ACC Deaminase Producing PGPR Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and Agrobacterium fabrum along with Biochar Improve Wheat Productivity under Drought Stress
<p>Effect of <span class="html-italic">Agrobacterium fabrum</span>, <span class="html-italic">Bacillus amyloliquefaciens</span> with/without biochar (30 Mg ha<sup>−1</sup>) on grains yield (tons acre<sup>−1</sup>) in wheat cultivated in drought-stressed field conditions.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Effect of <span class="html-italic">Agrobacterium fabrum</span>, <span class="html-italic">Bacillus amyloliquefaciens</span> with/without biochar (30 Mg ha<sup>−</sup><sup>1</sup>) on straw yield (tons acre<sup>−</sup><sup>1</sup>) in wheat cultivated in drought-stressed field conditions.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Effect of <span class="html-italic">Agrobacterium fabrum</span>, <span class="html-italic">Bacillus amyloliquefaciens</span> with/without biochar (30 Mg ha<sup>−</sup><sup>1</sup>) on biological yield (tons acre<sup>−</sup><sup>1</sup>) in wheat cultivated in drought-stressed field conditions.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
- 1st = 25 days after sowing (Crown root Initiation)
- 2nd = 55 days after sowing (Tillering stage)
- 3rd = 80 days after sowing (Heading stage)
- 4th = 110 days after sowing (Milky stage/soft dough)
3. Results
3.1. Plant Height, Root Length and Spike Length
3.2. Grain, Straw and Biological Yield
3.3. Spikelets Spike−1, Grains Spik−1 and 1000 Grain Weight
3.4. N, P and K Concentration in Grains
3.5. N, P and K Concentration in Shoot
3.6. Gas Exchange Attributes
3.7. Chlorophyll Content
3.8. Electrolyte Leakage
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Soil | Unit | Value | Biochar | Unit | Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sand | % | 55 | pH | - | 7.26 |
Silt | % | 25 | ECe | dS m−1 | 1.22 |
Clay | % | 30 | Volatile Matter | % | 8.96 |
Texture | Sandy Clay Loam | Ash Content | % | 28.9 | |
pHs | - | 8.52 | Fixed Carbon | % | 62.1 |
ECe | dS m−1 | 3.69 | Total N | % | 0.21 |
Organic Matter | % | 0.45 | Total P | % | 0.62 |
Total N | % | 0.02 | Total K | % | 1.61 |
Extractable P | mg kg−1 | 5.26 | Total Na | % | 0.19 |
Extractable K | mg kg−1 | 170 |
Treatments | Plant Height (cm) | Root Length (cm) | Spike Length (cm) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. of Irrigations (I) | ||||||||||||
IE (T × I) | ME (T) | IE (T × I) | ME (T) | IE (T × I) | ME (T) | |||||||
4I | 3I | 2I | 4I | 3I | 2I | 4I | 3I | 2I | ||||
Control | 59.0 d–f | 48.1 g,h | 33.0 i | 46.7 D | 8.82 d–f | 5.65 h,i | 4.46 i | 6.31 D | 5.75 | 4.86 | 4.34 | 4.98 B |
A. fabrum | 65.5 c–f | 58.3 e,f | 40.1 h,i | 54.6 C | 10.1 b–d | 7.08 f–h | 6.22 g–i | 7.79 C | 6.68 | 6.22 | 4.87 | 5.92 A |
B. amyloliquefaciens | 66.2 b–e | 60.0 d–f | 39.6 h,i | 55.3 B,C | 10.3 b–d | 7.46 f–h | 6.36 g,h | 8.03 C | 6.69 | 6.27 | 4.78 | 5.91 A |
BC | 71.2 a–c | 60.9 d–f | 45.6 h | 59.2 B | 11.5 a–c | 9.67 c–e | 7.81 e–g | 9.67 B | 6.67 | 6.46 | 4.96 | 6.03 A |
A. fabrum + BC | 76.8 a | 68.3 a–d | 56.5 f,g | 67.2 A | 12.8 a | 11.2 a–c | 8.46 d–f | 10.8 A | 7.13 | 6.33 | 5.10 | 6.19 A |
B. amyloliquefaciens + BC | 75.5 a,b | 68.3 a–d | 59.7 d–f | 67.8 A | 13.1 a | 11.9 a,b | 8.49 d–f | 11.2 A | 7.12 | 6.55 | 5.05 | 6.24 A |
