Landscape Analysis of Geographical Names in Hubei Province, China
">
<p>Study Area: Hubei Province, Central China.</p> ">
<p>The DEM of Hubei Province with a spatial resolution of 30 m.</p> ">
<p>The spatial arrangement of rivers greater than 4th order in Hubei Province.</p> ">
<p>The flowchart for landscape analysis of geographical names.</p> ">
<p>Absolute numbers of landscape-related toponyms.</p> ">
<p>Relative numbers of landscape-related toponyms.</p> ">
<p>The hillshade image of Hubei Province.</p> ">
<p>The distribution probability of the landscape-related words of toponyms in Hubei Province.</p> ">
<p>The area on river systems for regression analysis.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Previous Work
3. Study Area
4. Data Preparation and Processing
4.1. Data Sources
4.2. Toponyms Data
4.3. Creating the Geodatabase
4.4. DEM Data
4.5. The Spatial Arrangement of Rivers
5. Experimental Section
5.1. Flowchart
5.2. Visualisation
5.5. Information Entropy Calculation
6. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Classification | Words | Explanations |
---|---|---|
Mountain | Shan | Mountain |
Ling | Mountain range | |
Gang | Hillock | |
Shi | Rock | |
Lin | Forest; Woods | |
Po | Hillside | |
Sha | Sand and stone | |
Ao | Col | |
Yan | Rock; Crag | |
Dun | Mound; Block of stone | |
Ya | Strip of land between hills | |
Feng | Peak | |
Dong | Cave | |
Wan | Small level ground in a valley | |
Plain | Ping | Flat or level ground |
Fan | Tract; Farmland | |
Chong | Level ground | |
Chang | Field; A level, open space | |
Tian | Farmland of field | |
Water | He | River |
Wan | Bend of stream; Bay | |
Gou | Ditch | |
Hu | Lake | |
Shui | Water | |
Xi | Mountain stream or creek | |
Gang | Harbor | |
Jiang | River | |
Quan | Fountain or spring | |
Zhou | Sandbank or cay | |
Tan | Deep pool | |
Hong | Flood | |
Chi | Pool or pond | |
Tan | Bank or shoal | |
Settlement | Zhuang | Village or hamlet |
Pu | Stage or post house in ancient China | |
Zhai | Stockaded village | |
Ji | Town or community | |
Ying | Battalion or camp | |
Construction | Qiao | Bridge |
Miao | Temple | |
Dian | Shop or Store | |
Tai | Flat buildings; Platform | |
Ba | Embankment; Dam | |
Tang | Dike; Embankment | |
Yuan | Embankment at the lake zone | |
Yan | Weir; Dam | |
Si | Temple or joss house | |
Wu | Shelter or building | |
Di | Embankment on the low-lying land |
County | Mountain | Plain | Water | Settlement | Construction |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yunxi | 82 | 45 | 138 | 22 | 42 |
Yun | 61 | 20 | 168 | 25 | 44 |
