Abstract
The causes of ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and the pathobiological mechanisms associating it with its comorbidities remain challenging to identify. This study uses network biology to identify AS-related proteins (ASrp) and shared proteins between AS and its comorbidities. A carefully selected set of keywords was used to search against biological and literature databases, generating a total of 56,519 ASrp. From these, 6,474 highly confident ASrp were obtained. The AS protein–protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed using 6,474 ASrp, from which highly connected interactions were created. Fisher's exact test, ClueGO and MCODE algorithms were used to identify the highly connected regions in the AS subnetworks, leading to the identification of shared protein clusters. The pathway enrichment analysis on AS-disease subnetworks using comorbidity data revealed 24 comorbidities in 24 AS PPI subnetworks associated with 151 shared ASrp. The top ten key ASrp in subnetworks 1, 4, 17, and 22 represent the association between AS, spondyloarthritis, cardiovascular disease, rheumatic fever, vasculitis, COVID-19, and Guillain–Barre syndrome. The top ten key ASrp were MMP1, HLA-B27, IL-1, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, APOE, TIMP1, IFN-β, and TGF-β. All shared ASrp and pathways involved biological processes, including negative immune responses, inflammatory responses, musculoskeletal pain development, cytoskeletal development, and cartilage development.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability statement
The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
References
AlEjielat R, Khaleel A, Tarkhan AH (2021) Differential gene expression analysis of ankylosing spondylitis shows deregulation of the HLA-DRB, HLA-DQB, ITM2A, and CTLA4 genes. Egyp J Med Human Gen 22:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43042-021-00161-0
Al-Zubaidi A, Heldmann M, Mertins A, Brabant G, Nolde JM, Jauch-Chara K, Münte TF (2019) Impact of hunger, satiety, and oral glucose on the association between insulin and resting-state human brain activity. Front Human Neurosc 13:162. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2019.00162
Ambach MA, Rogers CJ, Lane JG (2022) Osteochondral pathologies as effect of general diseases in joint function preservation. Springer, Cham, pp 181–190
Badkas A, De Landtsheer S, Sauter T (2022) Construction and contextualization approaches for protein-protein interaction networks. Comp Struct Biotech J 3:71–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/jcsbj202206040
Baeten D, Adamopoulos IE (2021) Il-23 inhibition in ankylosing spondylitis: where did it go wrong? Front Immun 11:623874. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu2020623874
Bindea G, Mlecnik B, Hackl H, Charoentong P, Tosolini M, Kirilovsky A, Fridman WH, Pagès F, Trajanoski Z, Galon J (2009) ClueGO: a cytoscape plug-in to decipher functionally grouped gene ontology and pathway annotation networks. Bioinform 25:1091–1093. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btp101
Bozhilova LV, Whitmore AV, Wray J, Reinert G, Deane CM (2019) Measuring rank robustness in scored protein interaction networks. BMC Bioinfor 20:1–14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12859-019-3036-6
Braga M, Lara-Armi FF, Neves JSF, Rocha-Loures MA, Terron-Monich MDS, Bahls-Pinto LD, Visentainer JEL (2021) Influence of IL10 (rs1800896) polymorphism and TNF-α, IL-10, IL-17A, and IL-17F serum levels in ankylosing spondylitis. Front Immunol 12:653611. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu2021653611
Cherciu M, Cherciu LI, Bojinca M, Serban T, Bara C, Popa OM (2015) Interleukin (Il) 12, Il-23 and Il-23 receptor in ankylosing spondylitis pathophysiology interleukin (IL) 12, IL-23 and IL-23 receptor in ankylosing spondylitis pathophysiology. Rom J Rheumatol 24:1. https://doi.org/10.37897/RJR.2015.1.1
Coath FL, Gaffney K (2021) Inflammatory back pain: a concept, not a diagnosis. Cur Opinion Rheumatol 33:319–325. https://doi.org/10.1097/BOR0000000000000807
Colbert RA, DeLay ML, Klenk EI, Layh-Schmitt G (2010) From HLA-B27 to spondyloarthritis: a journey through the ER. Immunol Rev 233:181–202. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0105-2896.2009.00865.x
Costa, L D F (2021) Further generalizations of the Jaccard index. arXiv:211009619. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2110.09619
