Article

Free access

System architecture directions for networked sensors

Authors:

Robert Szewczyk,

Kristofer PisterAuthors Info & Claims

ASPLOS IX: Proceedings of the ninth international conference on Architectural support for programming languages and operating systems

Pages 93 - 104

https://doi.org/10.1145/378993.379006

Published: 12 November 2000 Publication History

Abstract

Technological progress in integrated, low-power, CMOS communication devices and sensors makes a rich design space of networked sensors viable. They can be deeply embedded in the physical world and spread throughout our environment like smart dust. The missing elements are an overall system architecture and a methodology for systematic advance. To this end, we identify key requirements, develop a small device that is representative of the class, design a tiny event-driven operating system, and show that it provides support for efficient modularity and concurrency-intensive operation. Our operating system fits in 178 bytes of memory, propagates events in the time it takes to copy 1.25 bytes of memory, context switches in the time it takes to copy 6 bytes of memory and supports two level scheduling. The analysis lays a groundwork for future architectural advances.

References

[1]

Atmel AT91 Arm Thumb. http://www.atmel.com/atmel/products/prod35.htm.

[2]

Atmel AVR 8-Bit RISC processor. http://www.atmel.com/atmel/products/prod23.htm.

[3]

Microware Ariel Technical Overview. http://www.microware.com/ProductsServices/ Technologies/ariel_technology_brief.html.

[4]

PalmOS Software 3.5 Overview. http://www.palm.com/devzone/docs/palmos35.html.

[5]

Pico Radio. http: //bwrc.eecs.berkeley.edu/Research/Pico_Radio/.

[6]

Pister, K.S.J. Smart Dust. http://www.atmel.com/atmel/products/prod23.htm.

[7]

pOSEK, A super-small, scalable real-time operating system for high-volume, deeply embedded applications. http://www.isi.com/products/posek/index.htm.

[8]

pSOSystem Datasheet. http://www.windriver.com/ products/html/psosystem_ds.html.

[9]

Real-Time Consult. http://www.realtime-info.com/ encyc/market/rtos/eval_introduction.htm.

[10]

RF Monolithics. http://www.rfm.com/products/data/tr1000.pdf.

[11]

The Official Bluetooth Website. http://www.bluetooth.com.

[12]

uClinux, The Linux/Microcontroller Project. http://www.uclinux.org/.

[13]

VxWorks 5.4 Datasheet. http://www.windriver.com/ products/html/vxwks54_ds.html.

[14]

Anant Agarwal, Geoffrey D'Souza, Kirk Johnson, David Kranz, John Kubiatowicz, Kiyoshi Kurihara, Beng-Hong Lim, Gino Maa, Daniel Nussbaum, Mike Parkin, and Donald Yeung. The MIT alewife machine : A large-scale distributed-memory multiprocessor. In Proceedings of Workshop on Scalable Shared Memory Multiprocessors. Kluwer Academic, 1991.

[15]

B. Atwood, B.Warneke, and K.S.J. Pister. Preliminary circuits for smart dust. In Proceedings of the 2000 Southwest Symposium on Mixed-Signal Design, San Diego, California, February 27-29 2000.

[16]

F. Bennett, D. Clarke, J. Evans, A. Hopper, A. Jones, and D. Leask. Piconet: Embedded mobile networking, 1997.

[17]

M. Chiodo. Synthesis of software programs for embedded control applications, 1995.

[18]

Chu, P.B., Lo, N.R., Berg, E., Pister, K.S.J. Optical communication link using micromachined corner cuber re ectors. In Proceedings of SPIE vol.3008-20., 1997.

[19]

Microsoft Corp. Microsoft Windows CE. http://www.microsoft.com/windowsce/embedded/.

[20]

D. Culler, J. Singh, and A. Gupta. Parallel computer architecture a hardware/software approach, 1999.

Digital Library

[21]

R. Esser and R. Knecht. Intel Paragon XP/S - architecture and software environment. Technical Report KFA-ZAM-IB-9305, 1993.

[22]

D. Culler et. al. Fine grain parallelism with minimal hardware support: A compiler-controlled treaded abstract machine. In Proceedings of 4th International Conference on Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating Systems, April 1991.

Digital Library

[23]

R.D. Blumofe et. al. Cilk: An efficient multithreaded runtime system. In Proceedings of the Fifth ACM SIGPLAN Symposium on Principles and Practice of Parallel Programming (PPoPP), pages 207-216, Santa Barbara, California, July 1995.

Digital Library

[24]

Richard G. Guy, John S. Heidemann, Wai Mak, Thomas W. Page Jr., Gerald J. Popek, and Dieter Rothmeier. Implementation of the ficus replicated file system. In Proceedings of the Summer USENIX Conference, pages pages 63-71, Anaheim, CA, June 1990.

[25]

J. S. Heidemann and G. J. Popek. File-system development with stackable layers. In ACM Transactions on Computer Systems, pages 12(1):58-89, Feb. 1994.