Danjiangkou | 50 | 20 | 106 | 21 | 31 |
Shiyan municipal district | 22 | 9 | 52 | 3 | 27 |
Laohekou | 51 | 9 | 65 | 69 | 23 |
Zhushan | 35 | 29 | 87 | 9 | 35 |
Fang | 39 | 46 | 108 | 10 | 42 |
Gucheng | 55 | 33 | 97 | 30 | 39 |
Zhuxi | 49 | 28 | 118 | 6 | 50 |
Xiangyang | 89 | 25 | 79 | 125 | 25 |
Suizhou | 126 | 34 | 128 | 29 | 97 |
Zaoyang | 92 | 29 | 97 | 139 | 70 |
Baokang | 67 | 50 | 88 | 5 | 26 |
Guangshui | 93 | 28 | 69 | 17 | 78 |
Nanzhang | 57 | 70 | 90 | 40 | 39 |
Yicheng | 29 | 10 | 57 | 22 | 20 |
Shennongjia | 12 | 16 | 17 | 0 | 4 |
Dawu | 95 | 58 | 67 | 22 | 42 |
Zhongxiang | 93 | 42 | 106 | 66 | 88 |
Macheng | 331 | 107 | 122 | 48 | 94 |
Hongan | 109 | 59 | 72 | 20 | 73 |
Xingshan | 18 | 22 | 27 | 2 | 10 |
Yiling | 49 | 63 | 63 | 5 | 27 |
Jingmen municipal district | 75 | 64 | 82 | 36 | 117 |
Anlu | 42 | 28 | 31 | 5 | 49 |
Jingshan | 110 | 67 | 76 | 19 | 67 |
Xiaogan | 52 | 11 | 68 | 13 | 62 |
Badong | 164 | 136 | 113 | 18 | 48 |
Yuanan | 16 | 20 | 23 | 6 | 8 |
Huangpi | 116 | 41 | 99 | 43 | 127 |
Luotian | 135 | 86 | 76 | 22 | 91 |
Yunmeng | 18 | 2 | 38 | 8 | 56 |
Zigui | 53 | 44 | 38 | 7 | 27 |
Dangyang | 37 | 11 | 40 | 4 | 36 |
Yingshan | 9 | 5 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
Yingcheng | 11 | 17 | 16 | 7 | 15 |
Xinzhou | 140 | 37 | 96 | 51 | 59 |
Tianmen | 80 | 58 | 219 | 15 | 174 |
Jianshi | 88 | 72 | 86 | 10 | 67 |
Tuanfeng | 99 | 35 | 72 | 23 | 34 |
Hanchuan | 49 | 9 | 135 | 21 | 89 |
Xishui | 216 | 73 | 122 | 38 | 112 |
Wuhan municipal district | 106 | 17 | 156 | 22 | 83 |
Yichang municipal district | 58 | 21 | 61 | 3 | 43 |
Changyang | 41 | 42 | 47 | 2 | 20 |
Caidian | 65 | 4 | 51 | 14 | 20 |
Enshi | 41 | 28 | 40 | 5 | 59 |
Qichun | 143 | 75 | 91 | 35 | 76 |
Zhijiang | 46 | 25 | 51 | 2 | 52 |
Jiangling | 23 | 8 | 47 | 3 | 47 |
Qianjiang | 33 | 31 | 104 | 3 | 75 |
Lichuan | 98 | 64 | 80 | 14 | 91 |
Huangzhou | 28 | 3 | 36 | 7 | 14 |
Ezhou municipal district | 78 | 12 | 58 | 10 | 55 |
Yidu | 24 | 28 | 57 | 1 | 23 |
Jiangxia | 69 | 10 | 54 | 5 | 36 |
Xiantao | 71 | 36 | 200 | 8 | 133 |
Wufeng | 24 | 36 | 25 | 5 | 15 |
Shashi | 13 | 6 | 43 | 1 | 29 |
Songzi | 123 | 47 | 88 | 13 | 94 |
Hannan | 1 | 1 | 21 | 3 | 2 |
Daye | 78 | 29 | 53 | 24 | 52 |
Gongan | 29 | 16 | 59 | 5 | 58 |
Huangmei | 82 | 23 | 56 | 12 | 71 |
Jiayu | 27 | 2 | 29 | 6 | 12 |
Huangshi municipal district | 32 | 2 | 29 | 3 | 8 |
Hefeng | 40 | 32 | 39 | 6 | 19 |
Xuanen | 65 | 57 | 78 | 20 | 59 |
Wuxue | 52 | 23 | 29 | 8 | 38 |
Honghu | 68 | 12 | 129 | 4 | 58 |
Jianli | 56 | 21 | 154 | 26 | 131 |
