Nothing Special   »   [go: up one dir, main page]

skip to main content
10.1145/3629606.3629624acmotherconferencesArticle/Chapter ViewAbstractPublication Pageschinese-chiConference Proceedingsconference-collections
research-article

Exploring Older People's Preferences in the Design Features of Virtual Agents: A Comprehensive Analysis

Published: 27 February 2024 Publication History

Abstract

By engaging users through natural language and nonverbal cues, virtual agents have demonstrated their potential to offer convenient and efficient support to older individuals in various scenarios. The visual appearance and interactive features of virtual agents are pivotal aspects of human-computer interaction. The main objective of this paper is to establish design guidelines tailored to the preferences of older users. To accomplish this, we began by conducting a com- prehensive case study, reviewing virtual agent designs geared towards older individuals from the past two decades across various databases. These cases were classified into three categories based on the seriousness of virtual agent application scenarios and the smartness of their systems: high seriousness and high smartness, moderate seriousness and high smartness, and low seriousness and low smartness. Subsequently, we identified the design preferences of older users for each category. It’s noteworthy that the case study highlighted a scarcity of research on virtual agent feature preferences for moderate seriousness and high smartness. To address this gap, we further conducted in-depth interviews and integrated the findings with the insights from the case study, providing practical design guidelines for future virtual agents research targeting older users.

