article

Free access

Receiver-driven layered multicast

Authors:

Steven McCanne,

Martin VetterliAuthors Info & Claims

ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review, Volume 26, Issue 4

Pages 117 - 130

https://doi.org/10.1145/248157.248168

Published: 28 August 1996 Publication History

Abstract

State of the art, real-time, rate-adaptive, multimedia applications adjust their transmission rate to match the available network capacity. Unfortunately, this source-based rate-adaptation performs poorly in a heterogeneous multicast environment because there is no single target rate --- the conflicting bandwidth requirements of all receivers cannot be simultaneously satisfied with one transmission rate. If the burden of rate-adaption is moved from the source to the receivers, heterogeneity is accommodated. One approach to receiver-driven adaptation is to combine a layered source coding algorithm with a layered transmission system. By selectively forwarding subsets of layers at constrained network links, each user receives the best quality signal that the network can deliver. We and others have proposed that selective-forwarding be carried out using multiple IP-Multicast groups where each receiver specifies its level of subscription by joining a subset of the groups. In this paper, we extend the multiple group framework with a rate-adaptation protocol called Receiver-driven Layered Multicast, or RLM. Under RLM, multicast receivers adapt to both the static heterogeneity of link bandwidths as well as dynamic variations in network capacity (i.e., congestion). We describe the RLM protocol and evaluate its performance with a preliminary simulation study that characterizes user-perceived quality by assessing loss rates over multiple time scales. For the configurations we simulated, RLM results in good throughput with transient short-term loss rates on the order of a few percent and long-term loss rates on the order of one percent. Finally, we discuss our implementation of a software-based Internet video codec and its integration with RLM.

References

[1]

BOLOT, J.-C., TURLETTI, T., AND WAKEMAN, I. Scalable feedback control for multicast video distribution in the Internet. In Proceedings of SIGCOMM '94 (University College London, London, U.K., Sept. 1994), ACM.

Digital Library

[2]

BROWN, T., SAZZAD, S., SCHROEDER, C., CANTRELL, P., AND GIBSON, J. Packet video for heterogeneous networks using CU-SeeMe. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (Lausanne, Switzerland, Sept. 1996).

[3]

CASNER, S., LYNN, J., PARK, P., SCHRODER, K., AND TOPOLCIC, C. Experimental Internet Stream Protocol, version 2 (ST-II). ARPANET Working Group Requests for Comment, DDN Network Information Center, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, Oct. 1990. RFC- 1190.

[4]

CHADDHA, N., AND GUPTA, A. A frame-work for live multicast of video streams over the Intemet. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (Lausanne, Switzerland, Sept. 1996).

[5]

CLARK, D. D., AND TENNENHOUSE, D. L. Architectural considerations for a new generation of protocols. In Proceedings of SIGCOMM '90 (Philadelphia, PA, Sept. 1990), ACM.

Digital Library

[6]

DEERING, S. Internet multicast routing: State of the art and open research issues, Oct. 1993. Multimedia Integrated Conferencing for Europe (MICE) Seminar at the Swedish Institute of Computer Science, Stockholm.

[7]

DEERING, S., ESTRIN, D., FARINACCI, D., JACOBSON, V., GUNG LIU, C., AND WEI, L. An architecture for wide-area multicast routing. In Proceedings of SIGCOMM '94 (University College London, London, U.K., Sept. 1994), ACM.

Digital Library

[8]

DEERING, S. E. Multicast Routing in a Datagram Internetwork. PhD thesis, Stanford University, Dec. 1991.

Digital Library

[9]

DELGROSSI, L., HALSTRICK, C., HEHMANN, D., HER- RTWICH, R. G., KRONE, O., SANDVOSS, J., AND VOGT, C. Media scaling for audiovisual communication with the Heidelberg transport system. In Proceedings of ACM Multimedia '93 (Aug. 1993), ACM, pp. 99-104.

