research-article

EI-Edurobot: a new proposal for empathy training through robotics

Authors:

Tharrenos Bratitsis,

Dimitris Ziouzios,

Minas Dasygenis,

Anastasia AlevriadouAuthors Info & Claims

DSAI '20: Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Software Development and Technologies for Enhancing Accessibility and Fighting Info-exclusion

Pages 219 - 226

https://doi.org/10.1145/3439231.3439268

Published: 09 June 2021 Publication History

Abstract

Empathy is a multi-level phenomenon, referring to the ability of an individual to understand or feel what another experiences. It is a fundamental element of Education, but also of Special and Inclusive education. On the other hand, educational robotics which generally refers to teaching with the utilization of programmable devices, has gained huge momentum nowadays in educational research. This paper aims at highlighting the significance of empathy and empathy training in typical, special and inclusive education. Furthermore, the lack of approaches for active empathy training are highlighted through a brief literature review. This leads to the formation of a new proposal for an Educational Robot which will be used for empathy education via realistic simulations in real classroom settings, mainly in Early Childhood and Primary Education. Indicative lesson plans are be presented.

References

[1]

[1] E. Ackermann.[n.d.]. ([n. d.]). 2001. Piaget’s Constructivism, Papert’s Constructionism: What’s the difference?. Retrieved 10 January 2020 from https://learning.media.mit.edu/content/publications/EA.Piaget/_/Papert.

[2]

[2] D. Alimisis.[n.d.]. ([n. d.]). 2013. Educational robotics: Open questions and new challenges. Themes in Science and Technology Education, 6, 1 (2013), 63-71.

[3]

[3] X. Anastassiou-Hadjicharalambous and D. Warden.[n.d.]. ([n. d.]). 2008. Physiologically-indexed and self-perceived affective empathy in conduct-disordered children high and low on callous-unemotional traits. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 39, 4 (2008), 503-517.

[4]

[4] APA.[n.d.]. ([n. d.]). 2013. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders 5th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.

[5]

[5] N. Aresti-Bartolome and B. Garcia-Zapirain.[n.d.]. ([n. d.]). 2014. Technologies as support tools for persons with autistic spectrum disorder: a systematic review. International journal of environmental research and public health, 11, 8 (2014), 7767-7802.

[6]

[6] P. Baxter, E. Ashurst, J. Kennedy R. Read, and T. Belpaeme.[n.d.]. ([n. d.]). 2017. Robot education peers in a situated primary school study: Personalisation promotes child learning. PLoS ONE, 12, 5 (2017).

[7]

[7] M. Bennett and J. Hiscock.[n.d.]. ([n. d.]). 1993. Children’s understanding of conflicting emotions: A training study. Journal of Genetic Psychology. 154 (Jul. 1993). 515–523.

[8]

[8] R.J.R. Blair.[n.d.]. ([n. d.]). 2005. Responding to the emotions of others: Dissociating forms of empathy through the study of typical and psychiatric populations. Consciousness and Cognition, 14, 4 (2005), 698-718.

[9]

J. Bošnjaković and T. Radionov. 2018. Empathy: Concepts, theories and neuroscientific basis. Alcoholism and psychiatry research: Journal on Psychiatric Research and Addictions 54, 2 (2018), 123–150. https://doi.org/10.20471/dec.2018.54.02.04

[10]

[10] T. Bratitsis.[n.d.]. ([n. d.]). 2016. A Digital Storytelling Approach for Fostering Empathy Towards Autistic Children. Lessons learned. 7th International Conference on Software Development and Technologies for Enhancing Accessibility and Fighting Infoexclusion (DSAI 2016)-Special Track “Learning Technologies in Special Education”. ACM New York, NY, US, 301-308.

Digital Library

[11]

[11] T. Bratitsis and P. Ziannas.[n.d.]. ([n. d.]). 2015. From early childhood to special education: Interactive digital storytelling as a coaching approach for fostering social empathy. Procedia Computer Science, 67 (DSAI 2015), 231-240.

