Exploring the Potential of Cyber Manufacturing System in the Digital Age

The Internet of Things (IoT) and CMS are two technologies that have become increasingly important in the industrial world. The term “Industrial Internet of Things” (IIoT) refers to the integration of physical devices and systems with Internet, allowing for real-time data exchange and communication [39]. This technology can revolutionize the way companies operate and manage their production processes [175].

The concept of CMS is closely related to IIoT, because it involves the use of information technology to improve manufacturing processes, as shown in Figure 1. The beginnings of IIoT and CMS systems can be traced back to the early 2000s when the first wireless sensors were developed and integrated into industrial systems [59]. This technology has since been significantly improved and is now used in a wide range of industries. As technology continues to advance, IIoT and CMS are likely to become even more integrated into industrial processes, leading to further efficiency gains and cost savings. CMS enable improved data collection and analysis and has the ability to quickly identify and fix potential problems [123]. This technology can be used to streamline production processes and reduce potential costs.

As shown in Figure 1, CMS and IIoT are not individual technologies with a closed theory framework and are interdisciplinary (computer science, mechatronics, communication technology, and ergonomics). Instead, these are a combination of technologies and frameworks that work together to create a more efficient, secure, and automated manufacturing environment. CMS are a combination of hardware, software, and networking components that provides connectivity, communications, and control infrastructure for manufacturing processes. They include industrial automation systems, distributed control systems, communication networks and other related technologies.

As mentioned in Figure 1, designing efficient and reliable cyber-manufacturing systems requires a thorough understanding of design theory [46]. Engineers can design systems that are optimal for their intended functions by understanding their components and their relationships with each other. In addition, the design theory helps engineers anticipate and mitigate potential operational challenges. This theory facilitates engineers’ understanding of the physical environment in which the system operates. Furthermore, the design theory enables engineers to design energy-efficient systems that use less energy to achieve the same results. For cyber-manufacturing systems to function optimally, all the system components must be able to interact and communicate effectively. This concept must be carefully considered during the development process to ensure efficient and effective interaction between all components.

The combination of CMS and IIoT provides a comprehensive solution for the automation of manufacturing processes. This solution can be used to improve efficiency, reduce costs, and ensure the quality of products. CMS provide communications, control, and monitoring infrastructure, while IIoT provides data collection, analysis, and control capabilities. The combination of these technologies allows for the automation of complex processes, reduces the need for manual intervention. The combination of CMS and Machine Learning (ML) can be used to improve production processes and increase efficiency. Companies can reduce costs and increase productivity by automating production processes using CMS. In addition, ML algorithms can analyze production processes’ data and identify patterns and trends. This can be used to optimize production processes and make better decisions. The combination of CMS and ML can also be used to improve the accuracy of predictive models, which can be used to anticipate future events and make better decisions.

The combination of IIoT and CMS has enabled a new era of manufacturing [112]. Companies now can monitor and control their production processes remotely, and the ability to quickly identify and address any potential problems. This technology has significantly increased production processes’ efficiency and allowed companies to reduce costs and improve their products.

As CMS and IIoT continue to evolve, they will become more integrated and powerful. For instance, the integration of IIoT devices and sensors in the CMS can provide real-time data that can be used to analyze and optimize processes. This data can also detect and respond to potential issues before they cause problems. Additionally, the integration of CMS and IIoT can be used to create predictive models that can be used to anticipate future issues and take proactive steps to address them. The interconnection between CMS and IIoT makes them interdependent technologies. Instead, they are a combination of technologies and frameworks that interact to create a efficient, secure, and automated manufacturing environment. The process of designing a system requires creative thinking to combine the various areas of design theory. A cohesive framework can be established by combining the various elements of design theory to maximize the synergy between the different domains. Essentially, this framework acts as a glue to bind the individual domains together, allowing for innovative solutions to be realized.