Digital Library

[10]

DEMERS, A., KESHAV, S., AND SHENKER, S. Analysis and simulation of a fair queueing algorithm. Internetworking: Research and Experience 1 (1990), 3-26.

[11]

ERIKSSON, H. Mbone: The multicast backbone. Communications of the ACM 37, 8 (1994), 54-60.

Digital Library

[12]

FENNER, W. Internet Group Management Protocol, Version 2. Internet Engineering Task Force, Inter-Domain Multicast Routing Working Group, Feb. 1996. Internet Draft expires 8/31/96.

Digital Library

[13]

FLOYD, S., AND JACOBSON, V. On traffic phase effects in packet-switched gateways. Internetworking: Research and Experience 3, 3 (Sept. 1992), 115-156.

[14]

FLOYD, S., AND JACOBSON, V. Random early detection gateways for congestion avoidance. IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking 1, 4 (Aug. 1993), 397-413.

Digital Library

[15]

FLOYD, S., AND JACOBSON, V. The synchronization of periodic routing messages. In Proceedings of SIGCOMM '93 (San Francisco, CA, Sept. 1993), ACM, pp. 33-44.

Digital Library

[16]

FLOYD, S., AND JACOBSON, V. Link-sharing and resource management models for packet networks. IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking 3, 4 (Aug. 1995), 365-386.

Digital Library

[17]

FLOYD, S., JACOBSON, V., MCCANNE, S., LIU, C.-G., AND ZHANG, L. A reliable multicast framework for lightweight sessions and application level flaming. In Proceedings of SIGCOMM '95 (Boston, MA, Sept. 1995), ACM.

Digital Library

[18]

GARRETT, M. W., AND WILLINGER, W. Analysis, modeling and generation of self-similar VBR video traffic. In Proceedings of SIGCOMM '94 (University College London, London, U.K., Sept. 1994), ACM.

Digital Library

[19]

GILGE, M., AND GUSELLA, R. Motion video coding for packet-switching networks--an integrated approach. In Proceedings of the SPIE Conference on Visual Communications and Image Processing (Boston, MA, Nov. 1991), ACM.

[20]

HOFFMAN, D., AND SPEER, M. Hierarchical video distribution over Internet-style networks. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (Lausanne, Switzerland, Sept. 1996).

[21]

JACOBSON, V. Congestion avoidance and control. In Proceedings of SIGCOMM '88 (Stanford, CA, Aug. 1988).

Digital Library

[22]

JAFFE, J. M. Bottleneck flow control. IEEE Transactions on Communications 29, 7 (July 1981), 954-962.

[23]

KANAKIA, H., MISHRA, P. P., AND REIBMAN, A. An adaptive congestion control scheme for real-time packet video transport. In Proceedings of SIGCOMM '93 (San Francisco, CA, Sept. 1993), ACM, pp. 20-31.

Digital Library

[24]

MCCANNE, S., AND FLOYD, S. The LBNL Network Simulator. Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. Software on-line2.

[25]

MCCANNE, S., AND JACOBSON, V. vic: a flexible framework for packet video. In Proceedings of ACM Multimedia '95 (Nov. 1995), ACM.

Digital Library

[26]

MCCANNE, S., AND VETTERLI, M. Joint source/channel coding for multicast packet video. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (Washington, DC, Oct. 1995).

Digital Library

[27]

OUSTERHOUT, J. K. Tcl and the Tk Toolkit. Addison-Wesley, 1994.

Digital Library

[28]

SCHULZRINNE, H., CASNER, S., FREDERICK, R., AND JA- COBSON, V. RTP: A Transport Protocol for Real-Time Applications. Internet Engineering Task Force, Audio-Video Transport Working Group, Jan. 1996. RFC- 1889.

[29]

SHACHAM, N. Multipoint communication by hierarchically encoded data. In Proceedings IEEE Infocom '92 (1992), pp. 2107-2114.

Digital Library

[30]

SHANNON, C. E. A mathematical theory of communication. Bell Systems Technical Journal 27 (1948), 379-423.

