Group Lasso Regularized Deep Learning for Cancer Prognosis from Multi-Omics and Clinical Features
<p>Basic framework of GDP. GDP can perform survival analysis for the cancer data with high-dimensional features. The number of features for each type of datasets is given in the parenthesis. GISTIC CNV means the CNV data was processed using GISTIC 2.0 and the focal data via gene output was used. Furthermore, iCAGES mutation means the DNA mutation data was processed using iCAGES and the iCAGES gene level scores were used. The number of molecular features shown here is the average number of molecular features from 14 TCGA tumor types selected in this study.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Group lasso overcame the overfitting of GDP training for simulated data with group information as seen in the GDP training process comparison among three different types of regularization methods: (<b>A</b>) group lasso, (<b>B</b>) lasso, and (<b>C</b>) no regularization. One training step is one round of GDP training with 50 randomized samples fed in batch as input, and the model trained after each step was evaluated on training, validation, and testing data. The biggest overfitting gap between testing data and training data was observed in the training process without regularization. Both lasso and group lasso reduced the overfitting gap, and the latter of which more significantly improved the survival prediction accuracy in the testing data (c-index approaches 0.8). For simulation details, see simulation s1 in <a href="#app1-genes-10-00240" class="html-app">Table S2</a>.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Group lasso regularization method achieved higher survival prediction accuracy than the lasso regularization method. (<b>A</b>) Grid search of the best hyper-parameters evaluated on validation data. GDP with group lasso regularization (red) was compared to both of GDP with lasso regularization (green) and no regularization (blue). Group lasso performed best at a scale of 16 (red box), while lasso performed best at a scale of 0.5 (green box). (<b>B</b>) Group lasso performed significantly better than both of lasso and no regularization on testing data. The <span class="html-italic">p</span>-values based on a two-sided <span class="html-italic">t</span>-test between different methods were: 0.0078 (group lasso vs lasso), 1.48 × 10<sup>−8</sup> (group lasso vs no regularization), and 7.34 × 10<sup>−5</sup> (lasso vs no regularization). α and scale were the parameters for the regularization terms. α controlled the proportion of group lasso regularization value and scale regulated the proportion of the whole regularization value in the loss function. For simulation details, see s1 in <a href="#app1-genes-10-00240" class="html-app">Table S2</a>. (<b>C</b>) GDP performance comparison for the simulated data with different group sizes under constant number of relevant features. Simulation settings can be found in s2A–E in <a href="#app1-genes-10-00240" class="html-app">Table S2</a>. GDP performed best when the group size was 4 or 8, and performed worst when the group size was 1 (reduced to lasso at group size 1).</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Comparison between GDP and CPH models. C-index comparison between GDP and CPH under different types of feature transformations. Normal: no additional layer of function was applied to the simulation model. Quadratic: quadratic function layer was added to the simulation model. Absolute: absolute function layer was added to the simulation model. Simulation details can be found in S3A–C of <a href="#app1-genes-10-00240" class="html-app">Table S2</a>.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Group lasso performed significantly better regarding survival prediction for GBM, KIRC, and BLCA than the lasso method. GDP survival analysis was done on 14 tumor types from TCGA (<a href="#genes-10-00240-t001" class="html-table">Table 1</a>). The group lasso method was compared to lasso and no regularization scenarios. For each tumor type datasets, 20% of the data was kept as testing datasets, and 80% of them was used for training and evaluation. Among this 80%, 75% was used for training and 25% was used for cross-evaluation.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Collection
2.2. TCGA Data Preprocessing
2.3. Data Simulation
2.4. GDP Model
2.5. Model Training
2.6. Model Evaluation and Feature Selection
2.7. Availabilities of Software
3. Results
3.1. Group Lasso Prevents Overfitting During GDP Training
3.2. Group Lasso Performed Better than Lasso Regularization on the Simulated Time-To-Event Data with Group Prior Knowledge
3.3. Influence of Group Size on the Performance of GDP Survival Prediction
3.4. GDP Performed Better than CPH under Complex Simulations
3.5. GDP Performances on TCGA Cancer Data
4. Discussions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
Lasso | Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator |
TCGA | The Cancer Genome Atlas |
C-index | Concordance index |
CPH | Cox proportional hazard model |
NSS | Non-linear survival simulation |
LSS | Linear survival simulation |
CNV | Copy number variation |
GDP | Group lasso regularized deep learning for the survival prediction in cancer patients |
TRIPOD | Transparent Reporting of a multivariable prediction model for Individual Prognosis Or Diagnosis |
iCAGES | Integrated CAncer Genome Score |
GISTIC | Genomic Identification of Significant Targets in Cancer |
GDAC | Genome Data Analysis Center |
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Sample Availability: The R scripts for survival data simulation and the GDP python package can be found in GitHub (https://github.com/WGLab/GDP). |
Tumor Name | Tumor Full Name | # of Patients | # Censored |
---|---|---|---|
GBM | Glioblastoma multiforme | 579 | 101 |
OV | Ovarian serous cystadenocarcinoma | 571 | 232 |
KIRC | Kidney renal clear cell carcinoma | 532 | 355 |
HNSC | Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma | 528 | 304 |
LUAD | Lung adenocarcinoma | 507 | 322 |
LUSC | Lung squamous cell carcinoma | 504 | 284 |
SKCM | Skin cutaneous melanoma | 469 | 249 |
STAD | Stomach adenocarcinoma | 443 | 270 |
BLCA | Bladder urothelial carcinoma | 409 | 229 |
LIHC | Liver hepatocellular carcinoma | 377 | 245 |
SARC | Sarcoma | 261 | 162 |
LAML | Acute myeloid leukemia | 198 | 66 |
PAAD | Pancreatic adenocarcinoma | 185 | 85 |
ESCA | Esophageal carcinoma | 185 | 108 |
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Xie, G.; Dong, C.; Kong, Y.; Zhong, J.F.; Li, M.; Wang, K. Group Lasso Regularized Deep Learning for Cancer Prognosis from Multi-Omics and Clinical Features. Genes 2019, 10, 240. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes10030240
Xie G, Dong C, Kong Y, Zhong JF, Li M, Wang K. Group Lasso Regularized Deep Learning for Cancer Prognosis from Multi-Omics and Clinical Features. Genes. 2019; 10(3):240. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes10030240
Chicago/Turabian StyleXie, Gangcai, Chengliang Dong, Yinfei Kong, Jiang F. Zhong, Mingyao Li, and Kai Wang. 2019. "Group Lasso Regularized Deep Learning for Cancer Prognosis from Multi-Omics and Clinical Features" Genes 10, no. 3: 240. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes10030240