References

[1]
Rafayet Ali, Ehsan Hoque, Paul Duberstein, Lenhart Schubert, Seyedeh Zahra Razavi, Benjamin Kane, Caroline Silva, Jennifer S. Daks, Meghan Huang, and Kim Van Orden. 2021. Aging and Engaging: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial of an Online Conversational Skills Coach for Older Adults. The American journal of geriatric psychiatry : official journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry 29, 8 (Aug. 2021), 804–815. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2020.11.004
[2]
Yan Bao, Taoxi Yang, Xiao-Xiong Lin, Yuan Fang, Yi Wang, Ernst Pöppel, and Quan Lei. 2016. Aesthetic Preferences for Eastern and Western Traditional Visual Art: Identity Matters. Frontiers in Psychology 7 (10 2016). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01596
[3]
Moshe Bar, Maital Neta, and Heather Linz. 2006. Very first impressions.Emotion 6, 2 (2006), 269.
[4]
Jenay M Beer, Cory-Ann Smarr, Arthur D Fisk, and Wendy A Rogers. 2015. Younger and older users’ recognition of virtual agent facial expressions. International journal of human-computer studies 75 (2015), 1–20.
[5]
Timothy W. Bickmore, Laura M. Pfeifer, and Brian W. Jack. 2009. Taking the Time to Care: Empowering Low Health Literacy Hospital Patients with Virtual Nurse Agents. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Boston, MA, USA) (CHI ’09). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1265–1274. https://doi.org/10.1145/1518701.1518891
[6]
Roel Boumans, Yana van de Sande, Serge Thill, and Tibor Bosse. 2022. Voice-enabled intelligent virtual agents for people with amnesia: Systematic review. JMIR aging 5, 2 (2022), e32473.
[7]
Sean Bravo, Cedric Herrera, Edward Valdez, Klint Poliquit, Jennifer Ureta, Jocelynn Cu, Judith Azcarraga, and Joanna Rivera. 2020. CATE: An Embodied Conversational Agent for the Elderly. In Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Agents and Artificial Intelligence. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, Valletta, Malta, 941–948. https://doi.org/10.5220/0009174009410948
[8]
Donato M. Cereghetti, Styliani Kleanthous, Christophoros Christophorou, Christiana Tsiourti, Cindy Wings, and Eleni Christodoulou. 2015. Virtual Partners for Seniors: Analysis of the Users’ Preferences and Expectations on Personality and Appearance. In CEUR Workshop Proceedings, Vol. 1528.
[9]
Veena Chattaraman, Wi-Suk Kwon, Juan E. Gilbert, and Yishuang Li. 2014. Virtual Shopping Agents: Persona Effects for Older Users. Journal of Research in Interactive Marketing 8, 2 (Jan. 2014), 144–162. https://doi.org/10.1108/JRIM-08-2013-0054
[10]
Veena Chattaraman, Wi-Suk Kwon, and Juan E. Gilbert. 2012. Virtual Agents in Retail Websites: Benefits of Simulated Social Interaction for Older Users. Computers in Human Behavior 28, 6 (Nov. 2012), 2055–2066. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2012.06.009
[11]
Veena Chattaraman, Wi-Suk Kwon, Juan E. Gilbert, and Soo In Shim. 2011. Virtual Agents in E-commerce: Representational Characteristics for Seniors. Journal of Research in Interactive Marketing 5, 4 (Jan. 2011), 276–297. https://doi.org/10.1108/17505931111191492
[12]
Veena Chattaraman, Wi-Suk Kwon, Juan E. Gilbert, and Kassandra Ross. 2019. Should AI-Based, Conversational Digital Assistants Employ Social- or Task-Oriented Interaction Style? A Task-Competency and Reciprocity Perspective for Older Adults. Computers in Human Behavior 90 (Jan. 2019), 315–330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.08.048
[13]
Aurora Constantin, Catherine Lai, Elaine Farrow, Beatrice Alex, Ruth Pel-Littel, Henk Herman Nap, and Johan Jeuring. 2019. "Why Is the Doctor a Man": Reactions of Older Adults to a Virtual Training Doctor. In Extended Abstracts of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, Glasgow Scotland Uk, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1145/3290607.3312811
[14]
Matthieu Courgeon, Jean-Claude Martin, and Christian Jacquemin. 2008. Marc: a multimodal affective and reactive character. In Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on AFFective Interaction in Natural Environments. 20.
[15]
Amy JC Cuddy, Susan T Fiske, and Peter Glick. 2008. Warmth and competence as universal dimensions of social perception: The stereotype content model and the BIAS map. Advances in experimental social psychology 40 (2008), 61–149.
[16]
Anna Esposito, Terry Amorese, Marialucia Cuciniello, Maria Teresa Riviello, Antonietta M. Esposito, Alda Troncone, and Gennaro Cordasco. 2019. The Dependability of Voice on Elders’ Acceptance of Humanoid Agents. In Interspeech 2019. ISCA, 31–35. https://doi.org/10.21437/Interspeech.2019-1734
[17]
Anna Esposito, Terry Amorese, Marialucia Cuciniello, Maria Teresa Riviello, Antonietta M. Esposito, Alda Troncone, Maria Inés Torres, Stephan Schlögl, and Gennaro Cordasco. 2021. Elder User’s Attitude toward Assistive Virtual Agents: The Role of Voice and Gender. Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing 12, 4 (April 2021), 4429–4436. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12652-019-01423-x
[18]
Susan T Fiske, Amy JC Cuddy, Peter Glick, and Jun Xu. 2018. A model of (often mixed) stereotype content: Competence and warmth respectively follow from perceived status and competition. In Social cognition. Routledge, 162–214.
