Nothing Special   »   [go: up one dir, main page]

skip to main content
research-article

Modeling and Computational Characterization of Twitter Customer Service Conversations

Published: 18 March 2019 Publication History

Abstract

Given the increasing popularity of customer service dialogue on Twitter, analysis of conversation data is essential to understanding trends in customer and agent behavior for the purpose of automating customer service interactions. In this work, we develop a novel taxonomy of fine-grained “dialogue acts” frequently observed in customer service, showcasing acts that are more suited to the domain than the more generic existing taxonomies. Using a sequential SVM-HMM model, we model conversation flow, predicting the dialogue act of a given turn in real time, and showcase this using our “PredDial” portal. We characterize differences between customer and agent behavior in Twitter customer service conversations and investigate the effect of testing our system on different customer service industries. Finally, we use a data-driven approach to predict important conversation outcomes: customer satisfaction, customer frustration, and overall problem resolution. We show that the type and location of certain dialogue acts in a conversation have a significant effect on the probability of desirable and undesirable outcomes and present actionable rules based on our findings. We explore the correlations between different dialogue acts and the outcome of the conversations in detail using an actionable-rule discovery task by leveraging a state-of-the-art sequential rule mining algorithm while modeling a set of conversations as a set of sequences. The patterns and rules we derive can be used as guidelines for outcome-driven automated customer service platforms.