de Jong L, Roseboom W, Kramer G (2021) Towards low false discovery rate estimation for protein-protein interactions detected by chemical cross-linking. BBA Prot Proteom 1869:140655. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbapap.2021.140655
Fernández-Carballido C, Martín-Martínez MA, García-Gómez C, Castañeda S, González-Juanatey C, Sánchez-Alonso F, Jimenez LM (2020) Impact of comorbidity on physical function in patients with ankylosing spondylitis and psoriatic arthritis attending rheumatology clinics: results from a cross-sectional study. Arth Care Res 72:822–828. https://doi.org/10.1002/acr.23910
Filhoulaud G, Benhamed F, Pagesy P, Bonner C, Fardini Y, Ilias A, Movassat J, Burnol AF, Guilmeau S, Kerr-Conte J, Pattou F (2019) O-GlcNacylation links TxNIP to inflammasome activation in pancreatic β cells. Front Endocrinol 10:291. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo201900291
Fragoulis GE, McInnes IB, Siebert S (2019) JAK-inhibitors new players in the field of immune-mediated diseases, beyond rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatol 58:i43–i54. https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/key276
Gudjonsson A, Gudmundsdottir V, Axelsson GT, Gudmundsson EF, Jonsson BG, Launer LJ, Gudnason V (2022) A genome-wide association study of serum proteins reveals shared loci with common diseases. Nat Comms 13:480. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-27850-z
Hu Y, Lou B, Jiang Z, Yu C (2023) Predictive values of blood type I and type II interferon production for disease activity and clinical response to TNF-α blocking therapy in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Tohoku J Exp Med 260:263–271. https://doi.org/10.1620/tjem2023J033
Islam MN, Abed SA, Tarafder S, Ahmedullah AK, Rasker JJ, Methun MIH (2024) Are TNF-α and IL-1β independently associated with depression in axial spondyloarthritis patients? A case-control study. Rheumato 4:19–32. https://doi.org/10.3390/rheumato4010003
Itokazu T, Yamashita T (2022) Anti-repulsive guidance molecule: an antibody treatment in spinal cord injury. Diag Treat Spinal Cord Injur. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-822498-400027-0
Iznardo H, Puig L (2021) Dual inhibition of IL-17A and IL-17F in psoriatic disease. Therap Adv Chron Dis 12:20406223211037850. https://doi.org/10.1177/20406223211037846
Jakonienė V, Rundqvist D, Lambrix P (2006) A method for similarity-based grouping of biological data. In: International Workshop on Data Integration in the Life Sciences. Springer, Berlin, pp 136–151. https://doi.org/10.1007/11799511_13
Khan MA (2023) Axial spondyloarthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. Oxford University Press, Oxford, p 21
Khdur FA, Iqbal MN, Abdullah HN, Al Hafidh AH (2024) Correlation of IL-23 and HLA-B27 with activity of ankylosing spondylitis Romanian. J Diab Nutr Met Dis 31:69–81
Kitsak M, Ganin A, Elmokashfi A, Cui H, Eisenberg DA, Alderson DL, Korkin D (2023) Finding shortest and nearly shortest path nodes in large substantially incomplete networks by hyperbolic mapping. Nat Comm 14:186. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-35181-w
Kitsak M, Ganin A, Elmokashfi A, Cui H, Eisenberg DA, Alderson DL, Korkin D (2023) Finding shortest and nearly shortest path nodes in large substantially incomplete networks by hyperbolic mapping. Nat Comm 14:186. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-35181-w
Kovalchuk A, Wang B, Li D, Rodriguez-Juarez R, Ilnytskyy S, Kovalchuk I, Kovalchuk O (2021) Fighting the storm: could novel anti-TNFα and anti-IL-6 C sativa cultivars tame cytokine storm in COVID-19? Aging 13:1571. https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.202500
Kucera M, Isserlin R, Arkhangorodsky A, Bader GD (2016) AutoAnnotate: a Cytoscape app for summarizing networks with semantic annotations F1000 Research. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.9090.1
Lau S, Gun SC, Yeap SS, Zain MM, Yusoof HM (2021) Algorithm for the referral of patients with inflammatory back pain from primary care in Malaysia. Malay Fam Phys Offl J Acad Fam Phys Malay 16:2. https://doi.org/10.51866/rv1206
Li S, Wu R, Feng M, Zhang H, Liu D, Wang F, Chen W (2024) IL-10 and TGF-β1 may weaken the efficacy of preoperative anti-tuberculosis therapy in older patients with spinal tuberculosis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 14:1361326. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb20241361326
