A framework for applying the principles of depth perception to information visualization
Article No.: 19, Pages 1 - 22
Abstract
During the visualization of 3D content, using the depth cues selectively to support the design goals and enabling a user to perceive the spatial relationships between the objects are important concerns. In this novel solution, we automate this process by proposing a framework that determines important depth cues for the input scene and the rendering methods to provide these cues. While determining the importance of the cues, we consider the user's tasks and the scene's spatial layout. The importance of each depth cue is calculated using a fuzzy logic--based decision system. Then, suitable rendering methods that provide the important cues are selected by performing a cost-profit analysis on the rendering costs of the methods and their contribution to depth perception. Possible cue conflicts are considered and handled in the system. We also provide formal experimental studies designed for several visualization tasks. A statistical analysis of the experiments verifies the success of our framework.
Supplementary Material
Supplemental movie, appendix, image and software files for, A framework for applying the principles of depth perception to information visualization
- Download
- 34.94 KB
References
[1]
Akenine-Moller, T., Haines, E., and Hoffman, N. 2008. Texturing. In Real-Time Rendering (3rd ed.). A. K. Peters, 147--200.
[2]
Brackstone, M. 2000. Examination of the use of fuzzy sets to describe relative speed perception. Ergonomics 43, 4, 528--542.
[3]
Bradshaw, M. F., Parton, A. D., and Glennerster, A. 2000. The task-dependent use of binocular disparity and motion parallax information. Vision Research 40, 27, 3725--3734.
[4]
Bulbul, A., Cipiloglu, Z., and Capin, T. 2010. A color-based face tracking algorithm for enhancing interaction with mobile devices. Visual Comput. 26, 5, 311--323.
[5]
Bunnel, M. 2004. Dynamic Ambient Occlusion and Indirect Lighting. Addison-Wesley.
[6]
Card, S. and Mackinlay, J. 1997. The structure of the information visualization design space. In Proceedings of the 1997 IEEE Symposium on Information Visualization (InfoVis'97). IEEE, 92--99.
[7]
Cipiloglu, Z., Bulbul, A., and Capin, T. 2010. A framework for enhancing depth perception in computer graphics. In Proceedings of the 7th Symposium on Applied Perception in Graphics and Visualization (APGV'10). ACM, New York, 141--148.
[8]
Cutting, J. E. and Vishton, P. M. 1995. Perception of Space and Motion. Handbook of Perception and Cognition (2nd ed.). Academic Press, 69--117.
[9]
Dodgson, N. A. 2005. Autostereoscopic 3D displays. Computer 38, 31--36.
[10]
Gershon, N. E. and Eick, S. G. 1997. Information visualization applications in the real world. IEEE Comp. Graph. Appl. 17, 4, 66--70.
[11]
Gooch, A., Gooch, B., Shirley, P., and Cohen, E. 1998. A non-photorealistic lighting model for automatic technical illustration. In Proceedings of the 25th Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques (SIGGRAPH'98). ACM, New York, 447--452.
[12]
Haeberli, P. and Akeley, K. 1990. The accumulation buffer: Hardware support for high-quality rendering. SIGGRAPH Comput. Graph. 24, 4, 309--318.
[13]
Hoffman, D., Girshick, A., Akeley, K., and Banks, M. 2008. Vergence-accommodation conflicts hinder visual performance and cause visual fatigue. J. Vis. 8, 3, 33.
[14]
Howard, I. and Rogers, B. 2008. Seeing in Depth. Oxford University Press.
[15]
Hubona, G. S., Wheeler, P. N., Shirah, G. W., and Brandt, M. 1999. The relative contributions of stereo, lighting, and background scenes in promoting 3D depth visualization. ACM Trans. Comput.-Hum. Interact. 6, 3, 214--242.
[16]
Keim, D. 2002. Information visualization and visual data mining. IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph. 8, 1, 1--8.
[17]
Kersten, D., Knill, D. C., Mamassian, P., and Bülthoff, I. 1996. Illusory motion from shadows. Nature 379, 6560, 31.
[18]
Kersten, M., Stewart, J., Troje, N. F., and Ellis, R. E. 2006. Enhancing depth perception in translucent volumes. IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph. 1117--1124.
[19]
Knill, D. C. 2005. Reaching for visual cues to depth: The brain combines depth cues differently for motor control and perception. J. Vis. 5, 2, 103--115.
[20]
Luft, T., Colditz, C., and Deussen, O. 2006. Image enhancement by unsharp masking the depth buffer. ACM Trans. Graph. 25, 3, 1206--1213.
[21]
Maloney, L. T. and Landy, M. S. 1989. A statistical framework for robust fusion of depth information. In Proceedings of SPIE Visual Communications and Image Processing IV. William A. Pearlman, Philadelphia, PA, 1154--1163.
[22]
Oruc, I., Maloney, T., and Landy, M. 2003. Weighted linear cue combination with possibly correlated error. Vision Res. 43, 2451--2468.
[23]
Robertson, G., Czerwinski, M., Larson, K., Robbins, D. C., Thiel, D., and van Dantzich, M. 1998. Data mountain: Using spatial memory for document management. In Proceedings of the 11th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (UIST'98). ACM, New York, 153--162.
