Prevention of Sunlight-Induced Cell Damage by Selective Blue-Violet-Light-Filtering Lenses in A2E-Loaded Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells
<p>Tailored light set-up for simulating sunlight exposure at the retinal level. The light device consists of four units: (<b>A</b>) the lighting unit housing the light source; (<b>B</b>) the digital micromirror device which regulates both power and spectrum; (<b>C</b>) the optical unit separating the beam into four identical beams with the same optical power; and (<b>D</b>) the homogenizing unit. All units but the homogenizing unit are placed outside of the cell incubator to avoid heating and vibrations. The device enables exposure of a 96-well plate, divided into four sections of 16 wells each. Irradiance levels and homogeneity among the subdivision of the cell plate were monitored before and after each experiment, using a calibrated spectroradiometer. Additionally, light delivered by the custom-made device was continuously monitored using a calibrated photodiode. The current of the Xenon source was adjusted to stabilize the light level. The custom-made visible-light source can be spectrally adjusted to replicate the solar spectrum across 400–600 nm, weighted by eye media filtering (<b>E</b>).</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Evaluation of markers of cell damage in A2E-loaded cells exposed to simulated daylight. A2E-loaded RPE cells were exposed to simulated daylight at retinal level for 18 h before evaluation of apoptosis (<span class="html-italic">n</span> = 21 experiments; per experiment, 1 condition averaged on at least 12 wells). For each condition, applied light irradiances are expressed as mean +/− SEM in mW/cm<sup>2</sup>; with the grey symbol ο. (<b>A</b>,<b>B</b>), hydrogen peroxide (<span class="html-italic">n</span> = 8 experiments; per experiment, 1 condition averaged on at least 12 wells) (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, <b>C</b>,<b>D</b>) and mitochondrial membrane potential (<span class="html-italic">n</span> = 4 experiments; 1 condition averaged on at least 12 wells) (MMP, <b>E</b>,<b>F</b>). Each marker was evaluated in darkness with and without A2E incubation and after light exposure in RPE cells incubated with 0 or 20 µM A2E. Data were either normalized to dark control with 0 µM A2E (<b>A</b>,<b>C</b>,<b>D</b>) or to dark control with 20 µM A2E (<b>B</b>,<b>D</b>,<b>F</b>). Data are expressed as mean +/− SEM. Two-way ANOVA with repeated measures and Tukey post hoc tests were used to compare variances between groups at each A2E concentration. Differences between sample and dark control were considered significant when <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05 (*), or <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.001 (***).</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Characterization of five blue-light-filtering lenses. Filters were characterized by their appearance (<b>A</b>), their technology and optical properties (<b>B</b>), and their spectral transmittance across 400–600 nm (<b>C</b>). EPS and BA40 utilize narrow absorptive dyes, PUV functions as a longpass blue-light absorber, MOF is an interferential bandstop filter, and Y-IOL is a broadband absorptive filter. EPS, PUV, BA40, and MOF are selective blue-violet light filters (400–455 nm), whereas Y-IOL absorbs light smoothly across the entire blue-light range (400–500 nm).</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Photoprotection of filters in A2E-loaded cells exposed to simulated daylight. A2E-loaded RPE cells were exposed to simulated daylight at retinal level for 18 h without filter or with filter (EPS, PUV, BA40, MOF, or Y-IOL) before evaluation of apoptosis (<b>A</b>), hydrogen peroxide (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, <b>B</b>), and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP, <b>C</b>). Data are expressed as mean +/− SEM. Data are normalized to dark control with 20 µM A2E. One-way ANOVA with repeated measures and post hoc Dunnett unilateral test were used to compare variance of all light-exposed groups with filters to the light condition without filter at 20 µM of A2E. Differences between sample and light without filter were considered significant when <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05 (*), <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.01 (**), or <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.001 (***). One-way ANOVA with repeated measures and Tukey post hoc tests were used to compare variances between light conditions with filters. Differences between filters were considered significant when <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05 (#), or <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.01 (##).</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Photoprotection as a function of filtering properties. Photoprotection rates obtained with each filter against light-induced apoptosis (dotted lines in <b>A</b>,<b>B</b>) and H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> (gray lines in <b>A</b>,<b>B</b>) were plotted as a function of (<b>A</b>) their blue-violet reduction across 400–455 nm, expressed as BVC(B’), and (<b>B</b>) their average blue-light reduction across 400–500 nm. Each selective blue-violet filter is represented by a circle (EPS, PUV, BA40, and MOF), while Y-IOL is represented by a triangle to distinguish it as the only broadband filter. Each filter is depicted with a distinct color: EPS in light violet, PUV in gray, BA40 in vivid violet, MOF in blue, and Y-IOL in orange. (<b>A</b>) Increasing blue-violet reduction (400–455 nm) resulted in higher photoprotection, positioning MOF last after Y-IOL on the curves. (<b>B</b>) Conversely, an increasing average blue reduction (400–500 nm) did not consistently lead to increased photoprotection, as evidenced by MOF being positioned ahead of Y-IOL on the curve.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Cell Model
2.2. Tailor-Made Adjustable Light Device
2.3. Blue-Light-Filtering Optical Lenses
2.4. Light Exposure
2.5. Apoptosis
2.6. Hydrogen Peroxide
2.7. Mitochondrial Membrane Potential
2.8. Photoprotection Potency of Filters
2.9. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Tailored Light Set-Up for Simulating Sunlight Exposure at the Retinal Level
3.2. Sunlight-Induced Toxicity in A2E-Loaded RPE Cells
3.3. Blue-Light-Filtering Optical Lenses
3.4. Photoprotection by Blue-Light-Filtering Lenses
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
6. Patents
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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EPS | PUV | BA40 | MOF | Y-IOL | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Blue-violet cut BVC(B’) CUT 400–455 nm % | 25 | 30 | 40 | 80 | 70 |
CUT 400–500 nm % | 12 | 24 | 18 | 40 | 55 |
CUT 425 nm % | 32 | 28 | 65 | 100 | 70 |
CUT 435 nm % | 15 | 8 | 20 | 94 | 70 |
PHOTOPROTECTION % (calculated as described in Section 2) | |||||
For apoptosis | 44 | 44 | 47 | 91 | 69 |
For H2O2 | 28 | 30 | 38 | 69 | 62 |
For PMM | 14 | Not tested | 27 | 73 | 63 |
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Barrau, C.; Marie, M.; Ehrismann, C.; Gondouin, P.; Sahel, J.-A.; Villette, T.; Picaud, S. Prevention of Sunlight-Induced Cell Damage by Selective Blue-Violet-Light-Filtering Lenses in A2E-Loaded Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells. Antioxidants 2024, 13, 1195. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13101195
Barrau C, Marie M, Ehrismann C, Gondouin P, Sahel J-A, Villette T, Picaud S. Prevention of Sunlight-Induced Cell Damage by Selective Blue-Violet-Light-Filtering Lenses in A2E-Loaded Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells. Antioxidants. 2024; 13(10):1195. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13101195
Chicago/Turabian StyleBarrau, Coralie, Mélanie Marie, Camille Ehrismann, Pauline Gondouin, José-Alain Sahel, Thierry Villette, and Serge Picaud. 2024. "Prevention of Sunlight-Induced Cell Damage by Selective Blue-Violet-Light-Filtering Lenses in A2E-Loaded Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells" Antioxidants 13, no. 10: 1195. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13101195