Non-Diffractive Bessel Beams for Ultrafast Laser Scanning Platform and Proof-Of-Concept Side-Wall Polishing of Additively Manufactured Parts
<p>(<b>a</b>) Schematic of the non-diffractive Bessel beam generated by an axicon. The beam profile consists of a high intensity central core surrounded by a series of low intensity concentric lobes. The beam is defined by its half conical angle <math display="inline"><semantics> <mi>θ</mi> </semantics></math>, depth of focus (Bessel length) <math display="inline"><semantics> <msub> <mi>z</mi> <mi>b</mi> </msub> </semantics></math>, and diameter of the central core 2<math display="inline"><semantics> <msub> <mi>ω</mi> <mi>b</mi> </msub> </semantics></math> at 1/<math display="inline"><semantics> <msup> <mi>e</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msup> </semantics></math>. (<b>b</b>) The Gaussian beam generated by a focusing lens, with a depth of focus <math display="inline"><semantics> <msub> <mi>z</mi> <mi>g</mi> </msub> </semantics></math> = 2 × Rayleigh range, and a beam diameter 2<math display="inline"><semantics> <msub> <mi>ω</mi> <mi>g</mi> </msub> </semantics></math> at 1/<math display="inline"><semantics> <msup> <mi>e</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msup> </semantics></math>. (<b>c</b>) The setup for investigating propagation of the beams through obstruction by metallic particles immobilised on a glass slide (inset-microscope image). With <math display="inline"><semantics> <mo>Δ</mo> </semantics></math>z being the distance between the obstacle and the starting point of a beam focus (the reference plane).</p> "> Figure 2
<p>(<b>a</b>) Experimental analysis of the Bessel beam profile generated by an axicon and demagnified through a telescopic afocal arrangement. The beam possesses a long Bessel length <math display="inline"><semantics> <msub> <mi>z</mi> <mi>b</mi> </msub> </semantics></math> = 34 mm, and a diameter of central core 2<math display="inline"><semantics> <msub> <mi>ω</mi> <mi>b</mi> </msub> </semantics></math> = 11 <math display="inline"><semantics> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">μ</mi> </semantics></math>m. (<b>b</b>) Evidence of seal-healing behaviour when the particle obstacle was placed at a distance <math display="inline"><semantics> <mo>Δ</mo> </semantics></math>z = −0.5 mm before the starting point of the Bessel focused region. The three-dimensional (3D) illustration was constructed by a series of transverse profiles which was individually captured at different position along the propagation axis z. A depicted transverse beam profile was shown at z: 10 mm. The scale bar: 20 <math display="inline"><semantics> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">μ</mi> </semantics></math>m. (<b>c</b>) Comparison of the original Bessel beam vs its obstructed profile: with longitudinal cross-section along the central lobe and transverse cross-section at z =10 mm. The red arrow indicates the laser propagation direction.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>(<b>a</b>) Transverse profiles of the Bessel beam (<math display="inline"><semantics> <mi>θ</mi> </semantics></math> = <math display="inline"><semantics> <msup> <mn>3</mn> <mo>∘</mo> </msup> </semantics></math>, 2<math display="inline"><semantics> <msub> <mi>ω</mi> <mi>b</mi> </msub> </semantics></math> = 11 <math display="inline"><semantics> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">μ</mi> </semantics></math>m and <math display="inline"><semantics> <msub> <mi>z</mi> <mi>b</mi> </msub> </semantics></math> = 34 mm) after obstruction of particles placed at <math display="inline"><semantics> <mo>Δ</mo> </semantics></math>z = 2 mm. Evidence of the obstruction occurs at the obstacle plane z = 2 mm, in which the inset shows the presence of the particles when additional background illumination was used for better visualisation. The beam started to reconstruct itself after 0.2 mm with respect to the obstacle plane. (<b>b</b>) Simplified schematic of the Bessel self-reconstruction mechanism. The beam disrupted shadow length can be geometrically approximated, depending on the beam conical angle, size, and location of the obstacle.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>(<b>a</b>) Experimental analysis of the Gaussian beam profile generated by a focusing objective 4x 0.1NA. The beam has a short depth of focus <math display="inline"><semantics> <msub> <mi>z</mi> <mi>g</mi> </msub> </semantics></math> = 0.24 mm and a beam diameter 2<math display="inline"><semantics> <msub> <mi>ω</mi> <mi>g</mi> </msub> </semantics></math> = 11 <math display="inline"><semantics> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">μ</mi> </semantics></math>m. (<b>b</b>) Evidence of the beam distortion in the presence of obstacle placed at <math display="inline"><semantics> <mo>Δ</mo> </semantics></math>z = −0.5 mm before the starting point of the Gaussian focused region. The 3D illustration image was obtained with a similar procedure as presented for the Bessel beam. The transverse beam image was shown at the position z = 100 <math display="inline"><semantics> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">μ</mi> </semantics></math>m. The scale bar: 20 <math display="inline"><semantics> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">μ</mi> </semantics></math>m. (<b>c</b>) Comparison of the original Gaussian beam and its distorted profile: with longitudinal cross-section at the beam central and transverse cross-section at z = 100 <math display="inline"><semantics> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">μ</mi> </semantics></math>m.