[19]
Sten Hanke, Emanuel Sandner, Samat Kadyrov, and Andreas Stainer-Hochgatterer. 2016. Daily Life Support at Home through a Virtual Support Partner. In 2nd IET International Conference on Technologies for Active and Assisted Living (TechAAL 2016). 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1049/ic.2016.0058
[20]
Michael D Hanus and Jesse Fox. 2015. Assessing the effects of gamification in the classroom: A longitudinal study on intrinsic motivation, social comparison, satisfaction, effort, and academic performance. Computers & education 80 (2015), 152–161.
[21]
A. Jegundo, C. Dantas, J. Quintas, João Dutra, A. L. Almeida, Hilma Caravau, A. F. Rosa, A. Martins, and Nelson Pacheco Rocha. 2020. Perceived Usefulness, Satisfaction, Ease of Use and Potential of a Virtual Companion to Support the Care Provision for Older Adults. Technologies (2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies8030042
[22]
L Klie. 2010. Are consumers more responsive to male or female voices?Retrieved June 5 (2010), 2016.
[23]
Stefan Kopp, Mara Brandt, Hendrik Buschmeier, Katharina Cyra, Farina Freigang, Nicole Krämer, Franz Kummert, Christiane Opfermann, Karola Pitsch, Lars Schillingmann, Carolin Straßmann, Eduard Wall, and Ramin Yaghoubzadeh. [n. d.]. Conversational Assistants for Elderly Users – The Importance of Socially Cooperative Dialogue. ([n. d.]), 8.
[24]
Lean L. Kramer, Marije Blok, Lex van Velsen, Bob C. Mulder, and Emely de Vet. 2021. Supporting Eating Behaviour of Community-Dwelling Older Adults: Co-Design of an Embodied Conversational Agent. Design for Health 5, 1 (May 2021), 120–139. https://doi.org/10.1080/24735132.2021.1885592
[25]
Wathek Bellah LOUED and Hélène PIGOT. 2016. Emotional Virtual Agent to Improve Ageing in Place with Technology. In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Digital Health Conference(DH ’16). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 169–170. https://doi.org/10.1145/2896338.2896368
[26]
Takahiko Masuda, Richard Gonzalez, Letty Kwan, and Richard E. Nisbett. 2008. Culture and Aesthetic Preference: Comparing the Attention to Context of East Asians and Americans. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 34, 9 (2008), 1260–1275. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167208320555 arXiv:https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167208320555PMID: 18678860.
[27]
Fariba Mostajeran, Nikolaos Katzakis, Oscar Ariza, Jann Philipp Freiwald, and Frank Steinicke. 2019. Welcoming a holographic virtual coach for balance training at home: two focus groups with older adults. In 2019 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR). IEEE, 1465–1470.
[28]
Fariba Mostajeran, Frank Steinicke, Oscar Javier Ariza Nunez, Dimitrios Gatsios, and Dimitrios Fotiadis. 2020. Augmented Reality for Older Adults: Exploring Acceptability of Virtual Coaches for Home-based Balance Training in an Aging Population. In Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, Honolulu HI USA, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1145/3313831.3376565
[29]
Shota Nakatani, Sachio Saiki, Masahide Nakamura, and Kiyoshi Yasuda. 2018. Generating Personalized Virtual Agent in Speech Dialogue System for People with Dementia. In Digital Human Modeling. Applications in Health, Safety, Ergonomics, and Risk Management(Lecture Notes in Computer Science), Vincent G. Duffy (Ed.). Springer International Publishing, Cham, 326–337. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91397-1_27
[30]
Clifford Nass and Youngme Moon. 2000. Machines and mindlessness: Social responses to computers. Journal of social issues 56, 1 (2000), 81–103.
[31]
Dominic Noy, Pedro Ribeiro, and Ido A Iurgel. 2013. Embodied virtual agents as a means to foster e-inclusion of older people. A multimodal end-2-end approach to accessible computing (2013), 135–154.
[32]
Takashi Numata, Yasuhiro Asa, Tomohiro Kitagaki, Takaaki Hashimoto, and Kaori Karasawa. 2019. Young and Elderly Users’ Emotion Recognition of Dynamically Formed Expressions Made by a Non-Human Virtual Agent. In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Human-Agent Interaction(HAI ’19). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 253–255. https://doi.org/10.1145/3349537.3352783
[33]
Pierre Philip, Lucile Dupuy, Marc Auriacombe, Fushia Serre, Etienne de Sevin, Alain Sauteraud, and Jean-Arthur Micoulaud-Franchi. 2020. Trust and Acceptance of a Virtual Psychiatric Interview between Embodied Conversational Agents and Outpatients. npj Digital Medicine 3, 1 (Jan. 2020), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-019-0213-y
[34]
Lazlo Ring, Lin Shi, Kathleen Totzke, and Timothy Bickmore. 2015. Social Support Agents for Older Adults: Longitudinal Affective Computing in the Home. Journal on Multimodal User Interfaces 9, 1 (March 2015), 79–88. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12193-014-0157-0
[35]
Lazlo Ring, Dina Utami, and Timothy Bickmore. 2014. The Right Agent for the Job?. In Intelligent Virtual Agents(Lecture Notes in Computer Science), Timothy Bickmore, Stacy Marsella, and Candace Sidner (Eds.). Springer International Publishing, Cham, 374–384. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-09767-1_49
