research-article

Traffic class assignment for mixed-criticality frames in TTEthernet

Authors:

Voica Gavriluţ,

Paul PopAuthors Info & Claims

ACM SIGBED Review, Volume 13, Issue 4

Pages 31 - 36

https://doi.org/10.1145/3015037.3015042

Published: 03 November 2016 Publication History

Abstract

In this paper we are interested in mixed-criticality applications, which have functions with different timing requirements, i.e., hard real-time (HRT), soft real-time (SRT) and functions that are not time-critical (NC). The applications are implemented on distributed architectures that use the TTEthernet protocol for communication. TTEthernet supports three traffic classes: Time-Triggered (TT), where frames are transmitted based on static schedule tables; Rate Constrained (RC), for dynamic frames with a guaranteed bandwidth and bounded delays; and Best Effort (BE), for which no timing guarantees are provided. HRT messages have deadlines, whereas for SRT messages we capture the quality-of-service using "utility functions". Given the network topology, the set of application messages and their routing, we are interested to determine the traffic class of each message, such that all HRT messages are schedulable and the total utility for SRT messages is maximized. For the TT frames we decide their schedule tables, and for the RC frames we decide their bandwidth allocation. We propose aTabu Search-based metaheuristic to solve this optimization problem. The proposed approach has been evaluated using several benchmarks, including two realistic test cases.

References

[1]

Aeronautical Radio, Inc. ARINC 664P7: Aircraft Data Network, Part 7, Avionics Full-Duplex Switched Ethernet Network. 2009.

[2]

G. Buttazzo, G. Lipari, L. Abeni, and M. Caccamo. Soft Real-Time Systems. Springer, 2005.

[3]

S. S. Craciunas and R. Serna Oliver. Combined task- and network-level scheduling for distributed time-triggered systems. Real-Time Systems, 52(2):161--200, 2016.

Digital Library

[4]

J. D. Decotignie. Ethernet-based real-time and industrial communications. Proceedings of the IEEE, 93(6):1102--1117, 2005.

[5]

T. Hamza, J.-L. Scharbarg, and C. Fraboul. Priority assignment on an avionics switched ethernet network (QoS AFDX). In IEEE Workshop on Factory Communication Systems, pages 1--8, 2014.

[6]

G. Kendall and E. K. Burke. Search methodologies: introductory tutorials in optimization and decision support techniques. Springer, 2005.

[7]

P. Pedreiras, P. Gai, L. Almeida, and G. C. Buttazzo. FTT-Ethernet: A flexible real-time communication protocol that supports dynamic QoS management on ethernet-based systems. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 1(3):162--172, 2005.

[8]

T. Pop, P. Pop, P. Eles, and Z. Peng. Analysis and optimisation of hierarchically scheduled multiprocessor embedded systems. International Journal of Parallel Programming, 36(1):37--67, 2008.

Digital Library

[9]

F. Pozo, W. Steiner, G. Rodríguez-Navas, and H. Hansson. A decomposition approach for SMT-based schedule synthesis for time-triggered networks. In IEEE Conference on Emerging Technologies & Factory Automation, pages 1--8, 2015.

[10]

W. Puffitsch, R. B. Sorensen, and M. Schoeberl. Time-division multiplexing vs network calculus. In International Conference on Real Time and Networks Systems, pages 289--296, 2015.

Digital Library

[11]

J. Rushby. Bus architectures for safety-critical embedded systems. In Embedded Software, pages 306--323. Springer, 2001.

Digital Library

[12]

SAE. AS6802: Time-Triggered Ethernet. SAE International, 2011.

[13]

SAE International. SAE Technical Report J2056/1. 1993.

[14]

D. Tamas-Selicean, P. Pop, and W. Steiner. Design optimization of TTEthernet-based distributed real-time systems. Real-Time Systems, 51(1):1--35, 2015.

Digital Library

[15]

D. Tamas-Selicean, P. Pop, and W. Steiner. Timing Analysis of Rate Constrained Traffic for the TTEthernet Communication Protocol. In IEEE International Symposium on Real-Time Distributed Computing, pages 119--126, 2015.

Digital Library

[16]

J. D. Ullman. NP-complete scheduling problems. J. Comput. Syst. Sci., 10(3):384--393, 1975.

Digital Library

Cited By

Hotescu OJaffrès-Runser KScharbarg J(2024)Time-triggered scheduling of mixed-critical flows at end-system in asynchronous AFDX avionic networkComputer Networks10.1016/j.comnet.2024.110427246(110427)Online publication date: Jun-2024
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2024.110427
Yu HTaleb TZhang J(2023)Deep Reinforcement Learning-Based Deterministic Routing and Scheduling for Mixed-Criticality FlowsIEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics10.1109/TII.2022.322231419:8(8806-8816)Online publication date: Aug-2023
https://doi.org/10.1109/TII.2022.3222314
Zhong CJia HWan HZhao X(2021)DRLS: A Deep Reinforcement Learning Based Scheduler for Time-Triggered Ethernet2021 International Conference on Computer Communications and Networks (ICCCN)10.1109/ICCCN52240.2021.9522239(1-11)Online publication date: Jul-2021
https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCCN52240.2021.9522239
Show More Cited By

Index Terms

Traffic class assignment for mixed-criticality frames in TTEthernet
1. Theory of computation
  1. Theory and algorithms for application domains
    1. Machine learning theory
      1. Reinforcement learning
        Sequential decision making

