Nothing Special   »   [go: up one dir, main page]

skip to main content
10.1145/3626252.3630950acmconferencesArticle/Chapter ViewAbstractPublication PagessigcseConference Proceedingsconference-collections
research-article
Open access

To Be Or Not To Be . . . An Algorithm: The Notion According to Students and Teachers

Published: 07 March 2024 Publication History

Abstract

We study how students and teachers conceptualize the notion of 'algorithm', a fundamental concept in computer science and computer science curricula. We analyze the work produced by CS students and teachers during a workshop conducted repeatedly over several years in some outreach activities for schools, computing education courses, and professional development opportunities for teachers. Participants were divided into groups, given some procedures written in natural language, and asked to decide together which of the procedures might be taken as algorithms. The procedures were purposely designed to present flaws or features that could activate discussion. After that, groups were asked to agree upon a definition of 'algorithm' and make its fundamental properties explicit. The activity triggered reflections around the idea of algorithm and its interpreter, going beyond stereotyped definitions, and leading participants to deepen their comprehension of the notion. We report on the aspects that were more debated by the groups, and those that were recurrent in the resulting definitions. We argue that this kind of activities should be offered more often both to students during their study career, and to teachers in professional development opportunities, to prompt them to reflect on computing foundations also in a non-technical, more holistic way.