[24]
Robertson, G., van Dantzich, M., Robbins, D., Czerwinski, M., Hinckley, K., Risden, K., Thiel, D., and Gorokhovsky, V. 2000. The task gallery: A 3D window manager. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI'00). ACM, New York, 494--501.
[25]
Robertson, G. G., Mackinlay, J. D., and Card, S. K. 1991. Cone trees: Animated 3D visualizations of hierarchical information. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems: Reaching through Technology (CHI'91). ACM, New York, 189--194.
[26]
Ropinski, T., Steinicke, F., and Hinrichs, K. 2006. Visually supporting depth perception in angiography imaging. In A. Butz, B. Fisher, A. Krger, and P. Olivier, Eds., Smart Graphics, Lecture Notes in Computer Science Series, vol. 4073. Springer, Berlin, Germany, 93--104.
[27]
Rosenholtz, R., Li, Y., Mansfield, J., and Jin, Z. 2005. Feature congestion: A measure of display clutter. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI'05). ACM, New York, 761--770.
[28]
Runkler, T. and Glesner, M. 1993. A set of axioms for defuzzification strategies towards a theory of rational defuzzification operators. In Proceedings of the 2nd International IEEE Fuzzy Systems Conference. IEEE, San Francisco, CA, 1161--1166.
[29]
Russell, J. 1997. How shall an emotion be called. In R. Plutchik and H. R. Conte, Eds., Circumplex Models of Personality and Emotions. American Psychological Association, Washington, DC, 205--220.
[30]
Schrater, P. R. and Kersten, D. 2000. How optimal depth cue integration depends on the task. Int. J. Comput. Vision 40, 73--91.
[31]
Sears, A. and Jacko, J. A. 2007. The Human-Computer Interaction Handbook: Fundamentals, Evolving Technologies and Emerging Applications. CRC Press.
[32]
Shirley, P. 2002. Fundamentals of Computer Graphics. A. K. Peters, Ltd.
[33]
Swain, C. T. 2009. Integration of monocular cues to improve depth perception. US Patent 6,157,733.
[34]
Tarini, M., Cignoni, P., and Montani, C. 2006. Ambient occlusion and edge cueing for enhancing real time molecular visualization. IEEE Trans. Vis. Comput. Graph. 12, 5, 1237--1244.
[35]
Trommershäuser, J. 2011. Ideal-observer models of cute integration. In J. Trommershäuser, K. Körding and M. S. Landy, Eds., Sensory Cue Integration. Oxford University Press, 5--29.
[36]
Wanger, L. R., Ferwerda, J. A., and Greenberg, D. A. 1992. Perceiving spatial relationships in computer-generated images. IEEE Comp. Graph. Appl. 12, 44--58.
[37]
Ware, C. 2004. Space perception and the display of data in space. In Information Visualization: Perception for Design. Elsevier, 259--296.
[38]
Ware, C. 2008. Getting the information: Visual space and time. Visual Thinking for Design. Morgan Kaufmann, 87--106.
[39]
Ware, C., Gobrecht, C., and Paton, M. 1998. Dynamic adjustment of stereo display parameters. IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. A, Syst. Humans 28, 1, 56--65.
[40]
Ware, C. and Mitchell, P. 2008. Visualizing graphs in three dimensions. ACM Trans. Appl. Percept. 5, 1, 1--15.
[41]
Weiskopf, D. and Ertl, T. 2002. A depth-cueing scheme based on linear transformations in tristimulus space. Tech. rep. TR--2002/08. Visualization and Interactive Systems Group, University of Stuttgart.
Index Terms
- A framework for applying the principles of depth perception to information visualization
Recommendations
A framework for enhancing depth perception in computer graphics
APGV '10: Proceedings of the 7th Symposium on Applied Perception in Graphics and VisualizationThis paper introduces a solution for enhancing depth perception in a given 3D computer-generated scene. For this purpose, we propose a framework that decides on the suitable depth cues for a given scene and the rendering methods which provide these ...
Depth perception with gaze-contingent depth of field
CHI '14: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing SystemsBlur in images can create the sensation of depth because it emulates an optical property of the eye; namely, the limited depth of field created by the eye's lens. When the human eye looks at an object, this object appears sharp on the retina, but ...
3D contour perception for flow visualization
APGV '06: Proceedings of the 3rd symposium on Applied perception in graphics and visualizationOne of the most challenging problems in data visualization is the perception of 3D flow fields because judging the orientation of 3D paths is perceptually difficult. It is hypothesized that perception of the orientations of streamlines in space can ...
Comments
Please enable JavaScript to view thecomments powered by Disqus.Information & Contributors
Information
Published In
Copyright © 2013 ACM.
Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected]
Publisher
Association for Computing Machinery
New York, NY, United States
Publication History
Published: 01 October 2013
Accepted: 01 May 2013
Revised: 01 September 2012
Received: 01 February 2012
Published in TAP Volume 10, Issue 4
Check for updates
Author Tags
Qualifiers
- Research-article
- Research
- Refereed
Contributors
Other Metrics
Bibliometrics & Citations
Bibliometrics
Article Metrics
- 0Total Citations
- 359Total Downloads
- Downloads (Last 12 months)13
- Downloads (Last 6 weeks)1
Reflects downloads up to 19 Nov 2024
Other Metrics
Citations
View Options
Login options
Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.
Sign in