Yangxin | 87 | 29 | 68 | 17 | 37 |
Xianfeng | 54 | 60 | 71 | 14 | 76 |
Xianan | 25 | 11 | 28 | 6 | 23 |
Chibi | 69 | 18 | 33 | 6 | 32 |
Shishou | 239 | 18 | 158 | 20 | 161 |
Tongshan | 40 | 21 | 42 | 11 | 23 |
Chongyang | 63 | 15 | 32 | 8 | 24 |
Laifeng | 53 | 30 | 50 | 9 | 40 |
Tongcheng | 41 | 18 | 27 | 2 | 12 |
Class value | Elevation (m) | Slope (°) |
---|---|---|
1 | < 0 | < 2 |
2 | 0–200 | 2–6 |
3 | 200–500 | 6–15 |
4 | 500–1000 | 15–25 |
5 | > 1000 | > 25 |
Landscape
| Total | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 1 | |||
Toponym | 0 | 2 | 10 | 12 |
1 | 28 | 40 | 68 | |
Total | 30 | 50 | 80 |
Model Summary | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Model | R | R Square | Adjusted R Square | Std. Error of the Estimate |
1 | 0.821a | 0.675 | 0.657 | 0.073419 |
ANOVAa | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model | Sum of Squares | df | Mean Square | F | Sig. | |
1 | Regression | 0.201 | 1 | 0.201 | 37.316 | 0.000b |
Residual | 0.097 | 18 | 0.005 | |||
Total | 0.298 | 19 |
Coefficients a | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model | Unstandardized Coefficients | Standardized Coefficients | t | Sig. | ||
B | Std. Error | Beta | ||||
1 | (Constant) | 0.147 | 0.039 | 3.749 | 0.001 | |
The river systems density | 0.018 | 0.003 | 0.821 | 6.109 | 0.000 |
County | information entropy | water entropy contribution | mountain entropy contribution |
---|---|---|---|
Hannan | 0.3829 | 0.2447 | 0.1350 |
Yingcheng | 0.6802 | 0.2193 | 0.1907 |
Nanzhang | 0.6765 | 0.2324 | 0.2036 |
Qianjiang | 0.5691 | 0.2778 | 0.2057 |
Jianli | 0.5870 | 0.2713 | 0.2067 |
Jingmen municipal district | 0.6714 | 0.2152 | 0.2084 |
Tianmen | 0.5859 | 0.2716 | 0.2086 |
Fang | 0.6082 | 0.2578 | 0.2089 |
Xianfeng | 0.6551 | 0.2318 | 0.2119 |
Zhongxiang | 0.6798 | 0.2255 | 0.2175 |
Zaoyang | 0.6566 | 0.2227 | 0.2188 |
Zhushan | 0.6089 | 0.2568 | 0.2199 |
Gucheng | 0.6532 | 0.2444 | 0.2203 |
Xuanen | 0.6678 | 0.2317 | 0.2207 |
Yuanan | 0.6510 | 0.2428 | 0.2219 |
Gongan | 0.5944 | 0.2686 | 0.2221 |
Yicheng | 0.6323 | 0.2509 | 0.2252 |
Hanchuan | 0.5664 | 0.2762 | 0.2259 |
Yunmeng | 0.5425 | 0.2909 | 0.2260 |
Shashi | 0.5312 | 0.2906 | 0.2261 |
Xiantao | 0.5589 | 0.2797 | 0.2268 |
Wufeng | 0.6380 | 0.2326 | 0.2296 |
Yidu | 0.5821 | 0.2709 | 0.2305 |
Huangpi | 0.6562 | 0.2245 | 0.2344 |
Jiangling | 0.5670 | 0.2818 | 0.2363 |
Enshi | 0.6271 | 0.2345 | 0.2363 |
Laohekou | 0.6235 | 0.2515 | 0.2371 |
Xianan | 0.6468 | 0.2427 | 0.2371 |
Tongshan | 0.6564 | 0.2398 | 0.2378 |
Xingshan | 0.6144 | 0.2594 | 0.2382 |