ME (I) | 69.0 A | 60.7 B | 45.8 C | 11.1 A | 8.83 B | 6.97 C | 6.67 A | 6.1 B | 4.85 C |
Treatments | Spikelets spike−1 | Grains Spike−1 | 1000 Grains Weight (g) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. of Irrigations (I) | ||||||||||||
IE (T × I) | ME (T) | IE (T × I) | ME (T) | IE (T × I) | ME (T) | |||||||
4I | 3I | 2I | 4I | 3I | 2I | 4I | 3I | 2I | ||||
Control | 15.3 | 13.0 | 10.7 | 13.0 D | 37.7 | 27.7 | 22.0 | 29.1 C | 35.3 b–d | 28.2 f,g | 20.2 h | 27.9 C |
A. fabrum | 16.0 | 13.7 | 13.0 | 14.2 C,D | 38.3 | 33.7 | 26.7 | 32.9 B,C | 34.2 c–f | 30.7 c–g | 25.5 g,h | 30.2 B,C |
B. amyloliquefaciens | 16.0 | 13.3 | 12.7 | 14.0 C | 39.3 | 35.0 | 29.7 | 34.7 B | 35.2 b–e | 31.0 c–g | 26.8 g | 31.0 B |
BC | 16.3 | 14.3 | 13.0 | 14.6 B,C | 47.3 | 42.0 | 32.7 | 40.7 A | 36.3 a–c | 31.1 c–g | 29.4 d–f | 32.3 B |
A. fabrum + BC | 17.0 | 15.3 | 14.3 | 15.6 A,B | 45.3 | 40.7 | 39.0 | 41.7 A | 42.5 a | 34.7 b–e | 29.4 d–f | 35.5 A |
B. amyloliquefaciens + BC | 17.3 | 15.7 | 15.3 | 16.1 A | 49.0 | 43.0 | 39.3 | 43.8 A | 40.8 a,b | 36.5 a–c | 28.9 e–f | 35.4 A |
ME (I) | 16.3 A | 14.2 B | 13.2 C | 42.8 A | 37.0 B | 31.6 C | 37.4 A | 32.0 B | 26.7 C |
Treatments | Grains Nitrogen (%) | Grains Phosphorus (%) | Grains Potassium (%) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. of Irrigations (I) | ||||||||||||
IE (T × I) | ME (T) | IE (T × I) | ME (T) | IE (T × I) | ME (T) | |||||||
4I | 3I | 2I | 4I | 3I | 2I | 4I | 3I | 2I | ||||
Control | 2.58 a–e | 1.99 h–j | 1.54 k | 2.04 D | 0.66 d–g | 0.43 i | 0.25 j | 0.44 D | 0.50 b–e | 0.45 e | 0.31 f | 0.42 D |
A. fabrum | 2.78 a,b | 2.21 f–i | 1.79 j,k | 2.26 C | 0.71 c–f | 0.60 f–h | 0.45 i | 0.59 C | 0.55 a–c | 0.47 d,e | 0.43 e | 0.48 C |
B. amyloliquefaciens | 2.73 a–c | 2.33 e–h | 1.86 i–k | 2.31 C | 0.75 a–e | 0.61 e–h | 0.48 h,i | 0.61 B,C | 0.56 a–c | 0.48 c–e | 0.46 e | 0.50 C |
BC | 2.74 a–c | 2.55 b–f | 2.13 g–j | 2.47 B | 0.78 a–d | 0.68 c–g | 0.54 g–i | 0.67 B | 0.58 a | 0.50 b–e | 0.46 e | 0.51 B,C |
A. fabrum + BC | 2.87 a,b | 2.68 a–d | 2.33 d–h | 2.63 A,B | 0.87 a,b | 0.73 b–f | 0.62 e–h | 0.74 A | 0.60 a | 0.54 a–d | 0.49 c–e | 0.55 A,B |
B. amyloliquefaciens + BC | 2.92 a | 2.76 a–c | 2.42 c–g | 2.70 A | 0.87 a | 0.82 a–c | 0.66 d–g | 0.78 A | 0.61 a | 0.57 a,b | 0.50 b–e | 0.56 A |
ME (I) | 2.77 A | 2.42 B | 2.01 C | 0.77 A | 0.65 B | 0.50 C | 0.57 A | 0.50 B | 0.44 C |
Treatments | Shoot Nitrogen (%) | Shoot Phosphorus (%) | Shoot Potassium (%) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. of Irrigations (I) | |||||||||
IE (T × I) | ME (T) | IE (T × I) | ME (T) | IE (T × I) | ME (T) | ||||
4I | 3I | 4I | 3I | 4I | 3I | ||||
Control | 1.88 a | 1.33 c | 1.60 B | 0.42 | 0.26 | 0.34 C | 1.85 | 1.56 | 1.71 D |
A. fabrum | 1.85 a | 1.58 b,c | 1.71 A,B | 0.46 | 0.36 | 0.41 B | 2.20 | 1.97 | 2.09 C |
B. amyloliquefaciens | 1.85 a | 1.57 b,c | 1.71 A,B | 0.45 | 0.38 | 0.42 B | 2.20 | 2.01 | 2.11 C |
BC | 1.88 a | 1.59 b | 1.73 A,B | 0.48 | 0.42 | 0.45 A,B | 2.56 | 2.17 | 2.37 B |
BC + A. fabrum | 1.93 a | 1.75 a,b | 1.84 A | 0.51 | 0.43 | 0.47 A | 2.69 | 2.47 | 2.58 A |
BC + B. amyloliquefaciens | 1.94 a | 1.75 a,b | 1.85 A | 0.53 | 0.45 | 0.49 A | 2.68 | 2.44 | 2.56 A |
ME (I) | 1.89 A | 1.59 B | 0.47 A | 0.39 B | 2.37 A | 2.10 B |