[12]

[12] E. Broekhof, L. Ketelaar, L. Stockmann, A. van Zijp, M.G. Bos, and C. Rieffe.[n.d.]. ([n. d.]). 2015. The understanding of intentions, desires and beliefs in young children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 45, 7 (2015), 2035-2045.

[13]

[13] W. Chen.[n.d.]. ([n. d.]). 2012. Multitouch tabletop technology for people with autism spectrum disorder: A review of the literature. Procedia Computer Science, 14 (2012), 198-207.

[14]

[14] Y. Cheng, HC Chiang, and LH Cheng J. Ye.[n.d.]. ([n. d.]). 2010. Enhancing empathy instruction using a collaborative virtual learning environment for children with autistic spectrum conditions. Computers and Education. 55, 4 (Dec. 2010), 1449–1458.

Digital Library

[15]

[15] M. Cole and S.R. Cole.[n.d.]. ([n. d.]). 1996. The development of children (3rd ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman.

[16]

B.M. Cuff, S.J. Brown, L. Taylor, and D.J. Howat. 2016. Empathy: A review of the concept.Emotion Review 8, 2 (2016), 144–153.

[17]

[17] A. Cummins, J.P. Piek, and M.J. Dyck.[n.d.]. ([n. d.]). 2005. Motor coordination, empathy, and social behaviour in school-aged children. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 47, 7 (2005), 437-442.

[18]

[18] C. Curtis and R. Norgate.[n.d.]. ([n. d.]). 2007. An evaluation of the promoting alternative thinking strategies curriculum at key stage 1. Educational Psychology in Practice, 23, 1 (2007), 33-44.

[19]

[19] K. Dautenhahn and A. Billard.[n.d.]. ([n. d.]). 2002. Games Children with Autism Can Play with Robota, a Humanoid Robotic Doll. In: Keates S., Langdon P., Clarkson P.J., Robinson P. (eds) Universal Access and Assistive Technology. Springer, London.

[20]

[20] A. Deppover, T. Karsenti, and V. Komis.[n.d.]. ([n. d.]). 2010. Teaching using technology. Athens: Kleidarithmos Publications.

[21]

B. Derntl and C. Regenbogen. 2014. Empathy. Social Cognition and Metacognition in Schizophrenia: Psychopathology and Treatment Approaches (01 2014), 69–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-405172-0.00004-1

[22]

[22] N. Didehbani, T. Allen, M. Kandalaft, D. Krawczyk, and S. Chapman.[n.d.]. ([n. d.]). 2016. Virtual reality social cognition training for children with high functioning autism. Computers in Human Behavior, 100, 62 (2016), 703-711.

Digital Library

[23]

[23] J.A. Durlak, R.P. Weissberg, A.B. Dymnicki, R.D. Taylor, and K.B. Schellinger.[n.d.]. ([n. d.]). 2011. The impact of enhancing students’ social and emotional learning: A meta‐analysis of school‐based universal interventions. Child Development, 82, 1 (2011), 405-432.

[24]

[24] A. D’Amico and D. Guastella.[n.d.]. ([n. d.]). 2019. The Robotic Construction Kit as a Tool for Cognitive Stimulation in Children and Adolescents: The RE4BES Protocol. Robotics, 8, 1 (2019), 8.

[25]

[25] Eguchi.[n.d.]. ([n. d.]). 2014. Robotics as a Learning Tool for Educational Transformation. Proceedings of 4th International Workshop Teaching Robotics, Teaching with Robotics and 5th International Conference Robotics in Education.

[26]

[26] N. Eisenberg.[n.d.]. ([n. d.]). 1992. The caring child. Cambridge, Harvard University Press, MA.

[27]

[27] E. Ferrari, B. Robins, and K. Dautenhahn.[n.d.]. ([n. d.]). 2009. Therapeutic and educational objectives in robot assisted play for children with autism. In Robot and Human Interactive Communication, 2009. RO- MAN 2009. The 18th IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (pp. 108–114). IEEE.