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Simplified schematic of setup for coupling Bessel beam with a Galvano scanner—Bessel scanning platform. The Bessel beam is formed by an axicon (<math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>α</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msup> <mn>0.5</mn> <mo>∘</mo> </msup> <mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </semantics></math>, and imaged through a telescopic afocal arrangement (lens1 F1 = 350 mm and F-theta lens F2 = 88 mm). The platform provides the Bessel beam with a half conical angle <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>θ</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msup> <mn>1</mn> <mo>∘</mo> </msup> </mrow> </semantics></math>, a diameter of central core 2<math display="inline"><semantics> <msub> <mi>ω</mi> <mi>b</mi> </msub> </semantics></math> = 26 <math display="inline"><semantics> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">μ</mi> </semantics></math>m, and a long non-diffractive length <math display="inline"><semantics> <msub> <mi>z</mi> <mi>b</mi> </msub> </semantics></math> = 29 mm. Profile of the beam is examined when the scanner moves from centre to corner (red point) of the scan field with the full extent 100% equivalent to 35 mm.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>Profile of the Bessel beam and diameter of its central core 2<math display="inline"><semantics> <msub> <mi>ω</mi> <mi>b</mi> </msub> </semantics></math> as a function of the distance from the centre to corner of the scan field. The experimental data (Square-symbol graph) are well agreed with datasheet (Circle-symbol graph) of the f-theta lens. Qualitatively, the Bessel beam sustains its good form over the full extent of the scan field.</p> "> Figure 7
<p>(<b>a</b>) Illustration of ultrafast laser side-wall polishing on a LPBF-fabricated workpiece, using the Bessel beam scanning platform with laser conditions: 2 kHz, 100 fs and 1 J/cm<math display="inline"><semantics> <msup> <mrow/> <mn>2</mn> </msup> </semantics></math>. (<b>b</b>) A zoom in the laser-polished part, showing evidence of visually reflective surface with microscope image. The blue colour (red and green not shown) of the laser-polished region was separated from white light illumination due to reflection grating by sub-micro grooves which were formed under raster scanning of the laser beam. (<b>c</b>) Roughness measurement of the polished part, demonstrating a reduction of roughness Ra from 10 <math display="inline"><semantics> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">μ</mi> </semantics></math>m down to ∼1 <math display="inline"><semantics> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">μ</mi> </semantics></math>m. The colour bar represents topographical heights within the measured area.</p> "> Figure A1
<p>(<b>a</b>) Simulated profiles of a zeroth-order Bessel beam with a normalised Bessel length <math display="inline"><semantics> <msub> <mi>z</mi> <mi>b</mi> </msub> </semantics></math> = 1, and a central core diameter 2<math display="inline"><semantics> <msub> <mi>ω</mi> <mi>b</mi> </msub> </semantics></math> = 0.01<math display="inline"><semantics> <msub> <mi>z</mi> <mi>b</mi> </msub> </semantics></math>. The beam transverse profile consists of a bright central core and surrounding circular lobes. (<b>b</b>) Simulated profiles of the Bessel beam in the presence of particle obstruction. The beam reconstructs itself after the obstruction at the plane z = 0.25. The reconstructed beam suffers a small decrease in its peak intensity. The particles are with a diameter of ∼0.015<math display="inline"><semantics> <msub> <mi>z</mi> <mi>b</mi> </msub> </semantics></math>.</p> "> Figure A2
<p>(<b>a</b>) Simulated profiles of a Gaussian beam with a normalised depth of focus <math display="inline"><semantics> <msub> <mi>z</mi> <mi>g</mi> </msub> </semantics></math> = 0.17<math display="inline"><semantics> <msub> <mi>z</mi> <mi>b</mi> </msub> </semantics></math> and a beam diameter 2<math display="inline"><semantics> <msub> <mi>ω</mi> <mi>b</mi> </msub> </semantics></math> = 0.01<math display="inline"><semantics> <msub> <mi>z</mi> <mi>b</mi> </msub> </semantics></math>. (<b>b</b>) Simulated profiles of the Gaussian beam under the same particle obstruction condition at the plane z = 0.25<math display="inline"><semantics> <msub> <mi>z</mi> <mi>g</mi> </msub> </semantics></math>. The beam distorts and loses its intensity.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Bessel Beam and Its Self-Healing Property under Particle Obstruction
2.2. Bessel Beam Scanning Platform
2.3. Side-Wall Polishing with Bessel Beam
3. Materials and Methods
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AM | Additive manufacturing |
3D | 3-dimensional |
LPBF | Laser powder bed fusion |
SLM | Selective laser melting |
CNC | Computer numerical control |
CW | Continuous-wave |
BG | Bessel-Gaussian |
Appendix A
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Nguyen, H.D.; Sedao, X.; Mauclair, C.; Bidron, G.; Faure, N.; Moreno, E.; Colombier, J.-P.; Stoian, R. Non-Diffractive Bessel Beams for Ultrafast Laser Scanning Platform and Proof-Of-Concept Side-Wall Polishing of Additively Manufactured Parts. Micromachines 2020, 11, 974. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi11110974
Nguyen HD, Sedao X, Mauclair C, Bidron G, Faure N, Moreno E, Colombier J-P, Stoian R. Non-Diffractive Bessel Beams for Ultrafast Laser Scanning Platform and Proof-Of-Concept Side-Wall Polishing of Additively Manufactured Parts. Micromachines. 2020; 11(11):974. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi11110974
Chicago/Turabian StyleNguyen, Huu Dat, Xxx Sedao, Cyril Mauclair, Guillaume Bidron, Nicolas Faure, Enrique Moreno, Jean-Philippe Colombier, and Razvan Stoian. 2020. "Non-Diffractive Bessel Beams for Ultrafast Laser Scanning Platform and Proof-Of-Concept Side-Wall Polishing of Additively Manufactured Parts" Micromachines 11, no. 11: 974. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi11110974