Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-t5tsf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-15T05:22:12.228Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Automatic Identification System (AIS): Data Reliability and Human Error Implications

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 August 2007

Abbas Harati-Mokhtari ,
Alan Wall ,
Philip Brooks  and
Jin Wang
Abbas Harati-Mokhtari
Affiliation:
(Liverpool John Moores University, UK & Chabahar Maritime University, Iran) (Email: A.Harati-Mokhtari@2003.ljmu.ac.uk)
Alan Wall
Affiliation:
(Liverpool John Moores University, UK)
Philip Brooks
Affiliation:
(Liverpool John Moores University, UK)
Jin Wang
Affiliation:
(Liverpool John Moores University, UK)
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This paper examines the recent introduction of the AIS to the ship's bridge and its potential impact on the safety of marine navigation. Research has shown that 80 to 85% of all recorded maritime accidents are directly due to human error or associated with human error. Safety is an important element of marine navigation and many people at different levels are involved in its management. The safe and efficient performance of joint systems, is heavily dependent upon how functions are allocated between the human and the machine. This paper investigates different regulations, supervision for proper use, training, and management of AIS users. It uses previous research and three separate AIS studies to identify problems. The potential of the AIS to cause problems is analysed. The classic human factor “Swiss Cheese” Model of system failure has been modified for the AIS to investigate a possible accident trajectory. The paper then concludes with recommendations and suggestions for improvements and further work.

Keywords

Human errorAISMarine navigation safetyTraining
Type
Research Article
Information
The Journal of Navigation , Volume 60 , Issue 3 , September 2007 , pp. 373 - 389
Copyright
Copyright © The Royal Institute of Navigation 2007

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Bailey, N. (2005) Training, Technology and AIS: Looking Beyond the Box. Proceeding of The Seafarers International Research Centre's Fourth International Symposium, Cardiff University, UK, 7th July.Google Scholar
Farmer, P. (2004) AIS-Assisted Collision, Letters to seaways. Seaways, The International Journal of the Nautical Institute, September, 27–28.Google Scholar
Harati-Mokhtari, A., Brooks, P., Wall, A., and Wang, J. (2005) Human Factors Aspect of Automatic Identification System (AIS) on the Ship's Bridge. Proceeding of the Gdynia Maritime University and the Nautical Institute 6th International Symposium on Navigation, Gdynia, Poland, 29 June–1 July.Google Scholar
Hellier, E. and Edworthy, J. (1999) Technical Note on Using Psychophysical Techniques to Achieve Urgency Mapping in Auditory Warnings. Applied Ergonomics, 30, 2, 167–171.Google Scholar
Hollnagel, E. (2005) The Elusiveness of Human Error. http://www.ida.liu.se/~eriho/HumanError_M.htm, Accessed: 01/11/2006.Google Scholar
IALA (2002), IALA Guidelines on the Universal Automatic Identification System (AIS), Vol. 1, Part I – Operational Issues, ed. 1.1, France.Google Scholar
International Maritime Organisation (IMO) (2001) Guidelines for the Onboard Operational Use of Shipborne Automatic Identification Systems (AIS), as Amended by ITU-1371. Resolution A.917(22). London.Google Scholar
Marine Accident Investigation Branch (MAIB) (2005a) Report on the Investigation of the Collision between Hyundai Dominion and Sky Hope in the East China Sea on 21 June 2004 (Report No. 17/2005), UK. [Online] Available at: http://www.maib.gov.uk/publications/investigation_reports/2005/hyundai.cfm, Accessed: 01/11/2006.Google Scholar
Marine Accident Investigation Branch (MAIB) (2005b) Report on the Investigation of the Collision between Amenity and Tor Dania South of Grimsby Middle, the River Humber on 23 January 2005 (Report No. 20/2005), UK. [Online] Available at: http://www.maib.gov.uk/cms_resources/Amenity_Tor%20Dania.pdf, Accessed: 01/11/2006.Google Scholar
Marine Accident Investigation Branch (MAIB) (2005c) Report on the Investigation of the Collision between Cepheus J and Ileksa in the Kattegat on 22 November 2004 (Report No. 12/2005), UK. [Online] Available at: http://www.maib.gov.uk/cms_resources/Cepheus%20J-Ileksa.pdf, Accessed: 30/11/2005.Google Scholar
Reason, J. (1990) Human Error. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reason, J. (1997) Managing the Risks of organisational accidents. Aldershot, Ashgate.Google Scholar
Sandford, B. (2005) AIS Update. Navigation News, May/June, 22–23.Google Scholar
Swift, A. J. (2004) Bridge Team Development. Seaways, October, 6–7.Google Scholar
The Nautical Institute (2005a) AIS Initialisation, International Marine Accident Reporting Scheme, MARS 200532. Seaways, July, 17–18.Google Scholar
The Nautical Institute (2005b) AIS Forum – Reported Problems. [Online] Available at: http://www.nautinst.org/ais/reportedProbs.htm, Accessed: 01/11/2006.Google Scholar
The Nautical Institute (2005c) AIS Inaccuracies, International Marine Accident Reporting Scheme (MARS) MARS 200552. Seaways, November, 19–20.Google Scholar
The Nautical Institute (2006) AIS Inaccuracies, International Marine Accident Reporting Scheme, MARS 200552. Seaways, 19–20.Google Scholar