Li Z, Yu S, Jiang Y, Fu Y (2022) Chemokines and chemokine receptors in allergic rhinitis: from mediators to potential therapeutic targets. Eur Arch Oto-Rhino-Laryngol 279:5089–5095. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00405-022-07485-6
Lieber SB, Navarro-Millán I, Rajan M, Curtis JR, Sattui SE, Lui G, Mandl LA (2022) Prevalence of frailty in ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis: data from a National Claims Dataset. ACR Open Rheumatol 17:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1002/acr2.11388
Lin L, Li F, Fang H, Zhou P, Shan J, Xie K, Yang P (2024) Associations of IL6R and IL10 gene polymorphisms with susceptibility to ankylosing spondylitis with or without acute anterior uveitis. Ocular Immunol Inflam 1:8. https://doi.org/10.1080/0927394820242309279
Matsushima K, Yang D, Oppenheim JJ (2022) Interleukin-8: an evolving chemokine. Cytok 153:155828. https://doi.org/10.1016/jcyto2022155828
Mauro D, Thomas R, Guggino G, Lories R, Brown MA, Ciccia F (2021) Ankylosing spondylitis: an autoimmune or autoinflammatory disease? Nat Rev Rheumatol. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41584-021-00625-y
Mitulescu TC, Voinea LM, Predeteanu D, Banica LM, Stavaru C, Matache C (2014) Abnormalities in soluble CD147/MMPs/TIMPs axis in ankylosing spondylitis patients with and without a history of acute anterior uveitis. Romana De Med De Lab 22:479–496. https://doi.org/10.2478/rrlm-2014-0039
Mlecnik B, Galon J, Bindea G (2019) Automated exploration of gene ontology term and pathway networks with ClueGO-REST. Bioinform 35:3864–3866. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btz163
Muhsin HY, Khazaal AQ, Ismaeel HM, Alosami MH, Adhiah AH (2024) Evaluation of interleukins (IL-1α, IL-1Ra, IL-12, IL-17A, IL-31, and IL-33) and chemokines (CXCL10 and CXCL16) in the serum of male patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Intern Immunopharm 129:111697. https://doi.org/10.1016/jintimp2024111697
Najafzadeh L, Mahmoudi M, Ebadi M, Shasaltaneh MD (2021) Co-expression network analysis reveals key genes related to ankylosing spondylitis arthritis disease: computational and experimental validation. Iran J Biotech 19:e2630. https://doi.org/10.30498/IJB.2021.2630
Nelson DA, Kaplan RM, Kurina LM, Weisman MH (2021) Incidence of ankylosing spondylitis among male and female United States Army personnel Arthritis Care. Res Clin Rheumatol 36:2359–2364. https://doi.org/10.1002/acr.24774
Nossent JC, Sagen-Johnsen S, Bakland G (2019) IL-1A gene variation in relation to cytokine levels and clinical characteristics in ankylosing spondylitis. Eur J Rheumatol 6:67. https://doi.org/10.5152/eurjrheum201818150
O’Hanlon TP, Li Z, Gan L, Gourley MF, Rider LG, Miller FW (2011) Plasma proteomic profiles from disease-discordant monozygotic twins suggest that molecular pathways are shared in multiple systemic autoimmune diseases. Arth Res Ther 13:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/ar3506
Patra S, Patil S, Klionsky DJ, Bhutia SK (2023) Lysosome signaling in cell survival and programmed cell death for cellular homeostasis. J Cell Physio 238:287–305. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcp30928
Pedersen ME, Rønning SB, Kolset SO (2023) Growth and tissue regeneration with focus on proteoglycans. Front Cell Dev Biol 11:291. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcell20231139044
Port H, Hausgaard CM, He Y, Maksymowych WP, Wichuk S, Sinkeviciute D, Holm Nielsen S (2023) A novel biomarker of MMP-cleaved cartilage intermediate layer protein-1 is elevated in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and osteoarthritis. Sci Rep 13:21717. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-48787-x
Prescott RJ (2019) Two-tailed significance tests for 2× 2 contingency tables: what is the alternative? Stat Med 38:4264–4269. https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.8294
Rabelo CF, Baptista TSA, Petersen LE, Bauer ME, Keiserman MW, Staub HL (2018) Serum IL-6 correlates with axial mobility index (Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Metrology Index) in Brazilian patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Open Access Rheumatol Res Rev 21–25
Ramly B, Afiqah-Aleng N, Mohamed-Hussein ZA (2019) Protein–protein interaction network analysis reveals several diseases highly associated with polycystic ovarian syndrome. Intern J Mol Sci 20: 2959. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20122959