Danjiangkou | 0.6051 | 0.2556 | 0.2388 |
Zhuxi | 0.5772 | 0.2670 | 0.2400 |
Daye | 0.6622 | 0.2200 | 0.2400 |
Lichuan | 0.6461 | 0.2274 | 0.2400 |
Yiling | 0.6170 | 0.2548 | 0.2401 |
Jianshi | 0.6406 | 0.2389 | 0.2402 |
Laifeng | 0.6484 | 0.2377 | 0.2406 |
Qichun | 0.6611 | 0.2177 | 0.2410 |
Shiyan municipal district | 0.5714 | 0.2715 | 0.2421 |
Dawu | 0.6568 | 0.2253 | 0.2422 |
Anlu | 0.6339 | 0.2205 | 0.2424 |
Yunxi | 0.6195 | 0.2555 | 0.2428 |
Hongan | 0.6536 | 0.2200 | 0.2429 |
Jingshan | 0.6527 | 0.2231 | 0.2430 |
Yun | 0.5652 | 0.2590 | 0.2434 |
Xiangyang | 0.6245 | 0.2352 | 0.2435 |
Luotian | 0.6501 | 0.2087 | 0.2444 |
Hefeng | 0.6390 | 0.2435 | 0.2446 |
Xinzhou | 0.6502 | 0.2317 | 0.2457 |
Zigui | 0.6404 | 0.2276 | 0.2466 |
Xiaogan | 0.6104 | 0.2603 | 0.2472 |
Yingshan | 0.6433 | 0.1434 | 0.2479 |
Suizhou | 0.6325 | 0.2492 | 0.2486 |
Wuxue | 0.6413 | 0.2152 | 0.2487 |
Xishui | 0.6378 | 0.2259 | 0.2502 |
Guangshui | 0.6339 | 0.2353 | 0.2504 |
Tuanfeng | 0.6377 | 0.2415 | 0.2505 |
Zhijiang | 0.6071 | 0.2568 | 0.2509 |
Yangxin | 0.6341 | 0.2451 | 0.2519 |
Changyang | 0.6061 | 0.2601 | 0.2532 |
Macheng | 0.6071 | 0.2175 | 0.2536 |
Songzi | 0.6261 | 0.2379 | 0.2543 |
Huangmei | 0.6229 | 0.2355 | 0.2555 |
Dangyang | 0.6072 | 0.2600 | 0.2566 |
Chongyang | 0.6064 | 0.2405 | 0.2582 |
Badong | 0.6163 | 0.2401 | 0.2586 |
Baokang | 0.5988 | 0.2668 | 0.2593 |
Chibi | 0.6011 | 0.2363 | 0.2614 |
Wuhan municipal district | 0.5881 | 0.2702 | 0.2624 |
Yichang municipal district | 0.5995 | 0.2649 | 0.2632 |
Ezhou municipal district | 0.5982 | 0.2572 | 0.2671 |
Tongcheng | 0.5908 | 0.2599 | 0.2687 |
Shennongjia | 0.5567 | 0.2865 | 0.2688 |
Huangzhou | 0.5815 | 0.2731 | 0.2721 |
Jiangxia | 0.5742 | 0.2747 | 0.2774 |
Jiayu | 0.5745 | 0.2779 | 0.2779 |
Caidian | 0.5680 | 0.2798 | 0.2783 |
Honghu | 0.5344 | 0.2872 | 0.2819 |
Shishou | 0.5609 | 0.2725 | 0.2837 |
Huangshi municipal district | 0.5201 | 0.3065 | 0.3027 |
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Chen, X.; Hu, T.; Ren, F.; Chen, D.; Li, L.; Gao, N. Landscape Analysis of Geographical Names in Hubei Province, China. Entropy 2014, 16, 6313-6337. https://doi.org/10.3390/e16126313
Chen X, Hu T, Ren F, Chen D, Li L, Gao N. Landscape Analysis of Geographical Names in Hubei Province, China. Entropy. 2014; 16(12):6313-6337. https://doi.org/10.3390/e16126313
Chicago/Turabian StyleChen, Xixi, Tao Hu, Fu Ren, Deng Chen, Lan Li, and Nan Gao. 2014. "Landscape Analysis of Geographical Names in Hubei Province, China" Entropy 16, no. 12: 6313-6337. https://doi.org/10.3390/e16126313