CMS are a new form of automation for manufacturing and industrial processes. It involves the use of advanced digital technologies such as artificial intelligence, robotics, and the Internet of Things to streamline and optimize production processes. CMS can be used to improve efficiency, reduce costs, and increase product quality. This survey attempts to provide a clear and comprehensive overview of the advances of CMS. First, various CMS technologies and their applications in the manufacturing industry are described. Next, various challenges faced in the development of CMS. These include the need for better security, scalability, and cost efficiency. Our work also addresses the potential benefits of using CMS, such as increased efficiency, better quality control, and faster production. Finally, we review the current state of the art in CMS and provides suggestions for future research. We end with the notion that although CMS still have some challenges to be overcome, it is already proving to be a powerful too for improving the efficiency and quality of manufacturing processes. The main contributions are as follows:

Industrial automation involves the use of computers, robots, and other automated technologies to reduce the need for human labour in the manufacturing process [92]. This technology can be used in a wide range of applications, from simple programmable logic controllers (PLCs) to sophisticated systems such as IIoT and Artificial Intelligence (AI) [100]. Industrial automation is used to reduce costs, improve efficiency, and increase product quality. In the manufacturing process, machines, robots, and other automated technologies are used to do the necessary tasks in a factory.

Various products can be manufactured using with CMS, ranging from consumer items to complex industrial components. Robots/automated guided vehicles (AGVs) can move materials from one location to another by following predefined paths that can be programmed [103]. These robots can autonomously navigate obstacles and can be used for various tasks, such as loading and unloading materials in a factory setting. Due to their cost effectiveness, reliability, and safety, AGVs are becoming increasingly popular in manufacturing. Articulated robots utilize a combination of joints, motors, and other components to move with a more excellent range of motion than standard robots [173]. Articulated robots are commonly used in the automotive industry to do complex tasks. They are often used for welding, spot welding, and painting tasks. Robots with cylindrical joints can do various tasks in a limited area using cylindrical joints to move in a circular motion. Since cylindrical robots can do precise and complex tasks within a limited space, they are used in many industries, from automotive to electronics [23]. SCARA robot uses a combination of four rotary joints to move in various directions. The SCARA robot is commonly used for high-speed assembly processes such as pick-and-place [90]. SCARA robot is also used for precise assembly processes. Delta robot uses three linear actuators to move, enabling them to move quickly and accurately in a small space, pick-and-place operations, painting, and welding. For the pneumatic robot, air pressure is used to move the robots, allowing them robots to move rapidly and accurately within a small area. They are frequently used for packaging, sorting, and assembly tasks [147]. The collaborative robot, or cobot, works with humans to accomplish tasks more efficiently and quickly. These robots are commonly used in the manufacturing industry such as assembly, welding, and painting. By reducing costs, improving safety, and increasing productivity, collaborative robots can help to reduce costs.

In a manufacturing environment, CMS are used to manage the production process, whereas CPS is used to monitor and control physical processes. Manufacturing items using CMS often requires the integration of a variety of technologies, including robotics, artificial intelligence, computer vision, and automation. The real-time monitoring and modification of production processes is part of this process. In contrast, CPS is about monitoring and controlling physical processes by integrating sensors and actuators with computer equipments. In an industrial setting, this can include monitoring temperature, humidity, other environmental characteristics, and controlling robots in an automated production line. CPS are also capable of interacting with their environment, such as opening and closing valves or turning lights on and off. Therefore, the main difference between CMS and CPS is that CMS manage production processes, whereas CPS monitor and control physical processes.

CPS and the Internet of Things (IoT) differ primarily in their complexity and level of interaction with the physical world. CPS is a sophisticated system consisting of physical components and software components capable of monitoring, controlling, and interacting with their environment. The IoT, on the other hand, is a network of connected devices that interact with each other over the Internet. While IoT devices can interact with their environment, they are generally not as complex as the systems found at CPS. In addition, a CPS system is generally isolated from the Internet and connected to a local network, while an IoT device is generally connected to the Internet.