[36]
Nava A Shaked. 2017. Avatars and virtual agents–relationship interfaces for the elderly. Healthcare technology letters 4, 3 (2017), 83–87.
[37]
Candace L. Sidner, Timothy Bickmore, Bahador Nooraie, Charles Rich, Lazlo Ring, Mahni Shayganfar, and Laura Vardoulakis. 2018. Creating New Technologies for Companionable Agents to Support Isolated Older Adults. ACM Transactions on Interactive Intelligent Systems 8, 3 (Aug. 2018), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1145/3213050
[38]
[38] Jaisie Gi-Zin Sin. [n. d.]. Older Adults’ Acceptance of Virtual Doctors: A Preliminary Investigation. M.I.S.
[39]
Nicole Sträfling, Ivonne Fleischer, Christin Polzer, Detlev Leutner, and Nicole C Krämer. 2010. Teaching learning strategies with a pedagogical agent. Journal of Media Psychology (2010).
[40]
Carolin Straßmann and Nicole C. Krämer. 2017. A Categorization of Virtual Agent Appearances and a Qualitative Study on Age-Related User Preferences. In Intelligent Virtual Agents, Jonas Beskow, Christopher Peters, Ginevra Castellano, Carol O’Sullivan, Iolanda Leite, and Stefan Kopp (Eds.). Springer International Publishing, Cham, 413–422. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67401-8_51
[41]
Silke ter Stal, Marijke Broekhuis, Lex van Velsen, Hermie Hermens, and Monique Tabak. 2020. Embodied Conversational Agent Appearance for Health Assessment of Older Adults: Explorative Study. JMIR Human Factors 7, 3 (Sept. 2020), e19987. https://doi.org/10.2196/19987
[42]
Silke ter Stal, Monique Tabak, Harm op den Akker, Tessa Beinema, and Hermie Hermens. 2020. Who Do You Prefer? The Effect of Age, Gender and Role on Users’ First Impressions of Embodied Conversational Agents in eHealth. International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction 36, 9 (May 2020), 881–892. https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2019.1699744
[43]
Kazunori Terada, Liang Jing, and Seiji Yamada. 2015. Effects of agent appearance on customer buying motivations on online shopping sites. In Proceedings of the 33rd annual acm conference extended abstracts on human factors in computing systems. 929–934.
[44]
Seiki Tokunaga, Kazunari Tamamizu, Sachio Saiki, Masahide Nakamura, and Kiyoshi Yasuda. 2017. VirtualCareGiver: Personalized Smart Elderly Care. International Journal of Software Innovation (IJSI) 5, 1 (2017), 30–43. https://doi.org/10.4018/IJSI.2017010103
[45]
Ilaria Torre, Jeremy Goslin, and Laurence White. 2020. If your device could smile: People trust happy-sounding artificial agents more. Computers in Human Behavior 105 (2020), 106215.
[46]
Christiana Tsiourti, Maher Ben Moussa, João Quintas, Ben Loke, Inge Jochem, Joana Albuquerque Lopes, and Dimitri Konstantas. 2018. A Virtual Assistive Companion for Older Adults: Design Implications for a Real-World Application. In Proceedings of SAI Intelligent Systems Conference (IntelliSys) 2016(Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems), Yaxin Bi, Supriya Kapoor, and Rahul Bhatia (Eds.). Springer International Publishing, Cham, 1014–1033. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56994-9_69
[47]
Christiana Tsiourti, Emilie Joly, Cindy Wings, Maher Ben Moussa, and Katarzyna Wac. 2014. Virtual Assistive Companions for Older Adults: Qualitative Field Study and Design Implications. In Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Pervasive Computing Technologies for Healthcare(PervasiveHealth ’14). ICST (Institute for Computer Sciences, Social-Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering), Brussels, BEL, 57–64. https://doi.org/10.4108/icst.pervasivehealth.2014.254943
[48]
Lorainne Tudor Car, Dhakshenya Ardhithy Dhinagaran, Bhone Myint Kyaw, Tobias Kowatsch, Shafiq Joty, Yin-Leng Theng, and Rifat Atun. 2020. Conversational agents in health care: scoping review and conceptual analysis. Journal of medical Internet research 22, 8 (2020), e17158.
[49]
Laura Pfeifer Vardoulakis, Lazlo Ring, Barbara Barry, Candace L. Sidner, and Timothy Bickmore. 2012. Designing Relational Agents as Long Term Social Companions for Older Adults. In Intelligent Virtual Agents(Lecture Notes in Computer Science), Yukiko Nakano, Michael Neff, Ana Paiva, and Marilyn Walker (Eds.). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 289–302. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-33197-8_30
[50]
Gong Yujia. 2021. Interaction Design Research of Elderly Voice Assistant Based on KAP Theory. Master’s thesis. China University of Mining and Technology.
[51]
Zhe Zhang, Ha Trinh, Qiong Chen, and Timothy Bickmore. 2015. Adapting a Geriatrics Health Counseling Virtual Agent for the Chinese Culture. In Intelligent Virtual Agents(Lecture Notes in Computer Science), Willem-Paul Brinkman, Joost Broekens, and Dirk Heylen (Eds.). Springer International Publishing, Cham, 275–278. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21996-7_28
[52]
Runting Zhong and Mengyao Ma. 2022. Effects of Communication Style, Anthropomorphic Setting and Individual Differences on Older Adults Using Voice Assistants in a Health Context. BMC Geriatrics 22, 1 (Sept. 2022), 751. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-022-03428-2