Digital Library

[26]

Dan Hildebrand. An Architectural Overview of QNX. http://www.qnx.com/literature/whitepapers/ archoverview.html.

[27]

M. Homewood and M. McLaren. Meiko cs-2 interconnect elan-elite design, 1993.

[28]

James Hu, Irfan Pyarali, and Douglas C. Schmidt. Measuring the impact of event dispatching and concurrency models on web server performance over high-speed networks. In In Proceedings of the 2 nd Global Internet Conference. IEEE, November 1997.

[29]

N. C. Hutchinson and L. L. Peterson. The x-kernel: An architecture for implementing network protocols. In IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, pages 17(1):64-76, Jan. 1991.

Digital Library

[30]

Barry Kauler. CREEM Concurrent Realitme Embedded Executive for Microcontrollers. http://www.goofee.com/creem.htm.

[31]

J. Kymissis, C. Kendall, J. Paradiso, and N. Gershenfeld. Parasitic power harvesting in shoes. In Proc. of the Second IEEE International Conference on Wearable Computing (ISWC), IEEE Computer Society Press, pages pp. 132-139, October 1998.

Digital Library

[32]

QNX Software Systems Ltd. QNX Neutrino Realtime OS. http://www.qnx.com/products/os/neutrino.html.

[33]

James McLurkin. Algorithms for distributed sensor networks. In Masters Thesis for Electrical Engineering at the Univeristy of California, Berkeley, December 1999.

[34]

Microware. Microware OS-9. http://www.microware. com/ProductsServices/Technologies/os-91.html.

[35]

A. B. Montz, D. Mosberger, S. W. O'Malley, L. L. Peterson, and T. A. Proebsting. Scout: A communications-oriented operating system. In Hot OS, May 1995.

Digital Library

[36]

T. Pering, T. Burd, and R. Brodersen. The simulation and evaluation of dynamic voltage scaling algorithms. In Proc. Int'l Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design, pages pp. 76-81, Aug. 1998.

Digital Library

[37]

K. S. J. Pister, J. M. Kahn, and B. E. Boser. Smart dust: Wireless networks of millimeter-scale sensor nodes, 1999.

[38]

G. Pottie, W. Kaiser, L. Clare, and H. Marcy. Wireless integrated network sensors, 1998.

[39]

Philips Semiconductors. The i2c-bus specification, version 2.1. http://www-us.semiconductors.com/ acrobat/various/I2C_BUS_SPECIFICATION_3.pdf, 2000.

[40]

I. Standard. Real-time extensions to posix, 1991.

[41]

EMJ EMBEDDED SYSTEMS. White Dwarf Linux. http://www.emjembedded.com/linux/dimmpc.html.

[42]

T. von Eicken, D. Culler, S. Goldstein, and K. Schauser. Active messages: a mechanism for integrated communication and computation, 1992.

[43]

R. Want and A. Hopper. Active badges and personal interactive computing objects, 1992.

[44]

M. Weiser, B. Welch, A. Demers, and S. Shenker. Scheduling for reduced cpu energy. In Proceedings of the First Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI), pages 13-23.

Digital Library

Cited By

Lee J(2024)Clustering Uniformity Methods for Energy Efficiency in Wireless Sensor NetworksJournal of Machine and Computing10.53759/7669/jmc202404070(748-758)Online publication date: 5-Jul-2024
https://doi.org/10.53759/7669/jmc202404070
Bose SChowdhury AMukherjee N(2024)Scheduling periodic sensors for instantaneous aggregated traffic minimizationWireless Networks10.1007/s11276-024-03722-430:5(3257-3268)Online publication date: 17-Apr-2024
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11276-024-03722-4
Audrito GTerraneo FFornaciari W(2023)FCPP+Miosix: Scaling Aggregate Programming to Embedded SystemsIEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems10.1109/TPDS.2022.323263334:3(869-880)Online publication date: 1-Mar-2023
https://doi.org/10.1109/TPDS.2022.3232633
Show More Cited By

Recommendations

System architecture directions for networked sensors

Technological progress in integrated, low-power, CMOS communication devices and sensors makes a rich design space of networked sensors viable. They can be deeply embedded in the physical world and spread throughout our environment like smart dust. The ...
System architecture directions for networked sensors

Technological progress in integrated, low-power, CMOS communication devices and sensors makes a rich design space of networked sensors viable. They can be deeply embedded in the physical world and spread throughout our environment like smart dust. The ...
NAND flash memory system based on the Harvard buffer architecture for multimedia applications

The main purpose of this research is to design a new memory architecture for NAND flash memory to provide XIP (execute in place) for code execution as well as overcome the biggest bottleneck for data execution. NOR flash for multimedia application is ...

Comments

Please enable JavaScript to view thecomments powered by Disqus.

