering to the surface of Via dell’Impero mammal bones and temporal range of the paleontological findings; (<b>b</b>) Stratigraphy, geochronology and sea-level indicators of the MIS 11c aggradational unit of the Tiber River paleo-delta (from [<a href="#B131-quaternary-07-00054" class="html-bibr">131</a>]); (<b>c</b>) MIS 11 temporal series of the calcium content in Fucino paleolake record [<a href="#B151-quaternary-07-00054" class="html-bibr">151</a>]; (<b>d</b>) Lake Ohrid MIS 11 pollen profile [<a href="#B138-quaternary-07-00054" class="html-bibr">138</a>]; (<b>e</b>) Red Sea MIS 11 Relative seal level (RSL) based on the “Red Sea method” [<a href="#B149-quaternary-07-00054" class="html-bibr">149</a>].</p> "> Figure 23
<p>Chronological range of the large mammal species recorded in western and southern Europe during the Middle Pleistocene (Land mammal Ages and Faunal Complex after [<a href="#B92-quaternary-07-00054" class="html-bibr">92</a>] and [<a href="#B93-quaternary-07-00054" class="html-bibr">93</a>], respectively). The asterisk indicates those of the species discovered in 1932 at the Vela hill’s slope bottom, during the excavation works for the opening of Via dell’Impero.</p> "> Figure 24
<p>Commonness of the large mammal species recorded in the local faunal assemblages selected for this study (see <a href="#quaternary-07-00054-t001" class="html-table">Table 1</a>). Mammal miniatures indicate the species identified in the VFI fauna assemblage.</p> "> Figure 25
<p>Q-mode dendrogram showing the hierarchical ordering obtained for the late Middle Pleistocene (MIS 13-MIS 7) local faunal assemblages from Latium and surrounding areas, selected among the best-known LFAs, having some chronological constraints. Clusters are joined based on the average distance between all members in the groups (unweighted pair-group average, UPGMA). Black = Mis 13; Blue = Mis 11; Azure = MIS 11 or younger; Dark green = late MIS 11–early MIS 10; Violet = MIS 10; Yellow = MIS 9; Grey = MIS 8.5; Light green = MIS 7. C.Diavolo = Ciampate del Diavolo; FoRan = Fontana Ranuccio; Mal = Malagrotta; C Lumbr. = Casal Lumbroso; GCNic = Guado San Nicola; VFI = Via dell’Impero/Via dei Fori Imperiali; Pignint = Pignataro Interamna; Ceprano = Ceprano CG 9–10; CC2 = Campo di Conte upper levels; Ladem = Lademagne levels 1 and 2; Pr.Fis = Prati Fiscali; CDG = Castel di Guido; TP1 = Torre in Pietra lower levels; Polledrara = Polledrara di Cecanibbio; Isoletta = Isoletta (ESR1-GA6Z-ESR4); CdP = Casal de’ Pazzi; TP2 = Torre in Pietra upper levels; Mt.Sacro = Monte Sacro; SeDi = Sedia del Diavolo; C.Pompi = Cava Pompi; RiFi = Rio Freddo; ClAvar = Colle Avarone; C.RinUl = Cava Rinaldi upper levels; CBarb = Collina Barbattini; Vaur9.2 = Via Aurelia Km 9.2; C.SelA = Casal Selce lower levels = C.SelB = Casal Selce upper Level; V.Os = Via Ostiense.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
The Via dell’Impero Within the Frame of Historical Large Mammal Findings in the Rome Subsoil
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Material
2.2. Methods
2.2.1. Measurements and Nomenclature of Mammal Teeth and Bones
2.2.2. Quantitative Analyses
2.2.3. Pumice Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Mammal Remains
3.1.1. Palaeoloxodon antiquus
- -
- Second upper molar (AC 49015c)
- -
- Mandible (AC 49015d) and last upper molars (FO238/FO EX 737)
Remarks
3.1.2. Hippopotamus
Remarks
3.1.3. Cervidae
Remarks
3.1.4. Bos primigenius
Remarks
3.2. Pumice Major Element Composition
4. Discussion
4.1. The Challenging Task of Chronological Ordering of Latium Late Middle Pleistocene LFAs
4.2. Origin and Age of the Pumices
4.3. Chronological, Paleoclimatic-Environmental Setting of the Via dell’Impero Mammal Remains
4.4. The Via dell’Impero Mammals in Framework of the Middle Pleistocene (MIS 13-MIS 7) Mammalian Fauna from Latium
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Acronyms and Abbreviation
AB | anterior breath |
BD | distal breadth |
Bfi | inner breadth of the rostral fan |
Bfo | outer breadth of the rostral fan |
DD | distal depth |
VFI | Via dell’Impero, now Via dei Fori Imperiali |
AD-MCR | Antiquarium Depositorium at Museo della Civiltà Romana |
McT | Mercati di Traiano |
F | average lamellar frequency |
Foccl | occlusal lamellar frequency |
L | maximum length |
LFl | lateral lamellar frequency |
LFm | medial lamellar frequency |
LS | length of the mandibular symphysis |
PB | posterior breadth |
References
- Webb, S.D.; Opdyke, N.D. Global climatic influence on Cenozoic land mammal faunas. In Effects of Past Global Change on Life; National Research Council, Division on Earth, Life Studies, Commission on Geosciences, Panel on Effects of Past Global Change on Life, Eds.; The National Academies Press: Washington, DC, USA, 1995; pp. 184–208. [Google Scholar]
- Carotenuto, F.; Di Febbraro, M.; Melchionna, M.; Castiglione, S.; Saggese, F.; Serio, C.; Mondanaro, A.; Passaro, F.; Loy, A.; Raia, P. The influence of climate on species distribution over time and space during the late Quaternary. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2016, 149, 188–199. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Van Dam, J.A.; Abdul Aziz, H.; Angeles Alvarez Sierra, M.; Hilgen, F.J.; van den Hoek Ostende, L.W.; Lourens, L.J.; Mein, P.; van der Meule, A.J.; Pelaez-Campomanes, P. Long-period astronomical forcing of mammal turnover. Nature 2006, 443, 687–691. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Barnosky, A.D.; Kraatz, B.P. The role of climatic change in the evolution of mammals. Bioscience 2007, 57, 523–532. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Levinsky, I.; Skov, F.; Svenning, J.C.; Rahbek, C. Potential impacts of climate change on the distributions and diversity patterns of European mammals. Biodivers. Conserv. 2007, 16, 3803–3816. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hofreiter, M.; Stewart, J. Ecological change, range fluctuations and population dynamics during the Pleistocene. Current Biol. 2009, 19, R584–R594. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Post, E.; Brodie, J.; Hebblewhite, M.; Anders, A.D.; Maier, J.A.M.; Wilmers, C.C. Global population dynamics and hot spots of response to climate change. BioScience 2009, 59, 489–497. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Holm, S.R.; Svenning, J.C. 180,000 years of climate change in Europe: Avifaunal responses and vegetation implications. PLoS ONE 2014, 9, e94021. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Palombo, M.R. Deconstructing mammal dispersals and faunal dynamics in SW Europe during the Quaternary. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2014, 96, 50–71. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Palombo, M.R. Discrete dispersal bioevents of large mammals in Southern Europe in the post-Olduvai Early Pleistocene: A critical overview. Quat. Int. 2017, 431, 3–19. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jackson, S.T.; Blois, J.L. Community ecology in a changing environment: Perspectives from the Quaternary. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2015, 112, 4915–4921. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schreve, D. All is flux: The predictive power of fluctuating Quaternary mammalian faunal-climate scenarios. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B 2019, 374, 20190213. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lindsay, E.H. Chapter 10: Chronostratigraphy, Biochronology, Datum Events, Land Mammal Ages, Stage of Evolution, and Appearance Event Ordination. In Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History; BioOne: Washington, DC, USA, 2003; pp. 212–230. [Google Scholar]