Treatments | Photosynthetic Rate (µmol (CO2) m−2 s−1) | Transpiration Rate (mmol (H2O) m−2 s−1) | Stomatal Conductance (µmol (CO2) m−2 s−1) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. of Irrigations (I) | |||||||||
IE (T × I) | ME | IE (T × I) | ME (T) | IE (T × I) | ME (T) | ||||
4I | 3I | (T) | 4I | 3I | 4I | 3I | |||
Control | 14.5 | 9.07 | 11.8 C | 4.35 | 2.97 | 3.66 D | 150.7 | 105.3 | 128.0 C |
A. fabrum | 16.1 | 10.7 | 13.4 C | 4.90 | 4.23 | 4.56 C | 148.3 | 125.7 | 137.0 C |
B. amyloliquefaciens | 15.9 | 10.1 | 13.0 B,C | 5.41 | 4.17 | 4.79 B,C | 166.7 | 127.7 | 147.2 B,C |
BC | 17.4 | 13.5 | 15.5 A,B | 6.27 | 4.64 | 5.46 B | 181.3 | 145.0 | 163.2 A,B |
A. fabrum + BC | 18.6 | 15.6 | 17.1 A | 7.35 | 5.85 | 6.60 A | 193.0 | 156.3 | 174.7 A |
B. amyloliquefaciens + BC | 19.1 | 15.8 | 17.5 A | 7.86 | 5.43 | 6.64 A | 193.3 | 172.3 | 182.8 A |
ME (I) | 16.9 A | 12.5 B | 6.02 A | 4.55 B | 172.2 A | 138.7 B |
Treatments | Chlorophyll a (mg g−1) | Chlorophyll b (mg g−1) | Total Chlorophyll (mg g−1) | Electrolyte Leakage (%) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. of Irrigations (I) | ||||||||||||
IE (T × I) | ME (T) | IE (T × I) | ME (T) | IE (T × I) | ME (T) | IE (T × I) | ME (T) | |||||
4I | 3I | 4I | 3I | 4I | 3I | 4I | 3I | |||||
Control | 0.87 | 0.68 | 0.77 C | 0.42 | 0.34 | 0.38 C | 1.29 | 1.02 | 1.15 C | 41.0 | 59.3 | 50.2 A |
A. fabrum | 0.91 | 0.78 | 0.85 B,C | 0.47 | 0.39 | 0.43 B,C | 1.38 | 1.17 | 1.28 B,C | 40.3 | 55.3 | 47.8 A,B |
B. amyloliquefaciens | 0.90 | 0.78 | 0.84 B,C | 0.48 | 0.38 | 0.43 B,C | 1.37 | 1.16 | 1.27 B,C | 41.3 | 54.0 | 47.7 A,B |
BC | 0.99 | 0.85 | 0.92 B | 0.48 | 0.42 | 0.45 B | 1.47 | 1.27 | 1.37 B | 41.0 | 47.0 | 44.0 A,B |
A. fabrum + BC | 1.16 | 0.98 | 1.07 A | 0.53 | 0.45 | 0.49 A,B | 1.68 | 1.44 | 1.56 A | 39.0 | 41.0 | 40.0 B |
B. amyloliquefaciens + BC | 1.10 | 1.06 | 1.08 A | 0.59 | 0.49 | 0.54 A | 1.69 | 1.55 | 1.62 A | 37.0 | 42.3 | 39.7 B |
ME (I) | 0.99 A | 0.86 B | 0.49 A | 0.41 B | 1.48 A | 1.27 B | 39.9 B | 49.8 A |
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Zafar-ul-Hye, M.; Danish, S.; Abbas, M.; Ahmad, M.; Munir, T.M. ACC Deaminase Producing PGPR Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and Agrobacterium fabrum along with Biochar Improve Wheat Productivity under Drought Stress. Agronomy 2019, 9, 343. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9070343
Zafar-ul-Hye M, Danish S, Abbas M, Ahmad M, Munir TM. ACC Deaminase Producing PGPR Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and Agrobacterium fabrum along with Biochar Improve Wheat Productivity under Drought Stress. Agronomy. 2019; 9(7):343. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9070343
Chicago/Turabian StyleZafar-ul-Hye, Muhammad, Subhan Danish, Mazhar Abbas, Maqshoof Ahmad, and Tariq Muhammad Munir. 2019. "ACC Deaminase Producing PGPR Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and Agrobacterium fabrum along with Biochar Improve Wheat Productivity under Drought Stress" Agronomy 9, no. 7: 343. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9070343
APA StyleZafar-ul-Hye, M., Danish, S., Abbas, M., Ahmad, M., & Munir, T. M. (2019). ACC Deaminase Producing PGPR Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and Agrobacterium fabrum along with Biochar Improve Wheat Productivity under Drought Stress. Agronomy, 9(7), 343. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9070343