CMS use computer technology to control the entire production process [29]. Many industries use CMS, including automotive, aerospace, and medical device manufacturing. Manufacturers can reduce costs, improve efficiency, and reduce time-to-market by automating various processes, such as material handling, assembly, and quality control [167]. CMS are used in a variety of industries. It is a specialized computer used in industrial automation that is programmed to control machines and systems, primarily in manufacturing. Programmable logic controllers, or PLCs, are used to control the operation of machines and systems. And, monitoring and controlling a wide range of parameters, PLCs can also be utilized to integrate multiple machines and systems into an efficient production line. Manufacturing companies can benefit from CMS by reducing costs, improving quality, and increasing efficiency [48]. Furthermore, these systems are relatively easy to implement and maintain, making them a cost-effective solution for many organizations. By utilizing CMS, manufacturers can produce higher quality products faster and with less waste [59].

In summary, industrial automation involves replacing human labour with computers, robots, and other automated technologies. To this end, there are a variety of technologies ranging from simple PLCs to more complex systems such as AI and IIoT. In the industrial sector, automation is used to reduce costs, increase productivity, and improve product quality. Numerous tasks in manufacturing are done by machines, robots, and other automated devices. In addition to CMS, CPS are also used to manage and control production processes. Cost savings, increased productivity and improved product quality are the advantages of industrial automation. Disadvantages of this method include the need for complex systems, possibility of job loss, and the need for specialized training.

Cyber-physical production systems (CPPS), referred to Industry 4.0, automate production processes by combining physical and cyber components, such as sensors and software. These systems enable machines to communicate with each other, share data, and respond to their surroundings in real-time. The result is increased productivity, cost savings, better product quality, and a high customer satisification. CMS are integrated into a system that uses digital technologies such as computers, robots, and sensors to control and monitor production processes. CMS allow manufacturers to optimize production processes, increases production efficiency, reduces costs, and improves product quality. CMS mostly focus on the use of digital technologies to automate production processes and improve production efficiency. CPPS, on the other hand, is an advanced form of a cyber manufacturing system that combines physical production systems [17, 131]. The goal of CPPS is to provide a fully automated manufacturing process that is more efficient, reliable, and cost-effective than traditional production systems [144]. CPPS can be used to automate processes and reduce manual labour, and improve the tracking and analysis of production data.

Industrial networking uses network technology to connect industrial machines and devices such as computers, robots, and other devices [132, 149]. Industrial networks enable the sharing of data between machines and allow for the remote control of machines and processes. Industrial networking is important because it helps to improve communication between machines, reduce costs, and increase efficiency. By connecting machines, it is possible to share data, automate processes, and reduce downtime due to manual error [6]. Additionally, industrial networking allows for remote diagnostics, which can help identify and resolve problems quickly. Industrial networking is also important because it provides a secure and reliable connection between machines, which can help protect against malicious attacks and cyber threats [75]. It is important to ensure that industrial networks are secure, reliable, and scalable to ensure that they can support the operations of the business [124]. By establishing and maintaining best practices, businesses can ensure that their industrial networks are up-to-date and secure from cyber threats. Additionally, businesses must ensure that their networks are interoperable and able to communicate with multiple devices from different vendors [140]. Finally, businesses must ensure that their networks can scale to meet the demands of the environment. They inherit the following issues:

The successful transition to IIoT and CMS is likely to determine the future economic success of the entire economy [36, 59]. Countries with a large industry sector, such as Germany, account for 30% of its Gross Domestic Product and employ 25% of its labour force [51]. IIoT and CMS together enable the integration of physical and digital assets which can be used to optimize production processes and increase efficiency [108]. This can lead to increased productivity, cost savings, improved quality, and increased customer satisfaction.