- Palombo, M.R. Biochronology of terrestrial mammals and Quaternary subdivisions: A case study of large mammals from the Italian peninsula. Alp. Mediterr. Quat. 2009, 22, 291–306. [Google Scholar]
- Palombo, M.R. Large mammals faunal dynamics in southwestern Europe during the late Early Pleistocene: Implications for the biochronological assessment and correlation of mammalian faunas. Alp. Mediterr. Quat. 2016, 29, 143–168. [Google Scholar]
- Nomade, S.; Pastre, J.F.; Guillou, H.; Faure, M.; Guérin, C.; Delson, E.; Debard, E.; Voinchet, P.; Messager, E. 40Ar/39Ar constraints on some French landmark Late Pliocene to Early Pleistocene large mammalian paleofaunas: Paleoenvironmental and paleoecological implications. Quat. Geochr. 2014, 21, 2–15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Branca, S.; Cinquegrani, A.; Cioni, R.; Conte, A.M.; Conticelli, S.; De Astis, G.; de Vita, S.; De Rosa, R.; Di Vito, M.A.; Donato, P.; et al. The Italian Quaternary volcanism. Alp. Mediterr. Quat. 2023, 36, 221–284. [Google Scholar]
- Milli, S. Depositional setting and high-frequency sequence stratigraphy of the Middle-Upper Pleistocene to Holocene deposits of the Roman Basin. Geol. Romana 1997, 33, 99–136. [Google Scholar]
- Milli, S. The sequence stratigraphy of the Quaternary successions: Implications about the origin and filling of incised valleys and the mammal fossil record. In Workshop Thirty Years of Sequence Stratigraphy: Applications, Limits and Prospects; Sabato, L., Spalluto, L., Tropeano, M., Eds.; Geosed: Bari, Italy, 2006; pp. 27–28. [Google Scholar]
- Milli, S.; Moscatelli, M.; Palombo, M.R.; Parlagreco, L.; Paciucci, M. Incised-valleys, their filling and mammal fossil record: A case study from Middle-Upper Pleistocene deposits of the Roman Basin (Latium, Italy). GeoActa Spec. Publ. 2008, 1, 67–88. [Google Scholar]
- Marra, F.; Florindo, F. The subsurface geology of Rome: Sedimentary processes, sea-level changes and astronomical forcing. Earth-Sci. Rev. 2014, 136, 1–20. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Marra, F.; Florindo, F.; Anzidei, M.; Sepe, V. Paleo-surfaces of glacio-eustatically forced aggradational successions in the coastal area of Rome: Assessing interplay between tectonics and sea-level during the last ten interglacials. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2016, 148, 85–100. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Luberti, G.M.; Marra, F.; Florindo, F. A review of the stratigraphy of Rome (Italy) according to geochronologically and paleomagnetically constrained aggradational successions, glacio-eustatic forcing and volcano-tectonic processes. Quat. Int. 2017, 438, 40–67. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Milli, S.; Palombo, M.R. The high-resolution sequence stratigraphy and the mammal fossil record: A test in the Middle–Upper Pleistocene deposits of the Roman Basin (Latium, Italy). Quat. Int. 2005, 126, 251–270. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Palombo, M.R.; Milli, S. Mammal fossil record, depositional setting, and sequence stratigraphy in the Middle-Upper Pleistocene of Roman Basin. Il Quaternario. Ital. J. Quat. Sci. 2010, 23, 257–262. [Google Scholar]
- Villa, P.; Soriano, S.; Grün, R.; Marra, F.; Nomade, S.; Pereira, A.; Boschian, G.; Pollarolo, L.; Fang, F.; Bahain, J.J. The Acheulian and early Middle Paleolithic in Latium (Italy): Stability and innovation. PLoS ONE 2016, 11, e0160516. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pereira, A.; Nomade, S.; Falguères, C.; Bahain, J.-J.; Tombret, O.; Garcia, T.; Voinchet, P.; Bulgarelli, G.M.; Anzide, A.P. 40Ar/39Ar and ESR/U-series data for the La Polledrara di Cecanibbio archaeological site (Lazio, Italy). J. Archaeol. Sci. Rep. 2017, 15, 20–29. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Romano, M.; Avanzini, M. The skeletons of Cyclops and Lestrigons: Misinterpretation of Quaternary vertebra-tes as remains of the mythological giants. Hist. Biol. 2019, 31, 117–139. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kotsakis, T.; Barisone, G. Cenni sui vertebrati fossili di Roma. Mem. Descr. Carta Geol. It. 2008, 80, 115–143. [Google Scholar]
- Palombo, M.R. Elefanti a Roma. In Quando a Roma Vivevano Gli Elefanti; Gioia, P., Ed.; Rubettino: Rome, Italy, 2020; pp. 112–119. [Google Scholar]
- Romano, M.; Mecozzi, B.; Sardella, R. The Quaternary paleontological research in the Campagna Romana (central Italy) at the 19th-20th century transition. Historical overview. Alp. Mediterr. Quat. 2021, 34, 109–130. [Google Scholar]
- Sergi, S. La scoperta di un cranio del tipo di Neanderthal presso Roma. Riv. Antropol. 1929, 28, 457–462. [Google Scholar]
- Breuil, H.; Blanc, A.C. Ritrovamento “in situ” di un nuovo cranio di “Homo neanderthalensis” nel giacimento di Saccopastore (Roma). Rend. R. Accad. Naz. Lincei Cl. Sci. FMN 1935, 6, 166–169. [Google Scholar]
- Arnoldus-Huyzendveld, A.; Zarlenga, F.; Gioia, P.; Palombo, M.R. Distribution in space and time and analysis of preservation factors of Pleistocene deposits in the Roman area. In The World of Elephants; Cavarretta, G., Gioia, P., Mussi, M., Palombo, M.R., Eds.; CNR Editions: Rome, Italy, 2001; pp. 10–17. [Google Scholar]
- Caloi, L.; Manzi, G.; Palombo, M.R. Saccopastore, Roma: Problemi di cronologia e di interpretazione del sito. In Proceedings of the XIII Convegno Della Società Paleontologica Italiana, Parma, Italy, 10–13 September 1996; p. 80. [Google Scholar]
- Bruner, E.; Manzi, G. Saccopastore 1: The earliest Neanderthal? A new look at an old cranium. In Neanderthals Revisited: New Approaches and Perspectives; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2006; pp. 23–36. [Google Scholar]
- Marra, F.; Ceruleo, P.; Jicha, B.; Pandolfi, L.; Petronio, C.; Salari, L. A new age within MIS 7 for the Homo neanderthalensis of Saccopastore in the glacio-eustatically forced sedimentary successions of the Aniene River Valley, Rome. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2015, 129, 260–274. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Martino, R.; Marra, F.; Ríos, M.I.; Pandolfi, L. The Middle Pleistocene Hippopotamus from Malagrotta (Latium, Italy): New Data and Future Perspectives. Quaternary 2023, 7, 13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- De Angelis D’Ossat, G. Prime notizie sui fossili rinvenuti fra la Basilica Costantiniana ed il Colosseo. Atti Pontif. Accad. Sci. N. Lincei 1932, 85, 373–376. [Google Scholar]
- De Angelis D’Ossat, G. Il sottosuolo dei Fori Romani e l’Elephas antiquus della Via dell’Impero. Bull. Comm. Arch. Com. Roma 1935, 63, 1–34. [Google Scholar]
- Parisi Presicce, C.; Bernacchio, N.; Damiani, I.; Fogagnolo, S.; Munzi, M. 1932. L’elefante e il colle perduto (catalogo della mostra); Roma Culture e Sovrintendenza Capitolina ai Beni Culturali, Campisano Editore: Rome, Italy, 2022; 64p. [Google Scholar]
- Palombo, M.R.; Pandolfi, L. La riscoperta del celebre cranio di elefante antico di Via dell’Impero. In Materiali e Documenti Dalla Collina Velia. Scoperte 1932; Parisi Presicce, C., Damiani, I., Del Moro, P., Munzi, M., Eds.; Supplemento in Bullettino della Commissione Archeologica Comunale: Rome, Italy, in press.
