Nothing Special   »   [go: up one dir, main page]

Skip to content
BY 4.0 license Open Access Published by De Gruyter Open Access March 26, 2019

Developing a protocol and experimental setup for using a humanoid robot to assist children with autism to develop visual perspective taking skills

  • Luke Jai Wood EMAIL logo , Ben Robins , Gabriella Lakatos , Dag Sverre Syrdal , Abolfazl Zaraki and Kerstin Dautenhahn

Abstract

Visual Perspective Taking (VPT) is the ability to see the world from another person’s perspective, taking into account what they see and how they see it, drawing upon both spatial and social information. Children with autism often find it difficult to understand that other people might have perspectives, viewpoints, beliefs and knowledge that are different from their own, which is a fundamental aspect of VPT. In this research we aimed to develop a methodology to assist children with autism develop their VPT skills using a humanoid robot and present results from our first long-term pilot study. The games we devised were implemented with the Kaspar robot and, to our knowledge, this is the first attempt to improve the VPT skills of children with autism through playing and interacting with a humanoid robot.We describe in detail the standard pre- and post-assessments that we performed with the children in order to measure their progress and also the inclusion criteria derived fromthe results for future studies in this field. Our findings suggest that some children may benefit from this approach of learning about VPT, which shows that this approach merits further investigation.

References

[1] L. Wing, The Autistic Spectrum: A Guide for Parents and Professionals, 199610.1136/bmj.312.7027.327Search in Google Scholar

[2] S. Baron-Cohen, C. Gillberg, Mind blindness: An essay on autism and theory of mind, Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 1995, 37(12), 1124–112410.7551/mitpress/4635.001.0001Search in Google Scholar

[3] K. Dautenhahn, Robots as social actors: Aurora and the case of autism, In: Proceedings of the CT99, The Third International Cognitive Technology Conference, August, San Francisco, 1999, 359, 374Search in Google Scholar

[4] I. Werry, K. Dautenhahn, Applying mobile robot technology to the rehabilitation of autistic children, In: Proceedings of the SIRS99, 7th Symposium on Intelligent Robotic Systems, 1999Search in Google Scholar

[5] S. Boucenna, A. Narzisi, E. Tilmont, F. Muratori, G. Pioggia, D. Cohen, et al., Interactive technologies for autistic children: A review, Cognitive Computation, 2014, 6(4), 722–74010.1007/s12559-014-9276-xSearch in Google Scholar

[6] J. J. Diehl, L. M. Schmitt, M. Villano, C. R. Crowell, The clinical use of robots for individuals with autism spectrum disorders: A critical review, Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 2012, 6(1), 249–26210.1016/j.rasd.2011.05.006Search in Google Scholar

[7] P. Pennisi, A. Tonacci, G. Tartarisco, L. Billeci, L. Ruta, S. Gangemi, et al., Autism and social robotics: A systematic review, Autism Research, 2016, 9(2), 165–18310.1002/aur.1527Search in Google Scholar

[8] S. Baron-Cohen, A. M. Leslie, U. Frith, Does the autistic child have a “theory of mind”?, Cognition, 1985, 21(1), 37–4610.1016/0010-0277(85)90022-8Search in Google Scholar

[9] F. G. Happé, Understanding minds and metaphors: Insights from the study of figurative language in autism, Metaphor and Symbol, 1995, 10(4), 275–29510.1207/s15327868ms1004_3Search in Google Scholar

[10] S. Baron-Cohen, T. Jolliffe, C. Mortimore, M. Robertson, Another advanced test of theory of mind: Evidence from very high functioning adults with autism or Asperger syndrome, Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 1997, 38(7), 813–82210.1111/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01599.xSearch in Google Scholar

[11] U. Frith, Mind blindness and the brain in autism, Neuron, 2001, 32(6), 969–97910.1016/S0896-6273(01)00552-9Search in Google Scholar

[12] A. Senju, Spontaneous theory of mind and its absence in autism spectrum disorders, The Neuroscientist, 2012, 18(2), 108–11310.1177/1073858410397208Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[13] A. Senju, V. Southgate, S. White, U. Frith, Mindblind eyes: an absence of spontaneous theory of mind in Asperger syndrome, Science, 2009, 325(5942), 883–88510.1126/science.1176170Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[14] J. H. Flavell, The development of knowledge about visual perception, In: Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, University of Nebraska Press, 1977Search in Google Scholar