CMS are a type of digital manufacturing system that is designed to automate, optimize, and modernize the production process [162]. This system combines a range of technologies such as sensors, computer vision, robotics, and the IoT [161]. It enables manufacturers to quickly create and customize products while reducing costs and increasing efficiency. CMS can be used to improve the design, production, and delivery of products and services. It can also be used to automate and optimize processes, reducing the need for manual labour. Additionally, it can provide data-driven insights into production processes, allowing manufacturers to identify areas of improvement and increase profitability [32]. In comparison with related studies [27], CMS can be compared to traditional manufacturing systems, such as Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machines, which are limited in their ability to automate production processes. CMS can provide a more efficient system with greater flexibility and scalability.

CMS can be used in a variety of applications, such as 3D printing [58], additive manufacturing [40, 86], product customization, and quality control. It can also be used to monitor and control production processes, such as temperature and pressure, and track and log production data [5, 52]. Regarding evaluation measures, CMS systems must be evaluated based on their ability to meet the goals of the manufacturing process and their ability to integrate with existing systems and processes [79]. Additionally, they should be evaluated on the cost-effectiveness of their implementation, and the ease of use and scalability of the system.

The integration of IIoT and CMS can lead to new business models, such as predictive maintenance, which can improve the competitiveness of industries [83]. However, the successful transition to IIoT and CMS is not without its challenges. Industries must invest in the necessary infrastructure and technology and train their employees on the new systems. Companies must ensure that their data is secure and that their systems are compliant with the appropriate regulations [120]. To ensure a successful transition to IIoT and CMS, industries must collaborate to develop a comprehensive strategy. This strategy should include an assessment of the existing infrastructure and technology, a plan to invest in the necessary technology and training, and a plan to ensure data security and regulatory compliance. The strategy should include measures to ensure the effective use of the technology, such as the development of new business models [151]. Overall, digitalization presents both opportunities and challenges for countries with large industry sectors. By investing in the necessary infrastructure and technology and developing a comprehensive strategy, industries can ensure that they are well-prepared for digital transformation and can benefit from the opportunities that it presents [159].

The transformation to Industry 4.0 is indeed a major step forward in the way manufacturing and production. It can lead to greater resource efficiency, shorter time-to-market, higher-value products, and new services [128]. More specifically, applications and potential benefits of Industry 4.0 include improved production processes and efficiency, better product quality, and reduced costs. By connecting machines, systems, and people, it is possible to gain real-time insights into the production process, allowing for faster and more accurate decision-making [91, 115]. This can result in improving production planning, reducing inventory costs, and improving customer service. Industry 4.0 also offers the potential for greater customization of products and services, allowing manufacturers to better meet the needs of their customers. This can be achieved with advanced analytics, artificial intelligence, and machine learning. Additionally, it can help improve product quality and safety, reduce waste, and increase efficiency [127]. Finally, Industry 4.0 can also help to reduce energy consumption and emissions and increase the use of renewable energy sources. This can be achieved with smart sensors and data analytics, which can monitor and adjust energy consumption in real-time [62, 101]. This is particularly beneficial for companies looking to reduce their carbon footprint. Overall, the transformation to Industry 4.0 offers a wide range of potential benefits, from improved production processes and efficiency to better product quality, cost savings, and reduced energy consumption. By leveraging advanced technology, companies can gain a competitive edge and better meet the needs of their customers [37, 121].

Intelligent automation is a type of automation that uses AI and machine learning to automate processes and tasks. It is becoming increasingly popular in the manufacturing industry because it can help reduce costs, increase efficiency, and improve product quality [31, 76]. One of the key benefits of intelligent automation is that it makes small batch sizes down to batch size one feasible. This is because programming and commissioning efforts become negligible [42]. With intelligent automation, machines can be programmed to recognize patterns and make decisions based on those patterns. CMS are quickly becoming the industry standard for a variety of manufacturing processes. One of the most promising technologies within this field is high-resolution production, which offers significant advantages for manufacturers.