[28]

[28] P. Frostad and SJ Pijl.[n.d.]. ([n. d.]). 2006. Does being friendly help in making friends? The relation between the social position and social skills of pupils with special needs in mainstream education. European Journal of Special Needs Education. 22, 1 (Dec. 2006), 15–30.

[29]

[29] M. Garaigordobil.[n.d.]. ([n. d.]). 2017. Psychometric properties of the Cyberbullying Test, a screening instrument to measure cybervictimization, cyberaggression, and cyberobservation. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 32, 23 (2017), 3556-3576.

[30]

[30] T.R. Goldsmith and L.A. LeBlanc.[n.d.]. ([n. d.]). 2004. Use of technology in interventions for children with autism. Journal of Early and Intensive Behavior Intervention, 1, 2 (2004), 166.

[31]

[31] D. Goleman.[n.d.]. ([n. d.]). 2011. Emotional Intelligence. Athens: Pedio.

[32]

[32] I.E. Harmsen.[n.d.]. ([n. d.]). 2019. Empathy in autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 49, 10 (2019), 3939-3955.

[33]

[33] M.L. Hoffman.[n.d.]. ([n. d.]). 2000. Empathy and moral development: Implications for caring and justice. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

[34]

[34] T. Hughes‐Roberts, D. Brown, P. Standen, L. Desideri, M. Negrini, A. Rouame, G. Wager, and C. Hasson.[n.d.]. ([n. d.]). 2018. Examining engagement and achievement in learners with individual needs through robotic‐based teaching sessions. British Journal of Educational Technology, 50, 5 (2018).

[35]

[35] M. Ioannou and T. Bratitsis.[n.d.]. ([n. d.]). 2017. Teaching the Notion of Speed in Kindergarten Using the Sphero SPRK Robot. IEEE 17th International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies (ICALT2017), Timisoara, Romania, 311-312.

[36]

[36] S.E. Jung and E. Won.[n.d.]. ([n. d.]). 2018. Systematic Review of Research Trends in Robotics Education for Young Children. Sustainability, 10, (2018) 905.

[37]

[37] J.F. Krebs, A. Biswas, O. Pascalis, I. Kamp-Becker, H/ Remschmidt, and G. Schwarzer.[n.d.]. ([n. d.]). 2011. Face processing in children with autism spectrum disorder: Independent or interactive processing of facial identity and facial expression? Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 41, 6 (2011), 796-804.

[38]

[38] C.U. Krägeloh, J. Bharatharaj, S. Kutty, S. Kumar, P.R. Nirmala, and L. Huang.[n.d.]. ([n. d.]). 2019. Questionnaires to Measure Acceptability of Social Robots: A Critical Review. Robotics, 8, 4 (2019), 88.

[39]

[39] J Kuenzi.[n.d.]. ([n. d.]). 2008. Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education: Background, federal policy, and legislative action. CRS Report for Congress. Available at http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/crsdocs/35.

[40]

[40] C. Johnson M. Peng, J. Pollock, R. Glasspool, and R. Hams.[n.d.]. ([n. d.]). 1992. Training young children to acknowledge mixed emotions. Cognition and Emotion, 6 (1992), 378– 401.

[41]

[41] S. Mavropoulou and G.D. Sideridis.[n.d.]. ([n. d.]). 2014. Knowledge of autism and attitudes of children towards their partially integrated peers with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44, 8 (2014), 1867-1885.

[42]

[42] C. Mazon, H. Sauzeon, and C. Fage.[n.d.]. ([n. d.]). 2018. Effectiveness and usability of technology- based interventions for children and adolescents with ASD: A systematic review of reliability, consistency, generalization and durability related to the effects of intervention. Computers in Human Behavior, 93 (2018), 235-251.

Digital Library

[43]

[43] R. Meuwese, A.H. Cillessen, and B. Güroğlu.[n.d.]. ([n. d.]). 2017. Friends in high places: A dyadic perspective on peer status as predictor of friendship quality and the mediating role of empathy and prosocial behavior. Social Development, 26, 3 (2017), 503-519.