References

[1]
James Allen, George Ferguson, and Amanda Stent. 2001. An architecture for more realistic conversational systems. In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces. ACM, 1--8.
[2]
Yasemin Altun, Ioannis Tsochantaridis, and Thomas Hofmann. 2003. Hidden Markov support vector machines. In International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML’03).
[3]
John L. Austin. 1962. How to Do Things with Words. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
[4]
Steven Bird, Ewan Klein, and Edward Loper. 2009. Natural Language Processing with Python. O’Reilly Media.
[5]
Kristy Elizabeth Boyer, Eun Young Ha, Robert Phillips, Michael D. Wallis, Mladen A. Vouk, and James C. Lester. 2010. Dialogue act modeling in a complex task-oriented domain. In Proceedings of the 11th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue (SIGDIAL’10). Association for Computational Linguistics, 297--305.
[6]
Harry Bunt, Jan Alexandersson, Jean Carletta, Jae-Woong Choe, Alex Chengyu Fang, Koiti Hasida, Kiyong Lee, Volha Petukhova, Andrei Popescu-Belis, Laurent Romary, Claudia Soria, and David Traum. 2010. Towards an ISO standard for dialogue act annotation. In 7th Conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC’10), 2548--2555.
[7]
Mark G. Core and James Allen. 1997. Coding dialogs with the DAMSL annotation scheme. In AAAI Fall Symposium on Communicative Action in Humans and Machines, Vol. 56.
[8]
Joseph L. Fleiss. 1971. Measuring nominal scale agreement among many raters. Psychological Bulletin 76, 5 (1971), 378--382.
[9]
Philippe Fournier-Viger, Antonio Gomariz, Manuel Campos, and Rincy Thomas. 2014. Fast vertical mining of sequential patterns using co-occurrence information. In Pacific-Asia Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining. 40--52.
[10]
Milica Gasic, Catherine Breslin, Matthew Henderson, Dongho Kim, Martin Szummer, Blaise Thomson, Pirros Tsiakoulis, and Steve Young. 2013. POMDP-based dialogue manager adaptation to extended domains. In Proceedings of the SIGDIAL 2013 Conference. Association for Computational Linguistics, 214--222.
[11]
Jonathan Herzig, Guy Feigenblat, Michal Shmueli-Scheuer, David Konopnicki, and Anat Rafaeli. 2016. Predicting customer satisfaction in customer support conversations in social media using affective features. In Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on User Modeling Adaptation and Personalization (UMAP’16). ACM, New York, 115--119. Retrieved from
[12]
Jonathan Herzig, Guy Feigenblat, Michal Shmueli-Scheuer, David Konopnicki, Anat Rafaeli, Daniel Altman, and David Spivak. 2016. Classifying emotions in customer support dialogues in social media. In Proceedings of the 17th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue. Association for Computational Linguistics, 64--73.
[13]
Sepp Hochreiter and Jürgen Schmidhuber. 1997. Long short-term memory. Neural Computing 9, 8 (Nov. 1997), 1735--1780.
[14]
Courtenay Honeycutt and Susan C. Herring. 2009. Beyond microblogging: Conversation and collaboration via Twitter. In Proceedings of the 42nd Hawai’i International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS-42’09).IEEE Computer Society, 1--10.
[15]
Edward Ivanovic. 2005. Dialogue act tagging for instant messaging chat sessions. Proceedings of the Association for Computational Linguistics Student Research Workshop (ACL’05), 79--84.
[16]
Edward Ivanovic. 2006. Using dialogue acts to suggest responses in support services via instant messaging. Australasian Language Technology Workshop. 159--160.
[17]
Edward Ivanovic. 2008. Automatic instant messaging dialogue using statistical models and dialogue acts. Master’s Research Thesis.
[18]
Thorsten Joachims, Thomas Finley, and Chun-Nam John Yu. 2009. Cutting-plane training of structural SVMs. Machine Learning 77, 1 (Oct. 2009), 27--59. Retrieved from
[19]
Shafiq R. Joty and Enamul Hoque. 2016. Speech act modeling of written asynchronous conversations with task-specific embeddings and conditional structured models. In Association for Computer Linguistics (ACL'16). 1746--1756.
[20]
Dan Jurafsky, Elizabeth Shriberg, and Debra Biasca. 1997. Switchboard-DAMSL Labeling Project Coder’s Manual, Draft 13. Technical Report 97-02, University of Colorado, Institute of Cognitive Science, Boulder, CO.
[21]
Su Nam Kim, Lawrence Cavedon, and Timothy Baldwin. 2010. Classifying dialogue acts in one-on-one live chats. In Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP’10). Association for Computational Linguistics, 862--871.
[22]
Su Nam Kim, Lawrence Cavedon, and Timothy Baldwin. 2012. Classifying dialogue acts in multi-party live chats. In 26th Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation, 463--472.
[23]
Tina Klüwer, Hans Uszkoreit, and Feiyu Xu. 2010. Using syntactic and semantic based relations for dialogue act recognition. In Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING'10), 570--578.
[24]
John D. Lafferty, Andrew McCallum, and Fernando C. N. Pereira. 2001. Conditional random fields: Probabilistic models for segmenting and labeling sequence data. In Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML’01). Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, San Francisco, CA, 282--289.
[25]
J. Richard Landis and Gary G. Koch. 1977. The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics 33, 1 (1977), 159--174.
[26]
Ramesh Manuvinakurike, Maike Paetzel, Cheng Qu, David Schlangen, and David DeVault. 2016. Toward incremental dialogue act segmentation in fast-paced interactive dialogue systems. In Proceedings of the 17th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue. Association for Computational Linguistics, 252--262.
[27]
Saif M. Mohammad and Peter D. Turney. 2010. Emotions evoked by common words and phrases: Using Mechanical Turk to create an emotion lexicon. In Proceedings of the NAACL HLT 2010 Workshop on Computational Approaches to Analysis and Generation of Emotion in Text (CAAGET’10). Association for Computational Linguistics, 26--34.
[28]
Ralph A. Morelli, Joseph D. Bronzino, and J. W. Goethe. 1991. A computational speech-act model of human-computer conversations. In Proceedings of the 1991 IEEE 17th Annual Northeast Bioengineering Conference, 1991. 263--264.
[29]
Shereen Oraby, Pritam Gundecha, Jalal Mahmud, Mansurul Bhuiyan, and Rama Akkiraju. 2017. “How may I help you?”: Modeling Twitter customer service conversations using fine-grained dialogue acts. In Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces (IUI’17). ACM, New York, 343--355. Retrieved from
[30]
Fabian Pedregosa, Gael Varoquaux, Alexandre Gramfort, Vincent Michel, Bertrand Thirion, Olivier Grisel, Mathieu Blondel, Peter Prettenhofer, Ron Weiss, Vincent Dubourg, Jake Vanderplas, Alexandre Passos, David Cournapeau, Matthieu Brucher, Matthieu Perrot, and Edouard Duchesnay. 2011. Scikit-learn: Machine learning in python. Journal of Machine Learning Research 12 (2011), 2825--2830.
[31]
Martin L. Puterman. 1994. Markov Decision Processes: Discrete Stochastic Dynamic Programming. John Wiley 8 Sons, Inc., New York.
[32]
Alan Ritter, Colin Cherry, and Bill Dolan. 2010. Unsupervised modeling of Twitter conversations. In Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics. Association for Computational Linguistics, 172--180.
[33]
Harvey Sacks. 1992. In Harvey Sacks: Lectures on Conversation, Gail Jefferson (Ed.). Blackwell Publishing.
[34]
Amanda Schiffrin. 2005. Modelling speech acts in conversational discourse (PhD thesis). University of Leeds, Department of Computing, May 2005.
[35]
John R. Searle. 1975. A taxonomy of illocutionary acts. In Language Mind and Knowledge, Vol. 7. University of Minnesota Press, 344--369.
[36]
Andreas Stolcke, Klaus Ries, Noah Coccaro, Elizabeth Shriberg, Rebecca Bates, Daniel Jurafsky, Paul Taylor, Rachel Martin, C. V. Ess-Dykema, and Marie Meteer. 2000. Dialogue act modeling for automatic tagging and recognition of conversational speech. Computational Linguistics 26, 3 (2000), 339--373. arXiv:cs/0006023
[37]
Ming Sun, Yun-Nung Chen, and Alexander I. Rudnicky. 2016. An intelligent assistant for high-level task understanding. In Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces. ACM, 169--174.
[38]
Gokhan Tur, Umit Guz, and Dilek Hakkani-Tür. 2006. Model adaptation for dialog act tagging. In Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE ACL Spoken Language Technology Workshop (SLT’06). 94--97.
[39]
Soroush Vosoughi and Deb Roy. 2013. A semi-automatic method for efficient detection of stories on social media. International Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence Conference (AAAI) on Web and Social Media (ICWSM'16). 707--710.
[40]
Soroush Vosoughi and Deb Roy. 2016. Tweet acts: A speech act classifier for twitter. International Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence Conference (AAAI) on Web and Social Media (ICWSM'16). 711--714.
[41]
Mohammed J. Zaki and Wagner Meira Jr. 2014. Data Mining and Analysis: Fundamental Concepts and Algorithms. Cambridge University Press, New York.
[42]
Elina Zarisheva and Tatjana Scheffler. 2015. Dialog act annotation for Twitter conversations. In Proceedings of the 16th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue. Association for Computational Linguistics, 114--123.
[43]
Renxian Zhang, Dehong Gao, and Wenjie Li. 2011. What are Tweeters doing: Recognizing speech acts in Twitter. Analyzing Microtext WS-11-05 (2011), 86--91.