High-resolution production is a form of a cyber manufacturing system that utilizes sophisticated analytics, computer-aided design, and advanced manufacturing techniques to create more precise and detailed products [55]. This type of production can significantly improve predictability and cost transparency for manufacturers. High-resolution production allows manufacturers to accurately predict each manufacturing process’s cost and identify any potential issues before they arise. This is accomplished by utilizing sophisticated analytics that analyzes the production process and identifies potential problems before they occur. This increases the predictability of the production process and reduces the potential for surprises that could increase costs. Additionally, high-resolution production further improves cost transparency by providing detailed cost breakdowns for each manufacturing process step. This allows manufacturers to easily identify areas where they can reduce costs or increase efficiency.

In addition to improving predictability and cost transparency, high-resolution production also offers the potential to greatly increase the quality of products [71]. By utilizing advanced manufacturing techniques, manufacturers can create products with greater detail and accuracy than ever before [154]. This can be especially beneficial for manufacturers in the medical field, as high-resolution production can be used to create medical implants and devices with greater precision and accuracy.

High-resolution production is a revolutionary technology that offers a variety of benefits for manufacturers. By utilizing sophisticated analytics and advanced manufacturing techniques, manufacturers can create products with greater precision and accuracy. Additionally, high-resolution production can improve predictability and cost transparency, allowing manufacturers to better manage their production costs and identify potential issues before they occur [11]. High-resolution production is quickly becoming the standard for a variety of manufacturing processes, and its potential for improving the quality of products is only beginning to be realized.

Intelligent production planning is an important part of managing a business. It helps to ensure that products are delivered on time and at a lower cost [174]. It also helps to reduce throughput times, which is the amount of time it takes for a product to be manufactured from start to finish. Predictive maintenance and automatic fault detection are essential for ensuring high overall equipment effectiveness, which leads to fewer maintenance costs. These techniques help to identify potential problems before they occur, allowing businesses to take preventative action to avoid costly repairs. In addition, intelligent production planning can help to reduce waste and optimize production processes. By analyzing data collected during the production process, businesses can identify areas of inefficiency and make improvements to increase production efficiency.

Reconfiguration of CMS and processes help to quickly scale up or change management. This reconfigurability is enabled with sensors, software, and controllers to monitor and adjust the machines and processes to optimize the production process [78, 97]. This enables companies to quickly scale up or change the production process to meet customer demands [80]. Human-machine interaction is also important for CMS to improve labour productivity, and ergonomics [7, 38, 72]. With advanced technologies such as augmented reality, natural language processing, and voice recognition, humans and machines can interact to improve the efficiency of the production process [142]. By using these technologies, workers can interact with the machines to monitor production, adjust settings, and troubleshoot any errors. This interaction leads to improve labour productivity and ergonomics as workers can work more efficiently and comfortably.

Overall, CMS offers great flexibility and scalability, enables companies to quickly adjust to customer demands and improve production efficiency [162]. Companies can further improve labour productivity by using advanced technologies to enable human-machine interaction, leading to improved customer satisfaction. The usage of CMS and IIoT may be beneficial in certain areas, but there are also some drawbacks to be considered. For example, these systems can be expensive to implement and maintain and may require specialized personnel to operate them. Additionally, there is a risk of security breaches, as these systems are connected to the internet and can be vulnerable to hacking. The approaches from other fields may not be directly transferable, as the specific points of CMS and IIoT may not apply to those fields. Finally, there may be privacy concerns, as these systems collect and store data about users. That includes:

CMS and heterogeneous production infrastructure from different suppliers can be a costly and risky [105]. Companies may be forced to invest in expensive hardware and software and hire additional personnel to manage the system [122]. Additionally, the different suppliers may not be able to provide the same level of support and service, which could lead to compatibility issues and increased downtime. Furthermore, the complexity of the System could lead to increased security risks, as hackers may be able to exploit the vulnerabilities. Companies should carefully consider the potential benefits and drawbacks of investing in such a system.

