research-article

"Seeing" ENF: natural time stamp for digital video via optical sensing and signal processing

Authors:

Ravi Garg,

Avinash L. Varna,

Min WuAuthors Info & Claims

MM '11: Proceedings of the 19th ACM international conference on Multimedia

Pages 23 - 32

https://doi.org/10.1145/2072298.2072303

Published: 28 November 2011 Publication History

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Abstract

Electric Network Frequency (ENF) fluctuates slightly over time from its nominal value of 50 Hz/60 Hz. The fluctuations in the ENF remain consistent across the entire power grid even when measured at physically distant locations. The near-invisible flickering of fluorescent lights connected to the power mains reflect these fluctuations present in the ENF. In this paper, mechanisms using optical sensors and video cameras to record and validate the presence of the ENF fluctuations in fluorescent lighting are presented. Signal processing techniques are applied to demonstrate a high correlation between the fluctuations in the ENF signal captured from fluorescent lighting and the ENF signal captured directly from power mains supply. The proposed technique is then used to demonstrate the presence of the ENF signal in video recordings taken in various geographical areas. Experimental results show that the ENF signal can be used as a natural timestamp for optical sensor recordings and video surveillance recordings from indoor environments under fluorescent lighting. Application of the ENF signal analysis to tampering detection of surveillance video recordings is also demonstrated.

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Cited By

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Bergmann TBodach RPistorius LPreuß SSeidel PLabudde D(2024)Colors in Forensics: The Analysis and Visualization of Forensic Data and EvidenceDye Chemistry - Exploring Colour From Nature to Lab10.5772/intechopen.1006108Online publication date: 28-Aug-2024
https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.1006108
Korgialas CKotropoulos C(2024)A Robust RELAX-Based Algorithm for Enhanced Electric Network Frequency EstimationProceedings of the 13th Hellenic Conference on Artificial Intelligence10.1145/3688671.3688789(1-6)Online publication date: 11-Sep-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3688671.3688789
Xu LHua GZhang HYu L(2024)“Seeing” ENF From Neuromorphic Events: Modeling and Robust EstimationIEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence10.1109/TPAMI.2024.338681346:10(6809-6825)Online publication date: Oct-2024
https://doi.org/10.1109/TPAMI.2024.3386813
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Index Terms

"Seeing" ENF: natural time stamp for digital video via optical sensing and signal processing
1. Hardware
  1. Communication hardware, interfaces and storage
    1. Signal processing systems
2. Security and privacy
  1. Security services
    1. Authentication

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Published In

MM '11: Proceedings of the 19th ACM international conference on Multimedia

November 2011

944 pages

ISBN:9781450306164

DOI:10.1145/2072298

General Chairs:
K. Selçuk Candan
Arizona State University, USA
,
Sethuraman Panchanathan
Arizona State University, USA
,
Balakrishnan Prabhakaran
University of Texas at Dallas, USA
,
Program Chairs:
Hari Sundaram
Arizona State University, USA
,
Wu-Chi Feng
Portland State University, USA
,
Nicu Sebe
University of Trento, Italy

Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than ACM must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from [email protected]

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Published: 28 November 2011

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MM '11: ACM Multimedia Conference

November 28 - December 1, 2011

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Bergmann TBodach RPistorius LPreuß SSeidel PLabudde D(2024)Colors in Forensics: The Analysis and Visualization of Forensic Data and EvidenceDye Chemistry - Exploring Colour From Nature to Lab10.5772/intechopen.1006108Online publication date: 28-Aug-2024
https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.1006108
Korgialas CKotropoulos C(2024)A Robust RELAX-Based Algorithm for Enhanced Electric Network Frequency EstimationProceedings of the 13th Hellenic Conference on Artificial Intelligence10.1145/3688671.3688789(1-6)Online publication date: 11-Sep-2024
https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3688671.3688789
Xu LHua GZhang HYu L(2024)“Seeing” ENF From Neuromorphic Events: Modeling and Robust EstimationIEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence10.1109/TPAMI.2024.338681346:10(6809-6825)Online publication date: Oct-2024
https://doi.org/10.1109/TPAMI.2024.3386813
Berk Yalinkiliç AVatansever S(2024)An Enhanced STFT Segmentation Framework for ENF-Based Media ForensicsIEEE Access10.1109/ACCESS.2024.344909912(117850-117862)Online publication date: 2024
https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3449099
Korgialas CKotropoulos CPlataniotis K(2024)Leveraging Electric Network Frequency Estimation for Audio AuthenticationIEEE Access10.1109/ACCESS.2024.335405312(9308-9320)Online publication date: 2024
https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3354053
YALINKILIÇ AVATANSEVER S(2023)Ses Dosyalarının ENF Tabanlı Adli Analizine Kısa Zamanlı Fourier Dönüşümü Parametre Seçimlerinin EtkisiThe Effect of Short-Time Fourier Transform Parameters Choice on ENF-based Forensic Analysis of AudioMühendislik Bilimleri ve Araştırmaları Dergisi10.46387/bjesr.12461805:1(79-87)Online publication date: 30-Apr-2023
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Koymans MAssink JDe Zeeuq-van Dalfsen EEvers L(2023)Passive Assessment of Geophysical Instruments Performance using Electrical Network Frequency AnalysisSeismica10.26443/seismica.v2i2.10822:2Online publication date: 12-Dec-2023
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Vatansever SDirik AMemon N(2023)The Effect of Inverse Square Law of Light on ENF in Videos Exposed by Rolling ShutterIEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security10.1109/TIFS.2022.322002918(248-260)Online publication date: 2023
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Sonnadara CZhang MWu MShah S(2023)Low-Power Mixed-Signal System for Processing Electric Network Frequency in IoT Devices2023 IEEE 66th International Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems (MWSCAS)10.1109/MWSCAS57524.2023.10405891(162-166)Online publication date: 6-Aug-2023
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Xu LHua GZhang HYu LQiao N(2023)“Seeing” Electric Network Frequency from Events2023 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)10.1109/CVPR52729.2023.01728(18022-18031)Online publication date: Jun-2023
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ENF Signal Induced by Power Grid: A New Modality for Video Synchronization

“Seeing” ENF: Power-Signature-Based Timestamp for Digital Multimedia via Optical Sensing and Signal Processing

Audio forgery detection based on max offsets for cross correlation between ENF and reference signal

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