[31]

SPEER, M. F., AND MCCANNE, S. RTP usage with Layered Multimedia Streams. Internet Engineering Task Force, Audio- Video Transport Working Group, Mar. 1996. Internet Draft expires 9/1/96.

[32]

TAUBMAN, D., AND ZAKHOR, A. Multi-rate 3-D subband coding of video. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 3, 5 (Sept. 1994), 572-588.

[33]

TURLETTI, T., AND BOLOT, J.-C. Issues with multicast video distribution in heterogeneous packet networks. In Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Packet Video (Portland, OR, Sept. 1994).

[34]

YAVATKAR, R., AND MANOJ, L. Optimistic strategies for large-scale dissemination of multimedia information. In Proceedings of ACM Multimedia '93 (Aug. 1993), ACM, pp. 1-8.

Digital Library

[35]

ZHANG, L., DEERING, S., ESTRIN, D., SHENKER, S., AND ZAPPALA, D. RSVP: A new resource reservation protocol. IEEE Network 7 (Sept. 1993), 8-18.

Digital Library

Cited By

Khan TSingh KPurohit K(2021)ICMA: An Efficient Integrated Congestion Control ApproachRecent Patents on Engineering10.2174/187221211466619123115091614:3(294-309)Online publication date: 19-Jan-2021
https://doi.org/10.2174/1872212114666191231150916
Erfanian AAlay ÖHsu CBegen A(2021)Optimizing QoE and Latency of Live Video Streaming Using Edge Computing and In-Network IntelligenceProceedings of the 12th ACM Multimedia Systems Conference10.1145/3458305.3478459(373-377)Online publication date: 24-Jun-2021
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3458305.3478459
Erfanian ATashtarian FZabrovskiy ATimmerer CHellwagner H(2021)OSCAR: On Optimizing Resource Utilization in Live Video StreamingIEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management10.1109/TNSM.2021.305195018:1(552-569)Online publication date: 1-Mar-2021
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1109/TNSM.2021.3051950
Show More Cited By

Index Terms

Receiver-driven layered multicast
1. Networks
  1. Network properties
    1. Network structure
  2. Network protocols

Recommendations

Receiver-driven layered multicast
SIGCOMM '96: Conference proceedings on Applications, technologies, architectures, and protocols for computer communications

State of the art, real-time, rate-adaptive, multimedia applications adjust their transmission rate to match the available network capacity. Unfortunately, this source-based rate-adaptation performs poorly in a heterogeneous multicast environment because ...
Fast-response receiver-driven layered multicast
ISCC '04: Proceedings of the Ninth International Symposium on Computers and Communications 2004 Volume 2 (ISCC"04) - Volume 02

In this paper, a new layered multicast protocol, called fast-response receiver-driven layered multicast (FRLM), is proposed. The differences between our FRLM and the original RLM are only at the receivers. Our design allows the receivers to track the ...
Source Adaptive Receiver Driven Layered Multicast
CISIS '10: Proceedings of the 2010 International Conference on Complex, Intelligent and Software Intensive Systems

Spatial and temporal variations in network bandwidth constraints constitute serious challenges to the multicast distribution of real-time video content. We present a video multicast algorithm that combines multi-layered video encoding with feedback-...

Comments

Please enable JavaScript to view thecomments powered by Disqus.

Information & Contributors

Information

Published In

cover image ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review

ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review Volume 26, Issue 4

Oct. 1996

335 pages

ISSN:0146-4833

DOI:10.1145/248157

Editor:
Martha Steenstrup
BBN Corporation, Cambridge, MA

Issue’s Table of Contents

SIGCOMM '96: Conference proceedings on Applications, technologies, architectures, and protocols for computer communications
August 1996
330 pages
ISBN:0897917901
DOI:10.1145/248156
Chairmen:
Deborah Estrin
Univ. of Southern California, Los Angeles
,
Sally Floyd
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA
,
Craig Partridge
BBN Systems and Technologies
,
Editor:
Martha Steenstrup
BBN, USA

Copyright © 1996 ACM.

Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected]

Publisher

Association for Computing Machinery

New York, NY, United States

Publication History

Published: 28 August 1996

Published in SIGCOMM-CCR Volume 26, Issue 4

Check for updates

Qualifiers

Article

Contributors

Other Metrics

View Article Metrics

Bibliometrics & Citations

Bibliometrics

Article Metrics

640
Total Citations
View Citations
2,599
Total Downloads

Downloads (Last 12 months)111
Downloads (Last 6 weeks)10

Reflects downloads up to 17 Nov 2024

Other Metrics

View Author Metrics

Citations

Cited By

Khan TSingh KPurohit K(2021)ICMA: An Efficient Integrated Congestion Control ApproachRecent Patents on Engineering10.2174/187221211466619123115091614:3(294-309)Online publication date: 19-Jan-2021
https://doi.org/10.2174/1872212114666191231150916
Erfanian AAlay ÖHsu CBegen A(2021)Optimizing QoE and Latency of Live Video Streaming Using Edge Computing and In-Network IntelligenceProceedings of the 12th ACM Multimedia Systems Conference10.1145/3458305.3478459(373-377)Online publication date: 24-Jun-2021
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3458305.3478459
Erfanian ATashtarian FZabrovskiy ATimmerer CHellwagner H(2021)OSCAR: On Optimizing Resource Utilization in Live Video StreamingIEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management10.1109/TNSM.2021.305195018:1(552-569)Online publication date: 1-Mar-2021
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1109/TNSM.2021.3051950
Erfanian ATashtarian FFarahani RTimmerer CHellwagner H(2020)On Optimizing Resource Utilization in AVC-based Real-time Video Streaming2020 6th IEEE Conference on Network Softwarization (NetSoft)10.1109/NetSoft48620.2020.9165450(301-309)Online publication date: Jun-2020
https://doi.org/10.1109/NetSoft48620.2020.9165450
El Rhammad AGioia PGilles ACagnazzo M(2020)Progressive hologram transmission using a view-dependent scalable compression schemeAnnals of Telecommunications10.1007/s12243-019-00741-7Online publication date: 8-Jan-2020
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12243-019-00741-7
Gusev PThompson JBurke J(2019)Data-Centric Video for Mixed Reality2019 28th International Conference on Computer Communication and Networks (ICCCN)10.1109/ICCCN.2019.8847129(1-11)Online publication date: Jul-2019
https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCCN.2019.8847129
Tang SHua B(2019)Increasing multicast transmission rate with localized multipath in software-defined networksFrontiers of Computer Science: Selected Publications from Chinese Universities10.1007/s11704-017-6415-z13:2(413-425)Online publication date: 1-Apr-2019
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1007/s11704-017-6415-z
Afanasyev ABurke JRefaei TWang LZhang BZhang L(2018)A Brief Introduction to Named Data NetworkingMILCOM 2018 - 2018 IEEE Military Communications Conference (MILCOM)10.1109/MILCOM.2018.8599682(1-6)Online publication date: Oct-2018
https://doi.org/10.1109/MILCOM.2018.8599682
Yamada YFujita S(2018)Load Balancing in P2P Video Streaming Systems with Service Differentiation2018 Sixth International Symposium on Computing and Networking Workshops (CANDARW)10.1109/CANDARW.2018.00105(539-543)Online publication date: Nov-2018
https://doi.org/10.1109/CANDARW.2018.00105
Yin WFan XShi Y(2018)Convolutional Neural Networks Based Soft Video BroadcastAdvances in Multimedia Information Processing – PCM 201810.1007/978-3-030-00764-5_59(641-650)Online publication date: 18-Sep-2018
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00764-5_59
Show More Cited By

View Options

View options

PDF

View or Download as a PDF file.

eReader

View online with eReader.

Login options

Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution to get full access on this article.

Full Access

Get this Publication

Media

Figures

Other

Tables

View Issue’s Table of Contents