- Lister, A.M.; Van Essen, H. Mammuthus rumanus (Stefanescu), the earliest mammoth in Europe. In Advances in Vertebrate Paleontology “Hen to Panta”; Petculescu, A., Stiuca, E., Eds.; Romanian Academy, ‘Emil Racovita’ Institute of Speleology: Bucharest, Romania, 2003; pp. 46–52. [Google Scholar]
- Aguirre, E.E. Revisión sistemática de los Elephantidae por su morfología y morfometría dentaria. Estud. Geol. 1969, 25, 123–177 & 317–367. [Google Scholar]
- Maglio, V.J. Origin and evolution of the Elephantidae. Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. 1973, 63, 1–149. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lister, A.M. Evolution and taxonomy of Eurasian mammoths. In The Proboscidea: Evolution and Palaeoecology of Elephants and Their Relatives; Shoshani, J., Tassy, P., Eds.; Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK, 1996; pp. 203–213. [Google Scholar]
- Mazza, P. New Evidence on the Pleistocene Hippopotami of Western Europe. Geol. Romana 1995, 31, 61–241. [Google Scholar]
- Heintz, E. Les cervidés villafranchiens de France et d’Espagne. Mém. Mus. Nation. Hist. Natur. Série C Sci. Terre 1970, 22, 1–303. [Google Scholar]
- Driesch, A.v.d. A Guide to the Measurements to Animal Bones from Archaeological Sites; Peabody Museum Bull Harvard University: Cambridge, MA, USA, 1976; pp. 1–137. [Google Scholar]
- Hair, F., Jr.; Anderson, R.E.; Tatham, R.L.; Black, W.C. Multivariate Data Analysis; Prentice Hall: Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA, 1998. [Google Scholar]
- Hammer, Ø.; Harper, D.; Ryan, P.D. Past: Paleontological Statistics Software Package for Education and Data Analysis. Palaeontol. Electron. 2001, 4, 9. [Google Scholar]
- Lê, S.; Josse, J.; Husson, F. FactoMineR: An R package for multivariate analysis. J. Stat. Softw. 2008, 25, 1–18. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vu, V.Q. Ggbiplot: A Ggplot2 Based Biplot, R Package Version 0.55. 2011. Available online: http://github.com/vqv/ggbiplot (accessed on 1 November 2023).
- Husson, F.; Josse, J.; Le, S.; Mazet, J.; Husson, M.F. Package ‘factoMineR’. An R Package. 2017. Available online: https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=FactoMineR (accessed on 1 November 2023).
- Tang, Y.; Horikoshi, M.; Li, W. Ggfortify: Unified interface to visualize statistical results of popular R packages. R J. 2016, 8, 474. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kassambara, A.; Mundt, F. Package ‘Factoextra.’ Extract and Visualize the Results of Multivariate Data Analyses, R Package Version 1.0.7. 2017. Available online: https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=factoextra (accessed on 1 November 2023).
- R Core Team, R. A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing; R Foundation for Statistical Computing: Vienna, Austria, 2019. [Google Scholar]
- Jochum, K.P.; Stoll, B.; Herwig, K.; Willbold, M.; Hofmann, A.W.; Amini, M.; Aarbug, S.; Abouchami, W.; Hellebrand, E.; Mocek, B.; et al. MPI-DING reference glasses for in situ microanalysis: New reference values for element concentrations and isotope ratios. Geochem. Geophys. 2006, 7, 2. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Le Maitre, R.W.; Streckeisen, A.; Zanettin, B.; Le Bas, M.J.; Bonin, B.; Bateman, P.; Bellieni, G.; Dudek, A.; Efremova, S.; Keller, J.; et al. Igneous Rocks: A Classification and Glossary of Terms. Reccomendation of the International Union of Geological Sciences Subcommission on the Systematics of Igneous Rocks, 2nd ed.; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 2002; 236p. [Google Scholar]
- Sher, A.V.; Garutt, V.E. New data on the morphology of elephant molars. Trans. USSR Acad. Sci. Earth Sci. Sect. 1987, 285, 195–199. [Google Scholar]
- Lister, A.M.; Sher, A.V. Evolution and dispersal of mammoths across the Northern Hemisphere. Science 2015, 350, 805–809. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Albayrak, E.; Lister, A.M. Dental remains of fossil elephants from Turkey. Quat. Int. 2012, 276, 198–211. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Palombo, M.R.; Ferretti, M.P. Elephant fossil record from Italy: Knowledge, problems, and perspectives. Quat. Int. 2005, 126, 107–136. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Larramendi, A.; Zhang, H.; Palombo, M.R.; Ferretti, M.P. The evolution of Palaeoloxodon skull structure: Disentangling phylogenetic, sexually dimorphic, ontogenetic, and allometric morphological signals. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2020, 229, 106090. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bon, M.; Piccoli, G.; Sala, B. La fauna pleistocenica della breccia di Slivia (Carso Triestino) nella collezione del Museo civico di Storia naturale di Trieste. Atti Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Trieste 1992, 44, 33–51. [Google Scholar]
- Sala, B.; Masini, F. Late Pliocene and Pleistocene small mammal chronology in the Italian peninsula. Quat. Int. 2007, 160, 4–16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Palombo, M.R.; Albayrak, E.; Marano, F. The straight-tusked Elephants from Neumark Nord, a glance to a lost world. In Elefantenreich-Eine Fossilwelt in Europa; Meller, H., Ed.; Katalog zur Sonderausstellung im Landesmuseum für Vorgeschichte Halle: Halle, Germany, 2010; pp. 219–247. [Google Scholar]
- Palombo, M.R. To what extent could functional diversity be a useful tool in inferring ecosystem responses to past climate changes? Quat. Int. 2016, 413, 15–31. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Follieri, M. La foresta colchica fossile di Riano Romano. I. Studio dei fossili vegetali macroscopici. Annali Bot. 1958, 26, 129–142. [Google Scholar]
- Benvenuti, M.; Bahain, J.J.; Capalbo, C.; Capretti, C.; Ciani, F.; D’Amico, C.; Esu, D.; Giachi, G.; Giuliani, C.; Gliozzi, E.; et al. Paleoenvironmental context of the early Neanderthals of Poggetti Vecchi for the late middle Pleistocene of Central Italy. Quat. Res. 2017, 88, 327–344. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Magri, D. Il bosco perduto. In Il Museo di Casal de’Pazzi Racconta Quando a Roma Vivevano Gli Elefanti; Gioia, P., Ed.; Roma Capitale, Sovrintendenza Capitolina ai Beni Culturali, Rubbettino Editore: Rome, Italy, 2020; pp. 165–169. [Google Scholar]