CMS use computer-based technologies to control and manage the manufacturing process. These systems are used to automate the production process, reduce costs, and improve product quality. CMS are used in a variety of industries, including automotive, aerospace, medical, and consumer electronics. Spatio-temporal relationships are the relationships between objects in the system through both spatial and temporal characteristics [60, 146]. In a cyber manufacturing system, these relationships can be used to optimize the production process and improve the efficiency of the system [66]. For example, the spatial relationships between objects can be used to determine the optimal placement of components in the production line, whereas temporal relationships can be used to determine the optimal timing of production steps [170]. The broad field of manufacturing technologies refers to the wide range of technologies used in manufacturing. These technologies include robotics, computer-aided design (CAD), computer-aided manufacturing (CAM), and additive manufacturing. Each of these technologies has its own unique set of advantages and disadvantages and can be used to optimize the production process.

Humans in versatile operating conditions refer to the use of human operators in the production process [81]. Human operators can be used to do complex tasks that require a high degree of skill and precision [18]. However, they can also be used to do simpler tasks that require less skill and precision. In either case, human operators must be trained to operate in a variety of conditions, including extreme temperatures, hazardous environments, and difficult working conditions [116].

In summary, both CMS and IIoT can be considered complex systems, and therefore the development of such systems presents several challenges. The first challenge is to select the right technological basis and architecture. The second challenge is to create an extensible infrastructure or architectural pattern that can support a variety of sensors, actuators, and other hardware and software systems while still maintaining the complexity of the system manageable. This networked system can include a small sensor device and management or planning systems that provide access to enterprise information such as key performance indicators or mass information such as inventory of components, parts, and products. By implementing IIoT and CMS, the transition to Industry 4.0 can improve production processes, efficiency, product quality, cost savings, and energy consumption. By combining intelligent automation with high-resolution production, CMS offers improved predictability, cost transparency, product quality, and the ability to produce small quantities of products more efficiently. In addition, intelligent production planning and CMS and process reconfiguration help optimize production processes and improve labour productivity and ergonomics.

As mentioned in Figure 4, CMS organization security is an important aspect of any organization, as it is essential to ensure the safety and security of all data and personnel [30]. Cyber manufacturing organizations must consider a range of security measures to protect their systems and data. These include physical security, personal security, information confidentiality, availability, integrity, communication, and software security. Physical security is essential in any cyber manufacturing organization, as it is the first line of defence against any potential threat. This includes the use of locks, alarms, and CCTV to protect the premises and the personnel. It is also important to ensure that the premises are regularly monitored and maintained to ensure that any potential threats can be identified and addressed quickly. Personal security is also important in any cyber manufacturing organization. This includes the use of secure passwords, two-factor authentication, and other security measures to ensure that only authorized personnel can access the system. It is also important to ensure that personnel are trained in security protocols and practices and that they are aware of the importance of security. Information confidentiality is also important in any cyber manufacturing organization. This includes the use of encryption, access control, and other security measures to ensure that only authorized personnel can access the System. It is also important to ensure that information is stored securely and that any third-party providers are verified and trusted. Availability, integrity, and communication are also important aspects of any cyber manufacturing organization. This includes the use of secure networks, backup systems, and other measures to ensure that the system is always available and operating effectively. It is also important to ensure that all communication is secure and that any information shared is done so in a secure manner. Software security is also an important aspect of any cyber manufacturing organization. This includes the use of secure coding practices, secure software development, and other measures to ensure that the system is secure. It is also important to ensure that all software is regularly updated and that any potential security threats are addressed quickly.

The future of cyber manufacturing will depend on the development of secure and privacy-preserving architectures [153]. To ensure the safety of data and processes associated with cyber manufacturing, it is necessary to implement security, and privacy-preserving architectures that protect data and processes from malicious attacks [26]. These architectures should include measures such as authentication, encryption, access control, and other security and privacy-oriented technologies [171]. Additionally, the architectures should be designed to enable the secure and private sharing of data between different entities involved in the cyber manufacturing process [14]. The architectures should be designed to ensure the integrity of data and processes related to cyber manufacturing. This will enable cyber manufacturing to remain secure and private while allowing for the efficient and effective development of cyber manufacturing processes. One of the most promising network architectures for CMS is software-defined networking (SDN) [94]. SDN is a network architecture that allows for centralized control of network traffic, enabling administrators to make changes to the network without having to reconfigure individual devices. This is accomplished by using a logically centralized controller that provides a unified view of the network, allowing for more efficient management and control of the network.