Index Terms

  1. Exploring Older People's Preferences in the Design Features of Virtual Agents: A Comprehensive Analysis

    Recommendations

    Comments

    Please enable JavaScript to view thecomments powered by Disqus.

    Information & Contributors

    Information

    Published In

    cover image ACM Other conferences
    CHCHI '23: Proceedings of the Eleventh International Symposium of Chinese CHI
    November 2023
    634 pages
    ISBN:9798400716454
    DOI:10.1145/3629606
    Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than the author(s) must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected].

    Publisher

    Association for Computing Machinery

    New York, NY, United States

    Publication History

    Published: 27 February 2024

    Permissions

    Request permissions for this article.

    Check for updates

    Badges

    • Best Paper

    Author Tags

    1. Design features
    2. Older people
    3. Virtual agent

    Qualifiers

    • Research-article
    • Research
    • Refereed limited

    Conference

    CHCHI 2023
    CHCHI 2023: Chinese CHI 2023
    November 13 - 16, 2023
    Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia

    Acceptance Rates

    Overall Acceptance Rate 17 of 40 submissions, 43%

    Contributors

    Other Metrics

    Bibliometrics & Citations

    Bibliometrics

    Article Metrics

    • 0
      Total Citations
    • 116
      Total Downloads
    • Downloads (Last 12 months)116
    • Downloads (Last 6 weeks)23
    Reflects downloads up to 21 Nov 2024

    Other Metrics

    Citations

    View Options

    Login options

    View options

    PDF

    View or Download as a PDF file.

    PDF

    eReader

    View online with eReader.

    eReader

    HTML Format

    View this article in HTML Format.

    HTML Format

    Media

    Figures

    Other

    Tables

    Share

    Share

    Share this Publication link

    Share on social media