- Palombo, M.R.; Filippi, M.L.; Iacumin, P.; Longinelli, A.; Barbieri, M.; Maras, A. Coupling tooth microwear and stable isotope analyses for palaeodiet reconstruction: The case study of Late Middle Pleistocene Elephas (Palaeoloxodon) antiquus teeth from Central Italy (Rome area). Quat. Int. 2005, 126, 153–170. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Briatico, G.; Gioia, P.; Bocherens, H. Diet and habitat of the late Middle Pleistocene mammals from the Casal de’Pazzi site (Rome, Italy) using stable carbon and oxygen isotope ratios. Quat. Int. 2023, 676, 53–62. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Roditi, E.; Bocherens, H.; Konidaris, G.E.; Athanassiou, A.; Tourloukis, V.; Karkanas, P.; Panagopoulou, E.; Harvati, K. Life-history of Palaeoloxodon antiquus reveals Middle Pleistocene glacial refugium in the Megalopolis basin, Greece. Sci. Rep. 2024, 14, 1390. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tsoukala, E.; Mol, D.; Pappa, S.; Vlachos, E.; van Logchem, W.; Vaxevanopoulos, M.; Reumer, J. Elephas antiquus in Greece: New finds and a reappraisal of older material (Mammalia, Proboscidea, Elephantidae). Quat. Int. 2011, 245, 339–349. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brugal, J.-P.; Raposo, L. Foz do Enxarrique (Rodao, Portugal): Preliminary results of the analysis of a bone assemblage from a Middle Palaeolithic open site. Monogr. Römisch-Ger. Zentralmuseums 1999, 42, 367–379. [Google Scholar]
- Moussuous, A.; Valensi, P.; Simon, P. Identification de l’ivoire de Proboscidiens des grottes des Balzi Rossi (Ligurie, Italie) à partir de la méthode des lignes de Schreger. Bull. Mus. Anthropol. Préhist. Monaco 2014, 54, 83–90. [Google Scholar]
- Braun, I.M.; Palombo, M.R. Mammuthus primigenius in the cave and portable art: An overview with a short account on the elephant fossil record in Southern Europe during the last glacial. Quat. Int. 2012, 276, 61–76. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Palombo, M.R.; Antonioli, F.; Di Patti, C.; Lo Presti, V.; Scarborough, M.E. Was the dwarfed Palaeoloxodon from Favignana Island the last endemic Pleistocene elephant from the western Mediterranean islands? Hist. Biol. 2020, 33, 2116–2134. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Theodorou, G.; Symeonidis, N.; Stathopoulou, E. Elephas tiliensis n. sp. from Tilos island (Dodecanese, Greece). Hell. J. Geosc. 2007, 42, 19–32. [Google Scholar]
- Pettitt, P.B.; Davies, W.; Gamble, C.S.; Richards, M.B. Palaeolithic radiocarbon chronology: Quantifying our confidence beyond two half-lives. J. Archaeol. Sci. 2003, 30, 1685–1693. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Caloi, L.; MR, P.; Petronio, C. Resti Cranici Di Hippopotamus antiquus (=H. major) e Hippopotamus amphibius Conservati Nel Museo Di Paleontologia Dell’Università Di Roma. Geol. Romana 1980, 19, 91–119. [Google Scholar]
- Fidalgo, D.; Madurell-Malapeira, J.; Martino, R.; Pandolfi, L.; Rosas, A. An Updated Review of The Quaternary Hippopotamus Fossil Records from the Iberian Peninsula. Quaternary 2024, 7, 4. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Martino, R.; Marra, F.; Beccari, V.; Ríos, M.I.; Pandolfi, L. Middle Pleistocene Hippopotamus amphibius (Mammalia, Hippopotamidae) from Southern Europe: Implications for Morphology, Morphometry and Biogeography. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2024, 331, 108613. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Martino, R.; Zanolli, C.; Fidalgo, D.; Pandolfi, L. Talking Heads: Disentangling the Shape Changes of the Large Extant Hippopotamus during Its Ontogenetic Development. Integr. Zool. 2024; in press. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mecozzi, B.; Iannucci, A.; Mancini, M.; Tentori, D.; Cavasinni, C.; Conti, J.; Messina, M.Y.; Sarra, A.; Sardella, R. Reinforcing the Idea of an Early Dispersal of Hippopotamus amphibius in Europe: Restoration and Multidisciplinary Study of the Skull from the Middle Pleistocene of Cava Montanari (Rome, Central Italy). PLoS ONE 2023, 18, e0293405. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Di Stefano, G.; Petronio, C. Importance of the morphological plasticity of Cervus elaphus in the biochronology of the Middle and Late Pleistocene of the Italian peninsula. Sci. Nat. 2021, 108, 40. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Di Stefano, G.; Pandolfi, L.; Petronio, C.; Salari, L. The morphometry and the occurrence of Cervus elaphus (Mammalia, Cervidae) from the Late Pleistocene of the Italian Peninsula. Riv. It. Paleont. Strat. 2015, 121, 103–120. [Google Scholar]
- Pandolfi, L.; Maiorino, L.; Sansalone, G. Did the Late Pleistocene climatic changes influence evolutionary trends in body size of the red deer? The study case of the Italian Peninsula. Palaeogr. Palaeoclim. Palaeoecol. 2015, 440, 110–115. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Marra, F.; Pandolfi, L.; Petronio, C.; Di Stefano, G.; Gaeta, M.; Salari, L. Reassessing the sedimentary deposits and vertebrate assemblages from Ponte Galeria area (Rome, central Italy): An archive for the Middle Pleistocene faunas of Europe. Earth-Sci. Rev. 2014, 139, 104–122. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Breda, M.; Lister, A.M. Dama roberti, a new species of deer from the early Middle Pleistocene of Europe, and the origins of modern fallow deer. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2013, 69, 155–167. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gliozzi, E.; Abbazzi, L.; Ambrosetti, P.G.; Argenti, P.; Azzaroli, A.; Caloi, L.; Capasso Barbato, L.; Di Stefano, G.; Ficcarelli, G.; Kotsakis, T.; et al. Biochronology of selected mammals, molluscs and ostracods from the Middle Pliocene to the Late Pleistocene in Italy. The state of the art. Riv. It. Paleont. Strat. 1997, 103, 369–388. [Google Scholar]
- Palombo, M.R. Twenty years later: Reflections on the Aurelian European land mammal age. Alp. Mediterr. Quat. 2018, 31, 177–180. [Google Scholar]
- Mecozzi, B.; Sardella, R.; Breda, M. Late Early to late Middle Pleistocene medium-sized deer from the Italian Peninsula: Implications for taxonomy and biochronology. Palaeobio. Palaeoenv. 2024, 104, 191–215. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Di Stefano, G.; Petronio, C. Origin and evolution of the European fallow deer (Dama, Pleistocene). N. Jah. Geol. Paläontol. Abh. 1997, 203, 57–75. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pandolfi, L.; Petronio, C.; Salari, L. Catastrophic death assemblages from the Late Pleistocene of Italy: The case of Avetrana Karst filling (Taranto, Douthern Italy). Riv. It. Paleont. Strat. 2013, 119, 109–124. [Google Scholar]