References

[1]
Dan Aharoni. 2000. Cogito, Ergo Sum! Cognitive Processes of Students Dealing with Data Structures. In Proc. of the 31st SIGCSE Technical Symposium (Austin, Texas, USA) (SIGCSE'00). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 26--30. https://doi.org/10.1145/330908.331804
[2]
Parvaneh Babari, Michael Hielscher, Peter Adriaan Edelsbrunner, Martina Conti, Beat Döbeli Honegger, and Eva Marinus. 2023. A literature review of children's and youth's conceptions of the internet. International Journal of Child-Computer Interaction 37 (2023), 18 pages. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcci.2023.100595
[3]
Carlo Bellettini, Violetta Lonati, Dario Malchiodi, Mattia Monga, Anna Morpurgo, Mauro Torelli, and Luisa Zecca. 2014. Extracurricular activities for improving the perception of Informatics in Secondary schools. In Informatics in Schools. Teaching and Learning Perspectives (Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 8730), Yasemin Gülbahar and Erinç Karata? (Eds.). Springer International Publishing, Springer, Cham, 161--172. https://doi.org/10.1007/978--3--319-09958--3_15
[4]
Carlo Bellettini, Violetta Lonati, Mattia Monga, and Anna Morpurgo. 2023. Replication Data for: To be or not to be... an algorithm: the notion according to students and teachers. Università degli Studi di Milano. https://doi.org/10.13130/RD_UNIMI/JM0R05
[5]
Andreas Blass and Yuri Gurevich. 2003. Algorithms: A Quest for Absolute Definitions. Bulletin of the EATCS 81 (01 2003), 195--225.
[6]
Torsten Brinda and Friederike Braun. 2017. Which Computing-Related Conceptions Do Learners Have About the Design and Operation of Smartphones? Results of an Interview Study. In Proc. of the 12th Workshop on Primary and Secondary Computing Education (Nijmegen, Netherlands) (WiPSCE '17). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 73--81. https://doi.org/10.1145/3137065.3137075
[7]
Torsten Brinda, Matthias Kramer, and Yannick Beeck. 2018. Middle School Learners' Conceptions of Social Networks: Results of an Interview Study. In Proc. of the 18th Koli Calling International Conference on Computing Education Research (Koli, Finland) (Koli Calling '18). ACM, New York, NY, USA, Article 3, 8 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3279720.3279723
[8]
Cyril Brom, Tereza Hannemann, Pavel Jezek, Anna Drobná, Kristina Volná, and Katerina Kacerovská. 2023. Principles of Computers and the Internet - Model Lessons for Primary School Children: Experience Report. In Proc. of the 2023 Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education V. 1 (Turku, Finland) (ITiCSE 2023). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 215--221. https://doi.org/10.1145/3587102.3588861
[9]
Susan Carey. 2000. Science Education as Conceptual Change. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology 21 (02 2000), 13--19. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0193--3973(99)00046--5
[10]
CC2020 Task Force. 2020. Computing Curricula 2020: Paradigms for Global Computing Education. ACM, New York, NY, USA.
[11]
Alonzo Church. 1936. An Unsolvable Problem of Elementary Number Theory. American Journal of Mathematics 58, 2 (1936), 345--363. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2371045
[12]
Ricardo Coelho. 2010. On the Concept of Force: How Understanding its History can Improve Physics Teaching. Science and Education 19 (01 2010), 91--113. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11191-008--9183--1
[13]
Holger Danielsiek, Wolfgang Paul, and Jan Vahrenhold. 2012. Detecting and Understanding Students' Misconceptions Related to Algorithms and Data Structures. In Proc. of the 43rd SIGCSE Technical Symposium (Raleigh, North Carolina, USA) (SIGCSE '12). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 21--26. https://doi.org/10.1145/2157136.2157148
[14]
Anna Eckerdal and Michael Thuné. 2005. Novice Java Programmers' Conceptions of "Object" and "Class", and Variation Theory. In Proc. of the 10th Annual SIGCSE Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education (Caparica, Portugal) (ITiCSE'05). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 89--93. https://doi.org/10.1145/1067445.1067473
[15]
Karl M. Fant. 1993. A Critical Review of the Notion of Algorithm in Computer Science. In Proc. of the 1993 ACM Conference on Computer Science (Indianapolis, Indiana, USA) (CSC '93). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 1--6. https://doi.org/10.1145/170791.170794
[16]
Mohammed F. Farghally, Kyu Han Koh, Jeremy V. Ernst, and Clifford A. Shaffer. 2017. Towards a Concept Inventory for Algorithm Analysis Topics. In Proc. of the 48th SIGCSE Technical Symposium (Seattle, Washington, USA) (SIGCSE '17). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 207--212. https://doi.org/10.1145/3017680.3017756
[17]
Matthias Felleisen, Robert Bruce Findler, Matthew Flatt, and Shriram Krishnamurthi. 2018. How to Design Programs: An Introduction to Programming and Computing. The MIT Press, Boston, MA, USA.
[18]
Judith Gal-Ezer and Ela Zur. 2004. The efficiency of algorithms-misconceptions. Computers & Education 42, 3 (2004), 215--226.
[19]
Bruria Haberman, Haim Averbuch, and David Ginat. 2005. Is It Really an Algorithm: The Need for Explicit Discourse. In Proc. of the 10th Annual SIGCSE Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education (Caparica, Portugal) (ITiCSE '05). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 74--78. https://doi.org/10.1145/1067445.1067469
[20]
David Harel and Yishai A Feldman. 2004. Algorithmics: The spirit of computing. Pearson Education, Harlow, UK.
[21]
David Hilbert and Wilhelm Ackermann. 1928. Grundzüge der Theoretischen Logik. Julius Springer, Berlin, Germany.
[22]
IEEE Computer Society. 2012. IEEE Standard for System and Software Verification and Validation. Technical Report IEEE Std 1012--2012 (Revision of IEEE Std 1012--2004). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/IEEESTD.2012.6204026
[23]
Philipp Kather and Jan Vahrenhold. 2021. Exploring Algorithm Comprehension: Linking proof and program code. In Proc. of the 21st Koli Calling International Conference on Computing Education Research (Joensuu, Finland) (Koli Calling '21). ACM, New York, NY, USA, Article 28, 10 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3488042.3488061
[24]
Donald E. Knuth. 1972. Ancient Babylonian Algorithms. Commun. ACM 15, 7 (jul 1972), 671--677. https://doi.org/10.1145/361454.361514
[25]
Robert R. Korfhage. 2003. Algorithm. John Wiley and Sons Ltd., GBR, 36--38.
[26]
Violetta Lonati, Andrej Brodnik, Tim Bell, Andrew Paul Csizmadia, Liesbeth De Mol, Henry Hickman, Therese Keane, Claudio Mirolo, and Mattia Monga. 2022. What We Talk About When We Talk About Programs. In Proc. of the 2022 Working Group Reports on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education (Dublin, Ireland) (ITiCSE-WGR '22). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 117--164. https://doi.org/10.1145/3571785.3574125
[27]
Andrei Andreevich Markov. 1954. The theory of algorithms. Trudy Matematicheskogo Instituta Imeni VA Steklova 42 (1954), 3--375.
[28]
Berta Martini, Marisa Michelini, Alberto Stefanel, and Monica Tombolato. 2021. Prospective Teachers' Representations on the Concept of Force. Education Sciences 11, 10 (2021), 614.
[29]
Yiannis Moschovakis. 2001. What Is an Algorithm? Springer, Berlin, Germany, 919--936. https://doi.org/10.1007/978--3--642--56478--9_46
[30]
Andreas Mühling and Gregor Große-Bölting. 2023. Novices' conceptions of machine learning. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence 4 (2023), 11 pages. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2023.100142
[31]
Roger Osborne and Peter Freyberg. 1985. Learning in Science. The Implications of Children's Science. Heinemann Educational Books, Portsmouth, NH, USA.
[32]
Marina Papastergiou. 2005. Students' Mental Models of the Internet and Their Didactical Exploitation in Informatics Education. Education and Information Technologies 10 (10 2005), 341--360. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-005--3431--7
[33]
Jacob Perrenet, Jan Friso Groote, and Eric Kaasenbrood. 2005. Exploring Students' Understanding of the Concept of Algorithm: Levels of Abstraction. In Proc. of the 10th Annual SIGCSE Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education (Caparica, Portugal) (ITiCSE '05). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 64--68. https://doi.org/10.1145/1067445.1067467
[34]
Emil L. Post. 1936. Finite Combinatory Processes-Formulation 1. The Journal of Symbolic Logic 1, 3 (1936), 103--105. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2269031
[35]
Michael T. Rücker and Niels Pinkwart. 2016. Review and Discussion of Children's Conceptions of Computers. Journal of Science Education and Technology 25, 2 (2016), 274--283. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43867796
[36]
Margrit Schreier. 2014. Qualitative Content Analysis. SAGE Publications, London, Chapter 12, 170--183. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446282243
[37]
Anna Sfard. 1991. On the dual nature of mathematical conceptions: Reflections on processes and objects as different sides of the same coin. Educational Studies in Mathematics 22, 1 (1991), 1--36. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00302715
[38]
A. M. Turing. 1937. On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem. Proc. of the London Mathematical Society s2--42, 1 (1937), 230--265. https://doi.org/10.1112/plms/s2--42.1. 230 arXiv:https://londmathsoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1112/plms/s2--42.1.230
[39]
Jessica Vandenberg and Bradford Mott. 2023. "AI Teaches Itself": Exploring Young Learners' Perspectives on Artificial Intelligence for Instrument Development. In Proc. of the 2023 Conference on Innovation and Technology in Computer Science Education V. 1 (Turku, Finland) (ITiCSE 2023). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 485--490. https://doi.org/10.1145/3587102.3588778
[40]
Moshe Y. Vardi. 2012. What is an Algorithm? Commun. ACM 55, 3 (mar 2012), 5. https://doi.org/10.1145/2093548.2093549