[15] J. M. Zacks, J. M. Vettel, P. Michelon, Imagined viewer and object rotations dissociated with event-related FMRI, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 2003, 15(7), 1002–101810.1162/089892903770007399Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[16] K. Kessler, L. A. Thomson, The embodied nature of spatial perspective taking: embodied transformation versus sensorimotor interference, Cognition, 2010, 114(1), 72–8810.1016/j.cognition.2009.08.015Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[17] K. Kessler, H. Wang, Differently embodied transformations in visuo-spatial perspective taking, Cognitive Processing, 2012, 13, S21–S22Search in Google Scholar

[18] M. Aichhorn, J. Perner, M. Kronbichler, W. Staffen, G. Ladurner, Do visual perspective tasks need theory of mind?, Neuroimage, 2006, 30(3), 1059–106810.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.10.026Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[19] A. Hamilton, R. Brindley, U. Frith, Visual perspective taking impairment in children with autistic spectrumdisorder, Cognition, 2009, 113(1), 37–4410.1016/j.cognition.2009.07.007Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[20] A. M. Leslie, Pretense and representation: The origins of “theory of mind”, Psychological Review, 1987, 94(4), 41210.1037/0033-295X.94.4.412Search in Google Scholar

[21] T. Reed, C. Peterson, A comparative study of autistic subjects’ performance at two levels of visual and cognitive perspective taking, Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 1990, 20(4), 555–56710.1007/BF02216060Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[22] J. Tan, P. L. Harris, Autistic children understand seeing andwanting, Development and Psychopathology, 1991, 3(2), 163–17410.1017/S0954579400005216Search in Google Scholar

[23] N. Yirmiya, M. Sigman, D. Zacks, Perceptual perspective-taking and seriation abilities in high-functioning children with autism, Development and Psychopathology, 1994, 6(2), 263–27210.1017/S0954579400004570Search in Google Scholar

[24] A. Pearson, D. Ropar, A. F. de C. Hamilton, A review of visual perspective taking in autism spectrumdisorder, Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 2013, 7, Article 65210.3389/fnhum.2013.00652Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

[25] S. M. Anzalone, E. Tilmont, S. Boucenna, J. Xavier, A.-L. Jouen, N. Bodeau, et al., How children with autism spectrum disorder behave and explore the 4-dimensional (spatial 3d+ time) environment during a joint attention induction task with a robot, Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 2014, 8(7), 814–82610.1016/j.rasd.2014.03.002Search in Google Scholar

[26] Z. E. Warren, Z. Zheng, A. R. Swanson, E. Bekele, L. Zhang, J. A. Crittendon, et al., Can robotic interaction improve joint attention skills?, Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 2015, 45(11), 3726–373410.1007/s10803-013-1918-4Search in Google Scholar

[27] P. Warreyn, H. Roeyers, T. Oelbrandt, I. De Groote, What are you looking at? joint attention and visual perspective taking in young children with autism spectrumdisorder, Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 2005, 17(1), 55–7310.1007/s10882-005-2201-1Search in Google Scholar

[28] P. Marti, A. Pollini, A. Rullo, T. Shibata, Engaging with artificial pets, In: Proceedings of the 2005 Annual Conference on European Association of Cognitive Ergonomics, University of Athens, 2005, 99–106Search in Google Scholar

[29] K. Wada, T. Shibata, Robot therapy in a care house – its sociopsychological and physiological effects on the residents, In: Proceedings 2006 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, ICRA 2006, IEEE, 2006, 3966–3971Search in Google Scholar

[30] W. D. Stiehl, J. Lieberman, C. Breazeal, L. Basel, L. Lalla, M. Wolf, Design of a therapeutic robotic companion for relational, affective touch, In: IEEE International Workshop on Robot and Human Interactive Communication, ROMAN 2005, IEEE, 2005, 408–415Search in Google Scholar

[31] H. Kozima, C. Nakagawa, Y. Yasuda, Children-robot interaction: a pilot study in autism therapy, Progress in Brain Research, 2007, 164, 385–40010.1016/S0079-6123(07)64021-7Search in Google Scholar

[32] P. Chevalier, J.-C. Martin, B. Isableu, C. Bazile, A. Tapus, Impact of sensory preferences of individuals with autism on the recognition of emotions expressed by two robots, an avatar, and a human, Autonomous Robots, 2017, 41(3), 613–63510.1007/s10514-016-9575-zSearch in Google Scholar

[33] P. Chevalier, B. Isableu, J.-C. Martin, A. Tapus, Individuals with autism: Analysis of the first interaction with Nao robot based on their proprioceptive and kinematic profiles, In: Advances in Robot Design and Intelligent Control, Springer, 2016, 225–23310.1007/978-3-319-21290-6_23Search in Google Scholar