- Tong, H.W.; Chen, X.; Zhang, B.; Wang, F.G. New fossils of Bos primigenius (Artiodactyla, Mammalia) frm Nihewan and Longhua of Hubei, China. Vertebr. PalAs. 2018, 56, 69–92. [Google Scholar]
- Maniakas, I. Contribution to the Study of Chrono-Spatial Distribution of Palaeocological Adaptations of European Pleistocene Bovini Based on Ecomorphological Analyses and Geometric Morphometrics. Ph.D. Thesis, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece, 2019. [Google Scholar]
- Brugal, J.P. Le Bos primigenius Boj., 1827 du Pléistocène moyen des grottes de Lunel-Viel (Hérault). Bull. Mus. d’Anthropol. Préhistor. Monaco 1985, 28, 7–62. [Google Scholar]
- Cassoli, P.F.; Di Stefano, G.; Tagliacozzo, A. I vertebrati dei livelli superiori (A e Alfa) della serie stratigrafica di Notarchirico. In Notarchirico Un Sito Del Pleistocene Medio-Iniziale Nel Bacino di Venosa (Basilicata); Piperno, M., Ed.; Edizione Osanna: Venosa, Italy, 1999; Volume 1, pp. 361–438. [Google Scholar]
- Pereira, A.; Nomade, S.; Voinchet, P.; Bahain, J.J.; Falguères, C.; Garon, H.; Lefèvre, D.; Raynal, J.P.; Scao, V.; Piperno, M. The earliest securely dated hominin fossil in Italy and evidence of Acheulian occupation during glacial MIS 16 at Notarchirico (Venosa, Basilicata, Italy). J. Quat. Sci. 2015, 30, 639–650. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Martínez-Navarro, B.; Rook, L.; Papini, M.; Libsekal, Y. A new species of bull from the Early Pleistocene paleoanthropological site of Buia (Eritrea): Parallelism on the dispersal of the genus Bos and the Acheulian culture. Quat. Int. 2010, 212, 169–175. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Martínez-Navarro, B.; Karoui-Yaakoub, N.; Oms, O.; Amri, L.; López-García, J.M.; Zerai, K.; Blain, H.-A.; Mtimet, M.-S.; Espigares, M.-P.; Ben Haj Ali, N.; et al. The early Middle Pleistocene archeopaleontological site of Wadi Sarrat (Tunisia) and the earliest record of Bos primigenius. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2014, 90, 37–46. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Martínez-Navarro, B.; Rabinovich, R. The fossil Bovidae (Artiodactyla, Mammalia) from Gesher Benot Ya’aqov, Israel: Out of Africa during the Early–Middle Pleistocene transition. J. Hum. Evol. 2011, 60, 375–386. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Martínez-Navarro, B.; Pérez-Carlos, J.A.; Palombo, M.R.; Rook, L.; Palmqvist, P. The Olduvai buffalo Pelorovis and the origin of Bos. Quat. Res. 2007, 68, 220–226. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Milli, S.; Palombo, M.R.; Patera, A.; Moscatelli, M.; Anzidei, A.P.; Cazzella, G. New elephant remains in the early Middle Pleistocene of the Roman basin (Latium, Italy): Taphonomy, sedimentology, and GIS methodology. Mammoth Site Sci. Pap. 2005, 4, 114–119. [Google Scholar]
- Marra, F.; Nomade, S.; Pereira, A.; Petronio, C.; Salari, L.; Sottili, G.; Bahain, J.-J.; Boschian, G.; Di Stefano, G.; Falguères, F.; et al. A review of the geologic sections and the faunal assemblages of Aurelian Mammal Age of Latium (Italy) in the light of a new chronostratigraphic framework. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2018, 181, 173–199. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Iurino, D.A.; Mecozzi, B.; Iannucci, A.; Moscarella, A.; Strani, F.; Bona, F.; Gaeta, M.; Sardella, R. A Middle Pleistocene wolf from central Italy provides insights on the first occurrence of Canis lupus in Europe. Sci. Rep. 2022, 12, 2882. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alhaique, F.; Argento, A.; di Sassoferrato, B.C.D.A.; Caricola, I.; Fiore, I.; Giaccio, B.; Lemorini, C.; Mazzini, I.; Mercurio, S.; Monaco, L.; et al. From preventive archaeology to valorization and dissemination, with the contribution of scientific investigations. Preliminary data on the MIS 11c (415–406 ka) site of via del Casale Lumbroso (Massimina, Rome, Italy). BPI, 2024; in press. [Google Scholar]
- Villa, P.; Boschian, G.; Pollarolo, L.; Saccà, D.; Marra, F.; Nomade, S.; Pereira, A. Elephant bones for the Middle Pleistocene toolmaker. PloS ONE 2021, 16, e0256090. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Marra, F.; Pereira, A.; Boschian, G.; Nomade, S. MIS 13 and MIS 11 aggradational successions of the Paleo-Tiber delta: Geochronological constraints to sea-level fluctuations and to the Acheulean sites of Castel di Guido and Malagrotta (Rome, Italy). Quat. Int. 2022, 616, 1–11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mecozzi, B.; Iurino, D.A.; Profico, A.; Rosa, C.; Sardella, R. The wolf from the Middle Pleistocene site of Ostiense (Rome): The last occurrence of Canis mosbachensis (Canidae, Mammalia) in Italy. Hist. Biol. 2021, 33, 2031–2042. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pereira, A.; Nomade, S.; Moncel, M.H.; Voinchet, P.; Bahain, J.J.; Biddittu, I.; Falguères, C.; Giaccio, B.; Manzi, G.; Parenti, F.; et al. Integrated geochronology of Acheulian sites from the southern Latium (central Italy): Insights on human-environment interaction and the technological innovations during the MIS 11-MIS 10 period. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2018, 187, 112–129. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Peretto, C.; Arzarello, M.; Bahain, J.J.; Boulbes, N.; Douville, E.; Falguères, C.; Frank, N.; Garcia, T.; Lembo, G.; Moigne, A.M.; et al. Guado San Nicola (Monteroduni, Prov. di Isernia). Not. Preist. Protostoria 2014, 1, 3–5. [Google Scholar]
- Pereira, A.; Nomade, S.; Shao, Q.; Bahain, J.J.; Arzarello, M.; Douville, E.; Falguères, C.; Frank, N.; Garcia, T.; Lembo, G.; et al. 40Ar/39Ar and ESR/U-series dates for Guado San Nicola, Middle Pleistocene key site at the Lower/Middle Palaeolithic transition in Italy. Quat. Geochron. 2016, 36, 67–75. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Biddittu, I. (Ed.) Guida Del Museo Preistorico di Pofi Frosinone; Tipografia Nuova Stampa: Frosinone, Italy, 2004. [Google Scholar]
- Nomade, S.; Muttoni, G.; Guillou, H.; Robin, E.; Scardia, G. First 40Ar/39Ar age of the Ceprano man (central Italy). Quat. Geochron. 2011, 6, 453–457. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Panarello, A.; Palombo, M.R.; Biddittu, I.; Mietto, P. Fifteen years along the “Devil’s Trails”: New data and perspectives. Alp. Mediterr. Quat. 2017, 30, 137–154. [Google Scholar]
- Conato, V.; Esu, D.; Malatesta, A.; Zarlenga, F. New data on the Pleistocene of Rome. Quaternaria 1980, 22, 131–176. [Google Scholar]