Cited By

View all
  • (2024)New Perspectives on the Future of Computing Education: Teaching and Learning Explanatory ModelsProceedings of the 24th Koli Calling International Conference on Computing Education Research10.1145/3699538.3699558(1-8)Online publication date: 12-Nov-2024

Index Terms

  1. To Be Or Not To Be . . . An Algorithm: The Notion According to Students and Teachers

    Recommendations

    Comments

    Please enable JavaScript to view thecomments powered by Disqus.

    Information & Contributors

    Information

    Published In

    cover image ACM Conferences
    SIGCSE 2024: Proceedings of the 55th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education V. 1
    March 2024
    1583 pages
    ISBN:9798400704239
    DOI:10.1145/3626252
    This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike International 4.0 License.

    Sponsors

    Publisher

    Association for Computing Machinery

    New York, NY, United States

    Publication History

    Published: 07 March 2024

    Check for updates

    Author Tags

    1. active learning
    2. computer science education
    3. concept of algorithm
    4. observational study
    5. teacher professional development

    Qualifiers

    • Research-article

    Conference

    SIGCSE 2024
    Sponsor:

    Acceptance Rates

    Overall Acceptance Rate 1,787 of 5,146 submissions, 35%

    Upcoming Conference

    SIGCSE TS 2025
    The 56th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education
    February 26 - March 1, 2025
    Pittsburgh , PA , USA

    Contributors

    Other Metrics

    Bibliometrics & Citations

    Bibliometrics

    Article Metrics

    • Downloads (Last 12 months)359
    • Downloads (Last 6 weeks)33
    Reflects downloads up to 16 Feb 2025

    Other Metrics

    Citations

    Cited By

    View all
    • (2024)New Perspectives on the Future of Computing Education: Teaching and Learning Explanatory ModelsProceedings of the 24th Koli Calling International Conference on Computing Education Research10.1145/3699538.3699558(1-8)Online publication date: 12-Nov-2024

    View Options

    View options

    PDF

    View or Download as a PDF file.

    PDF

    eReader

    View online with eReader.

    eReader

    Login options

    Figures

    Tables

    Media

    Share

    Share

    Share this Publication link

    Share on social media