Information & Contributors

Information

Published In

cover image ACM Conferences

ASPLOS IX: Proceedings of the ninth international conference on Architectural support for programming languages and operating systems

November 2000

271 pages

ISBN:1581133170

DOI:10.1145/378993

Chairmen:
Larry Rudolph
MIT, Cambridge, MA
,
Anoop Gupta
Microsoft

ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review Volume 34, Issue 5
Dec. 2000
269 pages
ISSN:0163-5980
DOI:10.1145/384264
Chairman:
William E. Weihl
Akami technologies, Inc., San Mateo, CA
Issue’s Table of Contents
ACM SIGARCH Computer Architecture News Volume 28, Issue 5
Special Issue: Proceedings of the ninth international conference on Architectural support for programming languages and operating systems (ASPLOS '00)
Dec. 2000
269 pages
ISSN:0163-5964
DOI:10.1145/378995
Editor:
Doug DeGroot
Dallas, TX
Issue’s Table of Contents

Copyright © 2000 ACM.

Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected]

Sponsors

Publisher

Association for Computing Machinery

New York, NY, United States

Publication History

Published: 12 November 2000

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Request Permissions

Check for updates

Qualifiers

Article

Conference

ASPLOS00

Sponsor:

ASPLOS00: ASPLOS 2000 Conference

Massachusetts, Cambridge, USA

Acceptance Rates

ASPLOS IX Paper Acceptance Rate 24 of 114 submissions, 21%;

Overall Acceptance Rate 535 of 2,713 submissions, 20%

Upcoming Conference

Contributors

Other Metrics

View Article Metrics

Bibliometrics & Citations

Bibliometrics

Article Metrics

2,194
Total Citations
View Citations
5,966
Total Downloads

Downloads (Last 12 months)164
Downloads (Last 6 weeks)22

Reflects downloads up to 10 Nov 2024

Other Metrics

View Author Metrics

Citations

Cited By

Lee J(2024)Clustering Uniformity Methods for Energy Efficiency in Wireless Sensor NetworksJournal of Machine and Computing10.53759/7669/jmc202404070(748-758)Online publication date: 5-Jul-2024
https://doi.org/10.53759/7669/jmc202404070
Bose SChowdhury AMukherjee N(2024)Scheduling periodic sensors for instantaneous aggregated traffic minimizationWireless Networks10.1007/s11276-024-03722-430:5(3257-3268)Online publication date: 17-Apr-2024
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11276-024-03722-4
Audrito GTerraneo FFornaciari W(2023)FCPP+Miosix: Scaling Aggregate Programming to Embedded SystemsIEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems10.1109/TPDS.2022.323263334:3(869-880)Online publication date: 1-Mar-2023
https://doi.org/10.1109/TPDS.2022.3232633
Jansen MAl-Dulaimy APapadopoulos ATrivedi AIosup A(2023)The SPEC-RG Reference Architecture for The Compute Continuum2023 IEEE/ACM 23rd International Symposium on Cluster, Cloud and Internet Computing (CCGrid)10.1109/CCGrid57682.2023.00051(469-484)Online publication date: May-2023
https://doi.org/10.1109/CCGrid57682.2023.00051
Fahmy HFahmy H(2023)Cross-Layer Protocols for WSNsConcepts, Applications, Experimentation and Analysis of Wireless Sensor Networks10.1007/978-3-031-20709-9_6(345-412)Online publication date: 14-Feb-2023
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-20709-9_6
Fahmy HFahmy H(2023)Transport Protocols for WSNsConcepts, Applications, Experimentation and Analysis of Wireless Sensor Networks10.1007/978-3-031-20709-9_5(311-343)Online publication date: 14-Feb-2023
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-20709-9_5
Navarro-Modesto ENavarro-Camba ESegura-Garcia JFelici-Castell SPerez-Solano JPinto Jdo Nascimento RFelici-Castell SSamper Zapater J(2022)Further aspects of Stochastic Cooperative BeamformingProceedings of the 11th Euro American Conference on Telematics and Information Systems10.1145/3544538.3544656(1-6)Online publication date: 1-Jun-2022
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3544538.3544656
Bettahar MLouazani ASekhri L(2022)Secure Smart Home Access Control System Using Blockchain Technology2022 First International Conference on Computer Communications and Intelligent Systems (I3CIS)10.1109/I3CIS56626.2022.10075921(19-24)Online publication date: 22-Nov-2022
https://doi.org/10.1109/I3CIS56626.2022.10075921
Yan XZhou JHuang HWu CSun LSong A(2022)A weighted range‐free localization algorithm for irregular multihop networksInternational Journal of Communication Systems10.1002/dac.515335:10Online publication date: 23-Mar-2022
https://doi.org/10.1002/dac.5153
Chiang HAyers HGiffin DLevy ALevis P(2021)Power Clocks: Dynamic Multi-Clock Management for Embedded SystemsProceedings of the 2021 International Conference on Embedded Wireless Systems and Networks10.5555/3451271.3451284(139-150)Online publication date: 20-Feb-2021
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.5555/3451271.3451284
Show More Cited By

View Options

View options

PDF

View or Download as a PDF file.

eReader

View online with eReader.

Get Access

Login options

Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.

Full Access

Get this Publication

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

View Table of Contents