- Caloi, L.; Palombo, M.R.; Zarlenga, F. Late-Middle Pleistocene mammal faunas of Latium (central Italy): Stratigraphy and environment. Quat. Int. 1998, 47, 77–86. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Anzidei, A.P.; Bulgarelli, G.M.; Catalano, P.; Cerilli, E.; Gallotti, R.; Lemorini, C.; Milli, S.; Palombo, M.R.; Pantano, W.; Santucci, E. Ongoing research at the late Middle Pleistocene site of La Polledrara di Cecanibbio (central Italy), with emphasis on human–elephant relationships. Quat. Int. 2022, 255, 171–187. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Palombo, M.R.; Milli, S.; Rosa, C. Remarks on the biochronology of the late Middle Pleistocene mammalian faunal complexes of the Campagna Romana (Latium, Italy). Geol. Romana 2004, 371, 135–143. [Google Scholar]
- Marra, F.; Ceruleo, P.; Pandolfi, L.; Petronio, C.; Rolfo, M.F.; Salari, L. The aggradational successions of the Aniene River Valley in Rome: Age constraints to early Neanderthal presence in Europe. PloS ONE 2017, 12, e0170434. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rosa, C. The Casal de’ Pazzi site in the light of new geological and geomorphological data. J. Mediterr. Earth Sci. 2023, 15, 69–79. [Google Scholar]
- Palombo, M.R.; Magri, D.; Molinaro, A.; Pisano, V. The Pleistocene sequence of Campo del Conte (Lower Sacco Valley, Southern Lazio). Geol. Romana 2002, 36, 289–309. [Google Scholar]
- Mancini, M.; Marini, M.; Moscatelli, M.; Stigliano, F.; Cavinato, G.P.; Di Salvo, C.; Simionato, M. Stratigraphy of the Palatine Hill (Rome, Italy): A record of repeated MiddlePleistocene-Holocene paleovalley incision and infill. Alp. Mediterr. Quat. 2018, 31, 171–194. [Google Scholar]
- De Angelis D’Ossat, G. Geologia del Colle Palatino in Roma. Mem. Descr. Carta Geol. d’It. 1956, 32, 4–95. [Google Scholar]
- Pereira, A.; Monaco, L.; Marra, F.; Nomade, S.; Gaeta, M.; Leicher, N.; Palladino, D.M.; Sottili, G.; Guillou, H.; Scao, V.; et al. Tephrochronology of the central Mediterranean MIS 11c interglacial (~425–395 ka): New constraints from the Vico volcano and Tiber delta, central Italy. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2020, 243, 106470. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cioni, R.; Sbrana, A.; Bertagnini, A.; Buonasorte, G.; Landi, P.; Rossi, U.; Salvati, L. Tephrostratigraphic correlations in the Vulsini, Vico and Sabatini volcanic succession. Period. Mineral. 1997, 56, 137–155. [Google Scholar]
- Marra, F.; Rohling, E.J.; Florindo, F.; Jicha, B.; Nomade, S.; Pereira, A.; Renne, P.R. Independent 40Ar/39Ar and 14C age constraints on the last five glacial terminations from the aggradational successions of the Tiber River, Rome (Italy). Earth Planet Sci. Lett. 2016, 449, 105e117. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Giaccio, B.; Marino, G.; Marra, F.; Monaco, L.; Pereira, A.; Zanchetta, G.; Gaeta, M.; Leicher, N.; Nomade, S.; Palladino, D.M.; et al. Tephrochronological constraints on the timing and nature of sea-level change prior to and during glacial termination V. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2021, 263, 106976. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lisiecki, L.E.; Raymo, M.E. A Pliocene-Pleistocene stack of 57 globally distributed benthic d18O records. Paleoceanography 2005, 20, PA1003. [Google Scholar]
- Tzedakis, P.C.; Hodell, D.A.; Nehrbass-Ahles, C.; Mitsui, T.; Wolff, E.W. Marine isotope stage 11c: An unusual interglacial. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2022, 284, 107493. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hu, H.M.; Marino, G.; Pérez-Mejías, C.; Spötl, C.; Yokoyama, Y.; Yu, J.; Rohling, E.; Kano, A.; Ludwig, P.; Pinto, J.G.; et al. Sustained North Atlantic warming drove anomalously intense MIS 11c interglacial. Nat. Commun. 2024, 15, 5933. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tzedakis, P.C.; Drysdale, R.N.; Margari, V.; Skinner, L.C.; Menviel, L.; Rhodes, R.H.; Taschetto, A.S.; Hodell, D.A.; Crowhurst, S.J.; Hellstrom, J.C.; et al. Enhanced climate instability in the North Atlantic and southern Europe during the Last Interglacial. Nat. Commun. 2018, 9, 4235. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tzedakis, P.C. Towards an understanding of the response of southern European vegetation to orbital and suborbital climate variability. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2005, 24, 1585–1599. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- CombourieuNebout, N.; Bertini, A.; RussoErmolli, E.; Peyron, O.; Klotz, S.; Montade, V.; Fauquette, S.; Allen, J.; Fusco, F.; Goring, S.; et al. changes in the central Mediterranean and Italian vegetation dynamics since the Pliocene. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 2015, 218, 127147. [Google Scholar]
- Kousis, I.; Koutsodendris, A.; Peyron, O.; Leicher, N.; Francke, A.; Wagner, B.; Giaccio, B.; Knipping, M.; Pross, J. Centennial-scale vegetation dynamics and climate variability in SE Europe during Marine Isotope Stage 11 based on a pollen record from Lake Ohrid. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2018, 190, 20–38. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Oliveira, D.; Desprat, S.; Yin, Q.; Naughton, F.; Trigo, R.; Rodrigues, T.; Abrantes, F.; SanchezGoñi, M.F. Unraveling the forcings controlling the vegetation and climate of the best orbital analogues for the present interglacial in SW Europe. Clim. Dyn. 2018, 51, 667–686. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Moncel, M.H.; Arzarello, M.; Peretto, C. The hoslteinian period in Europe (MIS 11–19). Quat. Int. 2016, 409, 1–270. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Marinelli, F.; Moncel, M.; Lemorini, C. The use of bones as tools in Late Lower Paleolithic of Central Italy. Sci. Rep. 2024, 14, 11666. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ashton, N.; Lewis, S.G.; Parfitt, S.; White, M. Riparian landscapes and human habitat preferences during the Hoxnian (MIS 11) Interglacial. J. Quat. Sci. 2006, 21, 497505. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ashton, N.; Lewis, S.G.; Parfitt, S.; Penkman, K.E.; Coope, G.R. New evidence for complex climate change in MIS 11 from Hoxne, Suffolk, UK. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2008, 27, 652668. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kahlke, R.D.; García, N.; Kostopoulos, D.S.; Lacombat, F.; Lister, A.M.; Mazza, P.P.A.; Spassov, N.; Titov, V.V. Western Palaearctic palaeoenvironmental conditions during the Early and early Middle Pleistocene inferred from large mammal communities, and implications for hominin dispersal in Europe. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2011, 30, 1368–1395. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Polly, P.D.; Eronen, J.T. Mammal associations in the Pleistocene of Britain: Implications of ecological niche modelling and a method for reconstructing palaeoclimate. In The Ancient Human Occupation of Britain; Ashton, N., Lewis, S.G., Stringer, G., Eds.; Developments in Quaternary Sciences; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2011; Volume 1, pp. 279–304. [Google Scholar]