Rezaiemanesh A, Abdolmaleki M, Abdolmohammadi K, Aghaei H, Pakdel FD, Fatahi Y, Soleimanifar N, Zavvar M, Nicknam MH (2018) Immune cells involved in the pathogenesis of ankylosing spondylitis. Biomed Pharmacoth 100:198–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/jbiopha201801108
Riley M, Leong M (2023) Rheumatic and infectious causes of knee pain. In: Leong M, Cooper G, Herrera JE, Murphy P (eds) A case-based approach to knee pain: a pocket guide to pathology, diagnosis and management. Springer, Cham, pp 203–256
Rossini M, Epis OM, Tinazzi I, Grembiale RD, Iagnocco A (2020) Role of the IL-23 pathway in the pathogenesis and treatment of enthesitis in psoriatic arthritis. Expert Opin Bio Ther 20:787–798. https://doi.org/10.1080/1471259820201737855
Saito R, Smoot ME, Ono K, Ruscheinski J, Wang PL, Lotia S, Ideker T (2012) A travel guide to cytoscape plugins. Nat Meth 9:1069–1076. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.2212
Sánchez-Duffhues G, García de Vinuesa A, Ten Dijke P (2018) Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition in cardiovascular diseases: developmental signaling pathways gone awry. Dev Dynam 247:492–508. https://doi.org/10.1002/dvdy24589
Sardiu ME, Gilmore JM, Groppe BD, Dutta A, Florens L, Washburn MP (2019) Topological scoring of protein interaction networks. Nat Comm 10:1–14. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-09123-y
Savitski MM, Wilhelm M, Hahne H, Kuster B, Bantscheff M (2015) A scalable approach for protein false discovery rate estimation in large proteomic data sets. Mol Cell Prot 14:2394–2404. https://doi.org/10.1074/mcp.M114.046995
Schaefer MH, Fontaine JF, Vinayagam A, Porras P, Wanker EE, Andrade-Navarro MA (2012) HIPPIE: integrating protein interaction networks with experiment based quality scores. PLoS ONE 7(2):e31826. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0031826
Siebert S, McGucken A, McInnes IB (2020) The IL-23/IL-17A axis in spondyloarthritis: therapeutics informing pathogenesis? Curr Opin Rheumatol 32:349–356. https://doi.org/10.1097/BOR.0000000000000719
Sinkeviciute D, Skovlund Groen S, Sun S, Manon-Jensen T, Aspberg A, Önnerfjord P, Holm Nielsen S (2020) A novel biomarker of MMP-cleaved prolargin is elevated in patients with psoriatic arthritis. Sci Rep 10:13541
Tomaszewska E, Rudyk H, Świetlicka I, Hułas-Stasiak M, Donaldson J, Arczewska M, Kotsyumbas I (2021) Trabecular bone parameters, TIMP-2, MMP-8, MMP-13, VEGF expression and immunolocalization in bone and cartilage in newborn offspring prenatally exposed to fumonisins. Intern J Mol Sci 22:12528. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222212528
Walsh JA, Song X, Kim G, Park Y (2018) Evaluation of the comorbidity burden in patients with ankylosing spondylitis using a large US administrative claims data set. Clin Rheumatol 37:1869–1878. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10067-018-4086-2
Wang H, Zhao Y (2023) An optimal algorithm for L1 shortest paths in unit-disk graphs. Comp Geom 110:101960. https://doi.org/10.1016/jcomgeo2022101960
Wang J, Zhao Q, Wang G, Yang C, Xu Y, Li Y, Yang P (2016) Circulating levels of Th1 and Th2 chemokines in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Cytok 81:10–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/jcyto201601012
Wang K, Meng X, Guo Z (2021) Elastin structure, synthesis, regulatory mechanism and relationship with cardiovascular diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcell2021596702
Wolak D, Sechman A, Hrabia A (2021) Effect of eCG treatment on gene expression of selected matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2, MMP-7, MMP-9, MMP-10, and MMP-13) and the tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMP-2 and TIMP-3) in the chicken ovary. Anim Rep Sci 224:106666. https://doi.org/10.1016/janireprosci2020106666
Wordsworth BP, Cohen CJ, Davidson C, Vecellio M (2021) Perspectives on the genetic associations of ankylosing spondylitis. Front Immunol 12:603726. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.603726
Xu J, Cao K, Liu X, Zhao L, Feng Z, Liu J (2022a) Punicalagin regulates signaling pathways in inflammation-associated chronic diseases. Antioxidants 11:29. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11010029
Xu X, Yang H, Chen JN, Wang RY, Liu T, Shi YN, Sun QH (2022b) Moxibustion attenuates inflammation and alleviates axial spondyloarthritis in mice: possible role of apoe in the inhibition of the wnt pathway. J Trad Comp Med 12:518–528. https://doi.org/10.1016/jjtcme202204002