[34] A. Tapus, A. Peca, A. Aly, C. Pop, L. Jisa, S. Pintea, et al., Children with autism social engagement in interaction with Nao, an imitative robot: A series of single case experiments, Interaction Studies, 2012, 13(3), 315–34710.1075/is.13.3.01tapSearch in Google Scholar

[35] K. Dautenhahn, A. Billard, Games children with autism can play with robota, a humanoid robotic doll, In: Universal Access and Assistive Technology, Springer, 2002, 179–19010.1007/978-1-4471-3719-1_18Search in Google Scholar

[36] A. Billard, B. Robins, J. Nadel, K. Dautenhahn, Building robota, a mini-humanoid robot for the rehabilitation of children with autism, Assistive Technology, 2007, 19(1), 37–4910.1080/10400435.2007.10131864Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[37] B. Robins, K. Dautenhahn, J. Dubowski, Does appearance matter in the interaction of children with autism with a humanoid robot?, Interaction Studies, 2006, 7(3), 479–51210.1075/is.7.3.16robSearch in Google Scholar

[38] B. Robins, K. Dautenhahn, P. Dickerson, From isolation to communication: a case study evaluation of robot assisted play for children with autism with a minimally expressive humanoid robot, In: Second International Conference on Advances in Computer-Human Interactions (ACHI’09), IEEE, 2009, 205–21110.1109/ACHI.2009.32Search in Google Scholar

[39] F. Sartorato, L. Przybylowski, D. K. Sarko, Improving therapeutic outcomes in autism spectrum disorders: Enhancing social communication and sensory processing through the use of interactive robots, Journal of Psychiatric Research, 2017, 90, 1–1110.1016/j.jpsychires.2017.02.004Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[40] P. Chevalier, B. Isableu, J.-C. Martin, A. Tapus, Individuals with autism: Analysis of the first interaction with Nao robot based on their proprioceptive and kinematic profiles, In: Advances in Robot Design and Intelligent Control, Springer, 2016, 225–23310.1007/978-3-319-21290-6_23Search in Google Scholar

[41] B. Scassellati, H. Admoni, M. Mataric, Robots for use in autism research, Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering, 2012, 14, 275–29410.1146/annurev-bioeng-071811-150036Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[42] AuRoRA Project, http://www.aurora-project.com/, 2018Search in Google Scholar

[43] IROMEC Project, http://www.iromec.org/, 2018Search in Google Scholar

[44] S. Leekam, Why do children with autism have a joint attention impairment?, In: N. Eilan, C. Hoerl, T. McCormack, J. Roessler (Eds.), Joint Attention: Communication and Other Minds: Issues in Philosophy and Psychology, Consciousness and Self-Consciousness, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005, 205–22910.1093/acprof:oso/9780199245635.003.0010Search in Google Scholar

[45] J. Wainer, K. Dautenhahn, B. Robins, F. Amirabdollahian, A pilot study with a novel setup for collaborative play of the humanoid robot Kaspar with children with autism, International Journal of Social Robotics, 2014, 6(1), 45–6510.1007/s12369-013-0195-xSearch in Google Scholar

[46] J. H. Flavell, B. A. Everett, K. Croft, E. R. Flavell, Young children’s knowledge about visual perception: Further evidence for the level 1–level 2 distinction, Developmental Psychology, 1981, 17(1), 9910.1037/0012-1649.17.1.99Search in Google Scholar

[47] H. Moll, M. Tomasello, 12-and 18-month-old infants follow gaze to spaces behind barriers, Developmental Science, 2004, 7(1), F1–F910.1111/j.1467-7687.2004.00315.xSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

[48] H. Moll, M. Tomasello, Level 1 perspective-taking at 24 months of age, British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 2006, 24(3), 603–61310.1348/026151005X55370Search in Google Scholar

[49] H. Moll, M. Carpenter, M. Tomasello, Fourteenmonth-olds know what others experience only in joint engagement, Developmental Science, 2007, 10(6), 826–83510.1111/j.1467-7687.2007.00615.xSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

[50] S. M. Gzesh, C. F. Surber, Visual perspective-taking skills in children, Child Development, 1985, 1204–121310.2307/1130235Search in Google Scholar