Cited By

View all
  • (2023)Construction of Intelligent Customer Service System on E-Commerce Platform and Its Impact on User Experience2023 International Conference on Network, Multimedia and Information Technology (NMITCON)10.1109/NMITCON58196.2023.10276323(1-7)Online publication date: 1-Sep-2023
  • (2023)An investigation on the influencing factors of elderly people's intention to use financial AI customer serviceInternet Research10.1108/INTR-06-2022-040234:3(690-717)Online publication date: 16-Mar-2023
  • (2022)Characterizing user behaviors in open-source software user forumsProceedings of the 15th International Conference on Cooperative and Human Aspects of Software Engineering10.1145/3528579.3529178(46-55)Online publication date: 21-May-2022
  • Show More Cited By

Recommendations

Comments

Please enable JavaScript to view thecomments powered by Disqus.

Information & Contributors

Information

Published In

cover image ACM Transactions on Interactive Intelligent Systems
ACM Transactions on Interactive Intelligent Systems  Volume 9, Issue 2-3
Special Issue on Highlights of ACM IUI 2017
September 2019
324 pages
ISSN:2160-6455
EISSN:2160-6463
DOI:10.1145/3320251
Issue’s Table of Contents
Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected]

Publisher

Association for Computing Machinery

New York, NY, United States

Publication History

Published: 18 March 2019
Accepted: 01 March 2019
Revised: 01 November 2017
Received: 01 June 2017
Published in TIIS Volume 9, Issue 2-3

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Check for updates

Author Tags

  1. Dialogue
  2. Twitter
  3. conversation modeling
  4. correlations
  5. customer service
  6. sequential rule mining

Qualifiers

  • Research-article
  • Research
  • Refereed

Contributors

Other Metrics

Bibliometrics & Citations

Bibliometrics

Article Metrics

  • Downloads (Last 12 months)22
  • Downloads (Last 6 weeks)1
Reflects downloads up to 16 Nov 2024

Other Metrics

Citations

Cited By

View all
  • (2023)Construction of Intelligent Customer Service System on E-Commerce Platform and Its Impact on User Experience2023 International Conference on Network, Multimedia and Information Technology (NMITCON)10.1109/NMITCON58196.2023.10276323(1-7)Online publication date: 1-Sep-2023
  • (2023)An investigation on the influencing factors of elderly people's intention to use financial AI customer serviceInternet Research10.1108/INTR-06-2022-040234:3(690-717)Online publication date: 16-Mar-2023
  • (2022)Characterizing user behaviors in open-source software user forumsProceedings of the 15th International Conference on Cooperative and Human Aspects of Software Engineering10.1145/3528579.3529178(46-55)Online publication date: 21-May-2022
  • (2022)How humans obtain information from AIInformation Processing and Management: an International Journal10.1016/j.ipm.2021.10283859:2Online publication date: 1-Mar-2022

View Options

Login options

Full Access

View options

PDF

View or Download as a PDF file.

PDF

eReader

View online with eReader.

eReader

HTML Format

View this article in HTML Format.

HTML Format

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

Share

Share

Share this Publication link

Share on social media