[44]

[44] A. Misirli and V. Komis.[n.d.]. ([n. d.]). 2014. Robotics and Programming Concepts in Early Childhood Education: A Conceptual Framework for Designing Educational. In: Karagiannidis C., Politis P., Karasavvidis I. (eds) Research on e-Learning and ICT in Education. Springer, New York, NY, 99-118.

[45]

[45] R.G. Mittenberger.[n.d.]. ([n. d.]). 2015. Behavior modification: Principles and procedures (6th ed.). Boston, MA: Cengage Learning.

[46]

[46] M. Miyahara, Y. Sawae, R. Wilson, H. Briggs, J. Ishida, K. Dolhata, and A. Sugiyama.[n.d.]. ([n. d.]). 2018. An interdependence approach to empathic concern for disability and accessibility: Effects of gender, culture, and priming self-construal in Japan and New Zealand. Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology, 12 (2018), e12.

[47]

[47] T.H. Van Noorden, G.J. Haselager, A.H. Cillessen, and W.M. Bukowski.[n.d.]. ([n. d.]). 2015. Empathy and involvement in bullying in children and adolescents: A systematic review. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 44, 3 (2015), 637-657.

[48]

[48] V. Ornaghi, J. Brockmeier, and I. Grazzani.[n.d.]. ([n. d.]). 2013. Enhancing social cognition by training children in emotion understanding: A primary school study. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology. 119 (Nov. 2013), 26–39.

[49]

[49] Owens, Y. Granader, A. Humphrey, and S. Baron-Cohen.[n.d.]. ([n. d.]). 2008. LEGO® therapy and the social use of language programme: An evaluation of two social skills interventions for children with high functioning autism and Asperger syndrome. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38, 10 (2008), 1944.

[50]

[50] P. Pennisi, A. Tonacci, G. Tartarisco, L. Billeci, L. Ruta, S. Gangemi, and G. Pioggia.[n.d.]. ([n. d.]). 2016. Autism and social robotics: A systematic review. Autism Research, 9, 2 (2016), 165-183.

[51]

[51] L. Perenc and R. Pęczkowski.[n.d.]. ([n. d.]). 2018. Cognitive and affective empathy among adolescent siblings of children with a physical disability. Disability and Health Journal, 11, 1 (2018), 43-48.

[52]

[52] K.V. Petrides, N. Frederickson, and A. Furnham.[n.d.]. ([n. d.]). 2004. The role of trait emotional intelligence in academic performance and deviant behavior at school. Personality and Individual Differences, 36, 2 (2004), 277-293.

[53]

[53] J.R. Polanin, D.L. Espelage, and T.D. Pigott.[n.d.]. ([n. d.]). 2012. A meta-analysis of school-based bullying prevention programs’ effects on bystander intervention behavior. School Psychology Review, 41, 1 (2012), 47-65.

[54]

[54] Conti S., Di Nuovo, S. Buono, and A. Di Nuovo.[n.d.]. ([n. d.]). 2017. Robots in education and care of children with developmental disabilities: a study on acceptance by experienced and future professionals. International Journal of Social Robotics, 9, 1 (2017), 51-62.

[55]

[55] Sartorato, L. Przybylowski, and D.K. Sarko.[n.d.]. ([n. d.]). 2017. Improving therapeutic outcomes in autism spectrum disorders: Enhancing social communication and sensory processing through the use of interactive robots. Journal of psychiatric research, 90 (2017), 1-11.

[56]

[56] B. Scassellati, H. Admoni, and M. Mataric.[n.d.]. ([n. d.]). 2012. Robots for use in autism research. Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering, 14 (2012), 275–294.

[57]

[57] K.A. Schonert-Reichl, V. Smith, A. Zaidman-Zait, and C. Hertzman.[n.d.]. ([n. d.]). 2012. Promoting children’s prosocial behaviors in school: Impact of the ‘‘Roots of Empathy’’ program on the social and emotional competence of school-aged children. School Mental Health., 4 (2012), 1–21.