Another innovative network architecture for CMS is edge computing. Edge computing is a distributed computing model that moves data and computing resources from the cloud to the edge of the network [102]. This can help reduce latency, improve scalability, and enable more efficient communication between the various components of the System. Edge computing can also help reduce the overall cost of CMS, as it eliminates the need for costly cloud computing resources. Wireless networks are becoming increasingly important in CMS [28]. Wireless networks enable devices to communicate without the need for physical connections, allowing for more flexible and adaptive communication between components. Wireless networks can be used to help communication between robots, sensors, and other devices, enabling more efficient and accurate production processes.

One of the main challenges in developing CMS networks is the integration of different systems and processes. This requires a comprehensive understanding of the various components and their interactions, and the ability to effectively manage communication between them [16]. In addition, integrating different technologies and systems is often a major challenge due to their different architectures, protocols, and standards. Therefore, a robust integration strategy must be developed to ensure the successful integration of different systems.

Industry 4.0 is a next-generation manufacturing model that incorporates modern information and communication technologies to improve the efficiency, productivity, and profitability of CMS [63, 73]. Although CMS are gaining competitive advantages in the global market, cyberattacks within the manufacturing sector are becoming increasingly sophisticated and frequent, posing a significant threat to companies and organizations worldwide, making smart manufacturing security a global concern. The security of CMS networks is also a major challenge [160]. As these systems are increasingly connected to the internet, they become more vulnerable to cyber-attacks. It is essential to ensure the security of these systems by implementing robust security measures such as encryption, authentication, and access control. Additionally, these systems must be designed with the ability to detect and respond to any potential security threats.

To develop CMS networks, new technologies and processes need to be adopted that are reliable, secure, easy to use, easy to maintain, and scalable [2]. Furthermore, these technologies must be flexible and interoperable since these characteristics are necessary to maintain relevance and adaptability to market changes. A robust authentication protocol, authorization controls, and encryption technique should be included in the design of systems to ensure security and reliability [133]. It is also important to implement access control measures to ensure that only authorized personnel can access the system. Moreover, the system should be designed to be scalable, flexible, and interoperable so that it can be adapted to changing market conditions in the future [54]. In addition, the system should be designed so that it can be used, maintained, and understood easily by the users. In particular, CMS has the following challenges:

In summary, CMS organizations need to take a variety of security measures to protect their systems and data, including physical security, human security, confidentiality, availability, integrity, communications, and software security. Industry 4.0 is a manufacturing paradigm of the fourth industrial revolution that focuses on the use of advanced information and communication technologies to improve the effectiveness, productivity, and profitability of manufacturing processes. However, integration of diverse systems and processes, data security, network security, data privacy, access control, and system integrity remain significant barriers to CMS network development. As a result, organizations need to implement robust security measures, including encryption, authentication and access control, and develop systems that are reliable, secure, easy to use and maintain, are adaptable, interoperable, and scalable.

Cyber manufacturing is an emerging technology that utilizes digital automation, information technology, and communication networks to integrate design, production, and distribution processes into a single system [171]. As technology continues to evolve, it is becoming increasingly important for organizations to allocate resources effectively and improve energy efficiency to maximize productivity and reduce costs [1]. One potential strategy for efficient resource allocation and energy efficiency in cyber manufacturing is to utilize smart sensors to monitor production processes. These sensors can be used to capture real-time data on the performance of machines, enabling organizations to quickly identify underdoing processes and adjust resources accordingly. Additionally, data collected by these sensors can be used to identify areas where energy consumption can be reduced, such as optimizing the temperature of production environments or reducing the speed of machines when not in use. Another strategy to improve resource allocation and energy efficiency in cyber-manufacturing is to leverage cloud computing technologies [113]. By utilizing cloud computing, organizations can access a virtually unlimited pool of resources and scale up or down as needed, allowing them to quickly and efficiently adjust to changing production demands. Additionally, cloud computing can reduce energy consumption by reducing the need for physical infrastructure and providing access to advanced analytics tools that can be used to identify areas for improvement [3]. Overall, effective resource allocation and energy efficiency are critical for organizations utilizing cyber-manufacturing technologies. By utilizing smart sensors, and leveraging cloud computing technologies, organizations can optimize their production processes and reduce energy consumption, leading to increased efficiency and cost savings.