- Candy, I.; Schreve, D.C.; Sherriff, J.; Tye, G.J. Marine Isotope Stage 11: Palaeoclimates, palaeoenvironments and its role as an analogue for the current interglacial. Earth-Sci. Rev. 2019, 128, 1851. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Palombo, M.R. Faunal dynamics in SW Europe during the late Early Pleistocene: Palaeobiogeographical insights and biochronological issues. C. R. Palevol 2018, 17, 247261. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Blain, H.A.; Lozano-Fernández, I.; Ollé, A.; Rodríguez, J.; Santonja, M.; PérezGonzález, A. The continental record of Marine Isotope Stage 11 (Middle Pleistocene) on the Iberian Peninsula characterized by herpetofaunal assemblages. J. Quat. Sci. 2015, 30, 667–678. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Limondin-Lozouet, N.; Antoine, P.; Bahain, J.-J.; Cliquet, D.; Coutard, S.; Dabkowski, J.; Falguères, C.; Ghaleb, B.; Locht, J.-L.; Nicoud, E.; et al. North-West European MIS 11 malacological successions: A framework for the timing of Acheulean settlements. J. Quat. Sci. 2015, 30, 702–712. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Monaco, L.; Palladino, D.M.; Gaeta, M.; Marra, F.; Sottili, G.; Leicher, N.; Mannella, G.; Nomade, S.; Pereira, A.; Regattieri, E.; et al. Mediterranean tephrostratigraphy and peri-Tyrrhenian explosive activity revaluated in light of the 430–365 ka record from Fucino Basin (central Italy). Earth Sci. Rev. 2021, 220, 103706. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Giaccio, B.; Leicher, N.; Mannella, G.; Monaco, L.; Regattieri, E.; Wagner, B.; Zanchetta, G.; Gaeta, M.; Marra, F.; Nomade, S.; et al. Extending the tephra and palaeoenvironmental record of the Central Mediterranean back to 430 ka: A new core from Fucino Basin, central Italy. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2019, 225, 106003. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mannella, G.; Giaccio, B.; Zanchetta, G.; Regattieri, E.; Niespolo, E.M.; Pereira, A.; Renne, P.R.; Nomade, S.; Leicher, N.; Perchiazzi, N.; et al. Palaeoenvironmental and palaeohydrological variability of mountain areas in the central Mediterranean region: A 190 ka-long chronicle from the independently dated Fucino palaeolake record (central Italy). Quat. Sci. Rev. 2019, 210, 190–210. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Grant, K.M.; Rohling, E.J.; Ramsey, C.B.; Cheng, H.; Edwards, R.L.; Florindo, F.; Heslop, D.; Marra, F.; Roberts, A.P.; Tamisiea, M.E.; et al. Sea-level variability over five glacial cycles. Nat. Commun. 2014, 5, 5076. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mancini, M.; Moscatelli, M.; Stigliano, F.; Cavinato, G.P.; Marini, M.; Pagliaroli, A.; Simionato, M. Fluvial facies and stratigraphic architecture of Middle Pleistocene incised valleys from the subsoil of Rome (Italy). J. Mediterr. Earth Sci. Spec. Issue 2013, 89, 93. [Google Scholar]
- Palombo, M.R.; Panarello, A.; Mietto, P. Did elephants meet humans along the Devil’s path? A preliminary report. Alp. Mediterr. Quat. 2018, 31, 83–87. [Google Scholar]
- Palombo, M.R. The Casal de’ Pazzi mammalian fauna: Biochronological and paleoecological notes, and research perspectives. J. Mediterr. Earth Sci. 2023, 15, 18135. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zarattini, A. (Ed.) Indagine Geoarcheologica e Paleo-Ambientale (Isoletta, Arce). Tethys, Unpublished Report for Vianini SpA. 1999. [Google Scholar]
- Corrado, P.; Magri, D. A late Early Pleistocene pollen record from Fontana Ranuccio (central Italy). J. Quat. Sci. 2011, 26, 335–344. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Margari, V.; Roucoux, K.; Magri, D.; Manzi, G.; Tzedakis, P.C. The MIS 13 interglacial at Ceprano, Italy, in the context of Middle Pleistocene vegetation changes in southern Europe. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2018, 199, 144–158. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alberdi, M.T.; Palombo, M.R.; Strani, F.; Bellucci, L. The large horse from Fontana Ranuccio (Anagni Basin, central Italy). Hist. Biol. 2023, 1–17. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Caloi, L. New forms of equids in Western Europe and palaeoenvironmental changes. Geobios 1997, 30, 267–284. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mancini, M.; Di Salvo, C.; Giallini, S.; Marini, M.; Simionato, M.; Caciolli, M.C.; Cavinato, G.P.; Moscatelli, M.; Polpetta, F.; Sirianni, P.; et al. The subsoil of the Colosseum and the detection of the ancient Tiber river Paleovalley (MIS 12–11) in Rome. J. Mediterr. Earth Sci. 2023, 15, 18067. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Inventory Number | Unknown * | Unknown * | AC 49015c | AC 49015de | AC 49015d | |
Tooth | M3 | M3 | M2 | m3 | m3 | |
Side | Left | Right | Right | Right | Left | |
Plates | Formula | ∞ 15 x | ∞ 13.5 x | ∞ 11 x | >∞ 15 ∞ | +15 ∞ |
Total (PI) | >15 | >14 | >11 | >15 | >16 | |
in use (PlF) | 15 | 13.5 | 11 | 14 + | 15 + | |
Length | Total (L) | 275 | 290 | 239.7 | 325 | |
Occlusal (LF) | 250 | 230 | 223.1 | 297.1 | 300.6 | |
Width | Crown (W) | 102 | 100 | ca. 90 | ca. 99.9 | ca. 101 |
Occlusal (WF) | 100 | 100 | 89.45 | 87.2 | 87.5 | |
Crown Height | Crown (H) | - | - | - | - | - |
Functional (HF) | - | - | ca 137 | ca 144 | - | |
Lamellar Frequency | Average (F) | 6- | 5+ | 5.33 | - | 4.67 |
Occlusal (Fo) | - | - | 5 | 5 | 5 | |
Labial (Fl) | - | - | 5 | - | 5 | |
Buccal (Fb) | - | - | 6 | 4 | 4 | |
Enamel Thickness | Minimum (em) | - | - | 1.71 | 2.07 | 1.94 |
Average (e) | - | - | 2.55 | 2.79 | 2.85 | |
Maximum (emax) | - | - | 3.48 | 3.6 | 3.8 | |
Hypsodonty index (H/W) | - | - | >1.52 | - | - |