[58]

[58] C. Schwenck, J. Mergenthaler, K. Keller, J. Zech, S. Salehi, R. Taurines, and C.M. Freitag.[n.d.]. ([n. d.]). 2012. Empathy in children with autism and conduct disorder: Group‐specific profiles and developmental aspects. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 53, 6 (2012), 651-659.

[59]

[59] Siegel.[n.d.]. ([n. d.]). 1996. The world of the autistic child: Understanding and treating autistic spectrum disorder. Oxford University Press, NY.

[60]

[60] P. Standen, D. Brown, J. Roscoe, J. Hedgecoc, D. Stewart, M.J.G. Trigo, and E. Elgajiji.[n.d.]. ([n. d.]). 2014. Engaging students with profound and multiple disabilities using humanoid robots. In International Conference on Universal Access in Human-Computer Interaction. Springer International Publishing, 419–430.

[61]

[61] J.W. Tanaka, J.M. Wolf, C. Klaiman, K. Koenig, J. Cockburn, L. Herlihy, and R.T. Schultz.[n.d.]. ([n. d.]). 2010. Using computerized games to teach face recognition skills to children with autism spectrum disorder: The Let’s Face It! program. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 51, 8 (2010), 944-952.

[62]

[62] K. Kolomitro T.C.M. Lam and F.C. Alamparambil.[n.d.]. ([n. d.]). 2011. Empathy training: Methods, evaluation practices, and validity. Journal of Multidisciplinary Evaluation, 7, 16 (2011), 162-200.

[63]

[63] N.M. Thompson, C.D.B. Luft, and M.J. Banissy.[n.d.]. ([n. d.]). 2016. Empathy. In Absher J. R. and Cloutier J. (Eds.), Neuroimaging personality, social cognition, and character. San Diego, CA, US: Elsevier Academic Press, 289-303.

[64]

[64] L.P.E. Toh, A. Causo, P.W. Tzuo, I.M. Chen, and S.H. Yeo.[n.d.]. ([n. d.]). 2016. A Review on the Use of Robots in Education and Young Children. Educational Technology and Society, 19, 2 (2016), 148–163.

[65]

[65] W.L. Tseng, Y. Kawabata, S.S.F. Gau, A.M. Banny, K.A. Lingras, and N.R. Crick.[n.d.]. ([n. d.]). 2012. Relations of inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity to preadolescent peer functioning: The mediating roles of aggressive and prosocial behaviors. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 41, 3 (2012), 275-287.

[66]

[66] D. Tsiopela and A. Tzimogiannis.[n.d.]. ([n. d.]). 2018. ICT in Education of people with Autism Spectrum Disorders: Literature Ovierview. Themes in Science and Technology Education, 10, 1 (2018), 19-35.

[67]

[67] Zych M.M. Ttofi and D.P. Farrington.[n.d.]. ([n. d.]). 2019. Empathy and callous–unemotional traits in different bullying roles: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Trauma, Violence, and Abuse, 20, 1 (2019), 3-21.

[68]

[68] E. van der Zee and J.J. Derksen.[n.d.]. ([n. d.]). 2019. Reconsidering empathy deficits in children and adolescents with autism. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, (2019), 1-1.

[69]

[69] Werry and K. Dautenhahn.[n.d.]. ([n. d.]). 1999. Applying mobile robot technology to the rehabilitation of autistic children. In Proceedings SIRS99, 7th International Symposium on Intelligent Robotic Systems (1999), 265-272.

Cited By

Maalouly EYamazaki RNishio SNørskov MKamaga KKomai SChiba KAtsumi KAkao K(2024)The effect of conversation on altruism: A comparative study with different media and generationsPLOS ONE10.1371/journal.pone.030176919:6(e0301769)Online publication date: 14-Jun-2024
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0301769
Alexandrakis DKlimedioti XTselios N(2024)Exploring Connections between Computer Programming and EmpathyProceedings of the 17th International Conference on PErvasive Technologies Related to Assistive Environments10.1145/3652037.3652054(34-37)Online publication date: 26-Jun-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3652037.3652054
Joventino CSilva RPereira JYabarrena Jde Oliveira A(2023)A Sim-to-real Practical Approach to Teach Robotics into K-12: A Case Study of Simulators, Educational and DIY Robotics in Competition-based LearningJournal of Intelligent and Robotic Systems10.1007/s10846-022-01790-2107:1Online publication date: 17-Jan-2023
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1007/s10846-022-01790-2
Show More Cited By