[51] K. Dautenhahn, C. L. Nehaniv, M. L. Walters, B. Robins, H. Kose-Bagci, N. A. Mirza, et al., Kaspar – a minimally expressive humanoid robot for human-robot interaction research, Applied Bionics and Biomechanics, 2009, 6(3-4), 369–39710.1155/2009/708594Search in Google Scholar

[52] B. Robins, K. Dautenhahn, Tactile interactions with a humanoid robot: novel play scenario implementations with children with autism, International Journal of Social Robotics, 2014, 6(3), 397–41510.1007/s12369-014-0228-0Search in Google Scholar

[53] S. Costa, H. Lehmann, K. Dautenhahn, B. Robins, F. Soares, Using a humanoid robot to elicit body awareness and appropriate physical interaction in children with autism, International Journal of Social Robotics, 2015, 7(2), 265–27810.1007/s12369-014-0250-2Search in Google Scholar

[54] B. Robins, K. Dautenhahn, L. Wood, A. Zaraki, Developing interaction scenarios with a humanoid robot to encourage visual perspective taking skills in children with autism–preliminary proof of concept tests, In: International Conference on Social Robotics, Springer, 2017, 147–15510.1007/978-3-319-70022-9_15Search in Google Scholar

[55] L. J. Wood, A. Zaraki, M. L. Walters, O. Novanda, B. Robins, K. Dautenhahn, The iterative development of the humanoid robot Kaspar: An assistive robot for children with autism, In: International Conference on Social Robotics, Springer, 2017, 53–6310.1007/978-3-319-70022-9_6Search in Google Scholar

[56] L. Wood, K. Dautenhahn, B. Robins, A. Zaraki, Developing childrobot interaction scenarios with a humanoid robot to assist children with autism in developing visual perspective taking skills, In: 2017 26th IEEE International Symposiumon Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN ‘17), IEEE, 2017, 1055–106010.1109/ROMAN.2017.8172434Search in Google Scholar

[57] G.-J. Hogrefe, H. Wimmer, J. Perner, Ignorance versus false belief: A developmental lag in attribution of epistemic states, Child development, 1986, 567–58210.2307/1130337Search in Google Scholar

[58] S. Baron-Cohen, R. Campbell, A. Karmiloff-Smith, J. Grant, J. Walker, Are children with autism blind to the mentalistic significance of the eyes?,” British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 1995, 13(4), 379–39810.1111/j.2044-835X.1995.tb00687.xSearch in Google Scholar

[59] C. Lord, S. Risi, L. Lambrecht, E. H. Cook, B. L. Leventhal, P. C. DiLavore, et al., The autism diagnostic observation schedule – generic: A standard measure of social and communication deficits associated with the spectrum of autism, Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 2000, 30(3), 205–22310.1023/A:1005592401947Search in Google Scholar

[60] G. H. Roid, L. J. Miller, M. Pomplun, C. Koch, Leiter international performance scale (Leiter-3), Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services, 2013Search in Google Scholar

[61] G. H. Roid, C. Koch, Leiter-3: Nonverbal cognitive and neuropsychological assessment, In: Handbook of Nonverbal Assessment, Springer, 2017, 127–15010.1007/978-3-319-50604-3_8Search in Google Scholar

[62] S. M. Kanne, J. K. Randolph, J. E. Farmer, Diagnostic and assessment findings: A bridge to academic planning for children with autism spectrum disorders, Neuropsychology Review, 2008, 18(4), 367–38410.1007/s11065-008-9072-zSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

[63] A. Zaraki, L. Wood, B. Robins, K. Dautenhahn, Development of a semi-autonomous robotic system to assist children with autism in developing visual perspective taking skills, In: 2018 27th IEEE International Symposiumon Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN) ‘18, IEEE, 2018, 969–97610.1109/ROMAN.2018.8525681Search in Google Scholar

[64] S. Boucenna, S. Anzalone, E. Tilmont, D. Cohen, M. Chetouani, Learning of social signatures through imitation game between a robot and a human partner, IEEE Transactions on Autonomous Mental Development, 2014, 6(3), 213–22510.1109/TAMD.2014.2319861Search in Google Scholar

[65] S. Boucenna, D. Cohen, A. N. Meltzoff, P. Gaussier, M. Chetouani, Robots learn to recognize individuals from imitative encounters with people and avatars, Scientific reports, 2016, 6, 1990810.1038/srep19908Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Received: 2018-07-30
Accepted: 2019-02-23
Published Online: 2019-03-26

© 2019 Luke Jai Wood et al., published by De Gruyter

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Public License.

Downloaded on 16.11.2024 from https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/pjbr-2019-0013/html
Scroll to top button