Recommendations

Traffic-type Assignment for TSN-based Mixed-criticality Cyber-physical Systems

This article focuses on mixed-criticality applications with functions that have different timing requirements, i.e., hard real-time (HRT), soft real-time (SRT), and functions that are not time-critical (NC). The applications are implemented on ...
Synthesis of communication schedules for TTEthernet-based mixed-criticality systems
CODES+ISSS '12: Proceedings of the eighth IEEE/ACM/IFIP international conference on Hardware/software codesign and system synthesis

In this paper we are interested in safety-critical distributed systems, composed of heterogeneous processing elements interconnected using the TTEthernet protocol. We address hard real-time mixed-criticality applications, which may have different ...
Timing Analysis of Rate Constrained Traffic for the TTEthernet Communication Protocol
ISORC '15: Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE 18th International Symposium on Real-Time Distributed Computing

Ethernet is a low-cost communication solution offering high transmission speeds. Although its applications extend beyond computer networking, Ethernet is not suitable for real-time and safety-critical systems. To alleviate this, several real-time ...

Comments

Please enable JavaScript to view thecomments powered by Disqus.

Information & Contributors

Information

Published In

cover image ACM SIGBED Review

ACM SIGBED Review Volume 13, Issue 4

Special Issue on 14th International Workshop on RealTime Networks (RTN 2016)

September 2016

65 pages

EISSN:1551-3688

DOI:10.1145/3015037

Editors:
Jean-Luc Scharbarg
Université de Toulouse, France
,
Mathieu Jan
CEA LIST, France

Issue’s Table of Contents

Copyright © 2016 Authors.

Publisher

Association for Computing Machinery

New York, NY, United States

Publication History

Published: 03 November 2016

Published in SIGBED Volume 13, Issue 4

Check for updates

Qualifiers

Research-article

Contributors

Other Metrics

View Article Metrics

Bibliometrics & Citations

Bibliometrics

Article Metrics

14
Total Citations
View Citations
169
Total Downloads

Downloads (Last 12 months)12
Downloads (Last 6 weeks)0

Reflects downloads up to 18 Nov 2024

Other Metrics

View Author Metrics

Citations

Cited By

Hotescu OJaffrès-Runser KScharbarg J(2024)Time-triggered scheduling of mixed-critical flows at end-system in asynchronous AFDX avionic networkComputer Networks10.1016/j.comnet.2024.110427246(110427)Online publication date: Jun-2024
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2024.110427
Yu HTaleb TZhang J(2023)Deep Reinforcement Learning-Based Deterministic Routing and Scheduling for Mixed-Criticality FlowsIEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics10.1109/TII.2022.322231419:8(8806-8816)Online publication date: Aug-2023
https://doi.org/10.1109/TII.2022.3222314
Zhong CJia HWan HZhao X(2021)DRLS: A Deep Reinforcement Learning Based Scheduler for Time-Triggered Ethernet2021 International Conference on Computer Communications and Networks (ICCCN)10.1109/ICCCN52240.2021.9522239(1-11)Online publication date: Jul-2021
https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCCN52240.2021.9522239
Yang XHuang YShi JCao Z(2020)A Performance Analysis Framework of Time-Triggered Ethernet Using Real-Time CalculusElectronics10.3390/electronics90710909:7(1090)Online publication date: 3-Jul-2020
https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics9071090
Gavriluţ VPop P(2020)Traffic-type Assignment for TSN-based Mixed-criticality Cyber-physical SystemsACM Transactions on Cyber-Physical Systems10.1145/33717084:2(1-27)Online publication date: 21-Jan-2020
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3371708
Park TSamii SShin K(2019)Design Optimization of Frame Preemption in Real-Time Switched Ethernet2019 Design, Automation & Test in Europe Conference & Exhibition (DATE)10.23919/DATE.2019.8714953(420-425)Online publication date: Mar-2019
https://doi.org/10.23919/DATE.2019.8714953
Wang HQu JNiu W(2019)Network Topology Optimization Based on Time-Triggered DIMAXibei Gongye Daxue Xuebao/Journal of Northwestern Polytechnical University10.1051/jnwpu/2018366122436:6(1224-1231)Online publication date: 12-Mar-2019
https://doi.org/10.1051/jnwpu/20183661224
Mahfouzi RAminifar ASamii SRezine AEles PPeng Z(2018)Stability-aware integrated routing and scheduling for control applications in Ethernet networks2018 Design, Automation & Test in Europe Conference & Exhibition (DATE)10.23919/DATE.2018.8342096(682-687)Online publication date: Mar-2018
https://doi.org/10.23919/DATE.2018.8342096
Gavrilut VPop P(2018)Scheduling in time sensitive networks (TSN) for mixed-criticality industrial applications2018 14th IEEE International Workshop on Factory Communication Systems (WFCS)10.1109/WFCS.2018.8402374(1-4)Online publication date: Jun-2018
https://doi.org/10.1109/WFCS.2018.8402374
Zhao LPop PZheng ZLi Q(2018)Timing Analysis of AVB Traffic in TSN Networks Using Network Calculus2018 IEEE Real-Time and Embedded Technology and Applications Symposium (RTAS)10.1109/RTAS.2018.00009(25-36)Online publication date: Apr-2018
https://doi.org/10.1109/RTAS.2018.00009
Show More Cited By

View Options

Login options

Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.

Full Access

Get this Publication

View options

PDF

View or Download as a PDF file.

eReader

View online with eReader.

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

View Issue’s Table of Contents