Marine Isotopic Stage | MIS 13 | MIS 11 | ? MIS 11 (? Younger) | MIS 11-MIS 10 | MIS 10 | MIS 9 | MIS 8.5 | MIS ? 8.5 | MIS 7 | ||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Locality | Casal Selce A | Collina Barbattini and Via Aurelia km 18.9 | via Aurelia km 19.3 | Cava Rinaldi (upper level) | Via dell’Impero (Via dei Fori Imperiali) | Fontana Ranuccio | Casal Selce B | Casal Lumbroso—Massimina | Castel di Guido | Malagrotta | Riano Flaminio | Via Ostiense Km 2 | Cava Panzini-Pontecorvo | Pignataro Interamna | Lademagne (level1-level 2) | Guado San Nicola | Isoletta (ESR1-GA6Z -ESR4) | Cava Pompi | Colle Avarone | Ceprano CG9-CG10 | Ciampate del Diavolo | Torre in Pietra 1 | La Polledrara di Cecanibbio | Sedia del Diavolo | Prati Fiscali | Monte Sacro | Casal de’ Pazzi | Campo del Conte 2 | Torre in Pietra 2 |
Chronology | MIS 13 [106] | MIS 13 [107] | MIS 13 [107] | 516 +/− 1 ka [90] | MIS 11c, this work | 408 +/− 10 ka [104] | 406.5 ± 2.4 ka [108] | MIS 11 c. 400 ka [109] | c. 400 ka [110] | c. 380 ka, MIS 11 [111] | 406 ± 5 ka [107] | MIS 11 [112] | ? MIS 11–MIS 9 | ? (various age have been hypotesised, from MIS 11 to MIS 5) | 415–381 ka, MIS 11 [113] | 409-371 ka-MIS 11 [114,115] | 411–346 ka, MIS 11-MIS 10 [113] | <397 +/− 10 ka [113] | ? MIS 10 (close in age to CG9-CG10 [116] | >/= 353 ± 8 ka [94,117] | 349–350 ± 3 ka [118], MIS 10 | MIS 9 [26,119,120] | c. 330, MIS 9 [17,121] | MIS 9 [122,123]; MIS 8.5 (upper level) [107] | MIS 8.5 [107] | MIS 8.5 [107] | MIS 7 [124,125], and upcoming revision | MIS 7 (?) [125] | MIS 7 [26,119,120] |
Selected Large Mammal Taxa | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
AFROTHERIA | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Proboscidata | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Palaeoloxodon antiquus | ■ | ■ | ■ | ■ | ■ | ■ | ■ | ■ | ■ | ■ | ■ | ■ | ■ | ■ | ■ | ■ | ■ | ■ | ■ | ■ | ■ | ■ | ■ | ■ | ■ | ■ | ■ | ||
EUARCHONTOGLIRES | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Primates | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Macaca sylvanus sylvanus | ■ | ■ | ■ | ■ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
LAURASIATHERIA | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ferae | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Carnivora-Caniformia | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ursidae | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ursus deningeri | ■ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ursus spelaeus | ■ | ○ | ■ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ursus sp. | ■ | ■ | ■ | ■ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Hyaenidae | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Crocuta sp. (C. intermedia vel Cspelaea). | ■ | ■ | ■ | ¤ | ■ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Canidae | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Vulpes vulpes | ○ | ■ | ■ | ■ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Canis ex gr. C. mosbachensis | ■ | ■ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Canis lupus | ■ | ○ | ■ | ■ | ■ | ○ | ■ | ■ | |||||||||||||||||||||
Canis sp. | ■ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Carnivora—Feliformia | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Felidae | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Panthera spelaea | ■ | ■ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Panthera pardus | ■ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Panthera sp. | ■ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ungulata | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Perissodactyla | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Equidae | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Equus sp. | ■ | ■ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Equus hydruntinus | ■ | ■ | ■ | ■ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Equus mosbachensis | ■ | ○ | ○ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Equus ferus | ■ | ■ | ■ | ■ | ○ | ■ | ■ | ○ | ○ | ■ | ■ | ||||||||||||||||||
Rhinocerotidae | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Stephanorhinus hemitoechus | ■ | ■ | ○ | ○ | ■ | ○ | ○ | ■ | ■ | ||||||||||||||||||||
Stephanorhinus kirchbergensis | ○ | ■ | ■ | ■ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Stephanorhinus sp. | ■ | ? | ■ | ■ | ■ | ■ | ■ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Cetartiodactyla (Artiodactyla) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Hippopotamidae | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Hippopotamus sp. | ■ | ■ | ■ | ■ | ■ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Hippopotamus antiquus | ■ | ○ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Hippopotamus amphibius | ■ | ■ | ○ | ■ | ■ | ■ | ■ | ■ | ■ | ||||||||||||||||||||
Suidae | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sus scrofa | ■ | ? | ■ | ■ | ■ | ■ | ■ | ■ | ■ | ■ | ■ | ||||||||||||||||||
Cervidae | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Capreolus capreolus | ✪ | ■ | ✪ | ✪ | ? | ■ | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Megacerini gen. et sp. indet | ■ | ■ | ■ | ■ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Megaloceros giganteus | ■ | ■ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Cervus elephua | ■ | ■ | ■ | ■ | ✪ | ■ | ■ | ■ | ■ | ■ | ■ | ■ | ■ | ■ | ■ | ■ | ■ | ■ | ■ | ■ | ■ | ■ | ■ | ■ | |||||
Dama sp. | ■ | ■ | ■ | ■ | ■ | ■ | ■ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Dama clactoniana | ○ | ■ | ⌘ | ■ | ○ | ○ | ■ | ○ | ○ | ○ | |||||||||||||||||||
Dama dama ssp. | ■ | ■ | ■ | ■ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Bovidae | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Bos primigenius | ■ | ■ | ■ | ■ | ■ | ■ | ■ | ■ | ■ | ■ | ■ | ■ | ■ | ■ | ■ | ■ | ■ | ■ | ■ | ||||||||||
Bubalus murrensis | ■ |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Palombo, M.R.; Giaccio, B.; Monaco, L.; Martino, R.; Amanatidou, M.; Pandolfi, L. The Lost MIS 11c Mammalian Fauna from Via dell’Impero (Rome, Italy). Quaternary 2024, 7, 54. https://doi.org/10.3390/quat7040054
Palombo MR, Giaccio B, Monaco L, Martino R, Amanatidou M, Pandolfi L. The Lost MIS 11c Mammalian Fauna from Via dell’Impero (Rome, Italy). Quaternary. 2024; 7(4):54. https://doi.org/10.3390/quat7040054
Chicago/Turabian StylePalombo, Maria Rita, Biagio Giaccio, Lorenzo Monaco, Roberta Martino, Marina Amanatidou, and Luca Pandolfi. 2024. "The Lost MIS 11c Mammalian Fauna from Via dell’Impero (Rome, Italy)" Quaternary 7, no. 4: 54. https://doi.org/10.3390/quat7040054
APA StylePalombo, M. R., Giaccio, B., Monaco, L., Martino, R., Amanatidou, M., & Pandolfi, L. (2024). The Lost MIS 11c Mammalian Fauna from Via dell’Impero (Rome, Italy). Quaternary, 7(4), 54. https://doi.org/10.3390/quat7040054