Yadav SRM, Goyal B, Mamgain G, Kothari A, Kumar S, Saha S, Arora R (2023) Genetic variations in IL-1β, TNF-α, and TGF-β associated with the severity of chronic cervical spondylitis in patients. Cells 12:1594. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells12121594
Yang K, Li C, Wang Y, Hao J (2022a) Micro-vibration environment promotes bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) healing of fracture ends and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) expression. J Biomat Tissue Eng 12:169–1174. https://doi.org/10.1166/jbt20223006
Yang G, Kang HC, Cho YY, Lee HS, Lee JY (2022b) Inflammasomes and their roles in arthritic disease pathogenesis. Front Mol Biosci. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmolb20221027917
Yang M, Xu M, Pan X, Hu Z, Li Q, Wei Y, Gu J (2013) Epidemiological comparison of clinical manifestations according to HLA-B* 27 carrier status of Chinese ankylosing spondylitis patients. Tissue Antigens 82(5):338–343. https://doi.org/10.1111/tan.12186
Yeremenko N (2021) Out of the shadow of interleukin-17A: the role of interleukin-17F and other interleukin-17 family cytokines in spondyloarthritis. Cur Opin Rheumatol 33:333
Yi YS (2018) Role of inflammasomes in inflammatory autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Korean J Physiol Pharmacol 22:1. https://doi.org/10.4196/kjpp20182211
Yoshimura A, Ito M, Chikuma S, Akanuma T, Nakatsukasa H (2018) Negative regulation of cytokine signaling in immunity. Cold Spring Harbor Perspect Biol 10:a028571. https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspecta028571
Younis H, Anwar MW, Khan MU, Sikandar A, Bajwa UI (2021) A new sequential forward feature selection (SFFS) algorithm for mining best topological and biological features to predict protein complexes from protein–protein interaction networks (PPINs). Interdisc Sci Comp Life Sci 13:371–388. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12539-021-00433-8
Yuan F, Pan X, Chen L, Zhang YH, Huang T, Cai YD (2019) Analysis of protein–protein functional associations by using gene ontology and KEGG pathway. BioMed Res Intern 20:19. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/4963289
Zahiri J, Emamjomeh A, Bagheri S, Ivazeh A, Mahdevar G, Tehrani HS, Mohammad-Noori M (2020) Protein complex prediction: a survey. Genomics 112:174–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygeno.2019.01.011
Zhao J, Huang C, Huang H, Pan JK, Zeng LF, Luo MH, Liu J (2020) Prevalence of ankylosing spondylitis in a Chinese population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Rheumatol Intern 40:859–872. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00296-020-04537-0
Zheng W, Tao Z, Cai L, Chen C, Zhang C, Wang Q, Ying X, Hu W, Chen H (2017) Chrysin attenuates IL-1β-induced expression of inflammatory mediators by suppressing NF-κB in human osteoarthritis chondrocytes. Inflam 40:1143–1154. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10753-017-0558-9
Zhou L, Li T, Wu X, Lu H, Lin L, Ye L, Yin J, Zhao J, Wang X, Bian J, Xu H (2021) Assessment of neuropathic pain in ankylosing spondylitis: prevalence and characteristics. Pain Ther 10:1467–1479. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40122-021-00310-8
Zou YC, Yan LM, Gao YP, Wang ZY, Liu G (2020) miR-21 may act as a potential mediator between inflammation and abnormal bone formation in ankylosing spondylitis based on TNF-α concentration-dependent manner through the JAK2/STAT3 pathway. Dose-Resp 18:155–164
Funding
The authors did not receive support from any organization for the submitted work.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
AUB collected the data, conducted the analysis, discussed the results, and wrote the first draft. SH monitored and verified the analysis, checked the results, and reviewed the manuscript. NAA reviewed the manuscript. RS reviewed the manuscript and provided a medical explanation of the results' interpretation. ZAMH conceived the research, designed the experiment, reviewed the results, and reviewed and proofread the manuscript. All authors reviewed the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Bello, A.U., Harun, S., Aleng, N.A. et al. Identification of shared proteins between ankylosing spondylitis and its comorbidities through network biology. Netw Model Anal Health Inform Bioinforma 13, 51 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13721-024-00476-z
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13721-024-00476-z