Recommendations

A Constructivist Methodology for Teacher Training in Educational Robotics: The TERECoP Course in Greece through Trainees' Eyes
ICALT '09: Proceedings of the 2009 Ninth IEEE International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies

This paper presents a constructivist methodology for teacher training in robotic technology and its implementation within the framework of a teacher training course. The methodology in question is aimed at keeping in line with the proposed use of ...
Blended Learning for Teacher Training in Computational Thinking and Educational Robotics
Proceedings of TEEM 2023
Abstract
In contemporary educational contexts, there is a growing trend towards the utilization of Educational Robotics and the cultivation of Computational Thinking. This development highlights the increasing need for synergy between education and ...
The Edifying Impact of Blending Game-Based Learning with Educational Robotics: A Systematic Review of Empirical Evidence
Social Computing and Social Media
Abstract
Game-based learning is an effective pedagogical approach with a demonstrated capacity to activate learner engagement, inspire motivation, and enhance the overall learning experience. The application of educational robotics has also attracted a lot ...

Comments

Please enable JavaScript to view thecomments powered by Disqus.

Information & Contributors

Information

Published In

cover image ACM Other conferences

DSAI '20: Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Software Development and Technologies for Enhancing Accessibility and Fighting Info-exclusion

December 2020

245 pages

ISBN:9781450389372

DOI:10.1145/3439231

Copyright © 2020 ACM.

Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected]

Publisher

Association for Computing Machinery

New York, NY, United States

Publication History

Published: 09 June 2021

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Request Permissions

Check for updates

Author Tags

Qualifiers

Research-article
Research
Refereed limited

Conference

DSAI 2020

DSAI 2020: 9th International Conference on Software Development and Technologies for Enhancing Accessibility and Fighting Info-exclusion

December 2 - 4, 2020

Online, Portugal

Acceptance Rates

Overall Acceptance Rate 17 of 23 submissions, 74%

Contributors

Other Metrics

View Article Metrics

Bibliometrics & Citations

Bibliometrics

Article Metrics

4
Total Citations
View Citations
131
Total Downloads

Downloads (Last 12 months)30
Downloads (Last 6 weeks)4

Reflects downloads up to 14 Feb 2025

Other Metrics

View Author Metrics

Citations

Cited By

Maalouly EYamazaki RNishio SNørskov MKamaga KKomai SChiba KAtsumi KAkao K(2024)The effect of conversation on altruism: A comparative study with different media and generationsPLOS ONE10.1371/journal.pone.030176919:6(e0301769)Online publication date: 14-Jun-2024
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0301769
Alexandrakis DKlimedioti XTselios N(2024)Exploring Connections between Computer Programming and EmpathyProceedings of the 17th International Conference on PErvasive Technologies Related to Assistive Environments10.1145/3652037.3652054(34-37)Online publication date: 26-Jun-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3652037.3652054
Joventino CSilva RPereira JYabarrena Jde Oliveira A(2023)A Sim-to-real Practical Approach to Teach Robotics into K-12: A Case Study of Simulators, Educational and DIY Robotics in Competition-based LearningJournal of Intelligent and Robotic Systems10.1007/s10846-022-01790-2107:1Online publication date: 17-Jan-2023
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1007/s10846-022-01790-2
Augello A(2022)Unveiling the reasoning processes of robots through introspective dialogues in a storytelling systemCognitive Systems Research10.1016/j.cogsys.2021.11.00673:C(12-20)Online publication date: 1-Jun-2022
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1016/j.cogsys.2021.11.006

View Options

Login options

Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.

Full Access

Get this Publication

View options

PDF

View or Download as a PDF file.

eReader

View online with eReader.

HTML Format

View this article in HTML Format.

Figures

Tables

Media

View Table of Conten