In summary, the use of digital automation and communication networks and cyber-manufacturing integrates design, production, and distribution processes. Smart sensors can be used to collect data on machine performance in real-time, while cloud computing provides access to virtually unlimited resources and sophisticated analytics tools. These tactics allow companies to optimize resource allocation and energy consumption, which can lead to increased productivity and cost savings. To implement these initiatives, companies must make significant investments in technology and knowledge.

Figure 5 illustrates that a framework consists of five levels of connection, namely, Smart Connection, Data to Information, Cyber Level, Cognition Level, and Configuration Level. Each level is characterized by its unique features, such as Plug & Play, Intelligent Analysis of Machines, Twin Model for Machine, Simulation and Synthesis, and Auto Configuration. These features enable the creation of a smart connection between the machines and their environment, allowing for communication without ties, multi-dimensional data correlation, performance and degradation prediction, remote viewing, collaborative diagnosis and decision-making, and auto-optimized configurations.

Smart Connection is a new technology that enables sensor networks to be connected quickly and easily, eliminating the need for complex wiring and connections [95]. With this technology, sensor networks can be set up in a matter of minutes, allowing manufacturers to monitor their production processes in real-time [95]. This technology also allows communication without wires, for a more efficient and cost-effective way to monitor the production process. Data to information is another technology that is part of the cyber manufacturing smart connection [96]. This technology allows for intelligent analysis of machines, providing manufacturers with multi-dimensional data correlation. This enables the prediction of performance and degradation, facilitating the improvement of production processes. The cyber level technology is a twin model for machines that allow for machine time for identification and grouping similarity in data mining [176]. This technology allows for improved process efficiency and better decision-making. The cognition level technology is a simulation and synthesis technology that allows for remote viewing and collaborative diagnosis and decision-making. This technology allows manufacturers to better understand their production processes and make more informed decisions. Finally, the configuration level technology allows for auto-configuration, auto adjustable, and auto optimized. This technology allows manufacturers to quickly and easily configure their production processes, allowing for improved efficiency and cost savings.

In summary, smart connectivity for digital manufacturing is a novel technology that allows sensor networks to be connected without complicated wiring and connectors. It offers manufacturers numerous benefits, including real-time monitoring of production processes, increased process efficiency, improved decision-making, remote monitoring, collaborative diagnostics, and auto-configuration. Installing and maintaining this technology can be costly and requires extensive technical knowledge.

Open-source software has many advantages for CMS, as it allows users to develop their custom solutions without having to pay for expensive cost. Additionally, open-source software allows users to collaborate to share ideas and develop better solutions for their applications. Finally, the open-source development model encourages the sharing of best practices and encourages the development of high-quality software. Following are the lists of the most used software.

As cyber manufacturing evolves, it becomes increasingly important to explore the most efficient ways to allocate resources, maximize energy efficiency, and improve the customer experience. Many of these tactics leverage cutting-edge technologies such as blockchain, natural language processing, augmented reality, artificial neural networks, and predictive analytics. Cyber-manufacturing technologies are capable of improving the security of data and systems, automating production processes, and optimizing resource allocation and energy efficiency. In addition, these technologies can improve the user experience by providing timely updates and notifications and leveraging secure authentication and encryption methods. With further exploration of these strategies, cyber manufacturing could become more efficient, secure, and cost-effective. Below are some open research problems in the CMS domain for future consideration: