In this study a variety of case studies and different building materials in which ultrasounds vel... more In this study a variety of case studies and different building materials in which ultrasounds velocity played a significant role are shown, either to characterize building materials, to measure deterioration, to assess conservation techniques or for preventive purposes. Regarding to materials properties, ultrasounds velocity provided interesting indices such as the quality index (useful when selecting replacing materials, materials for new
The study of the decay promoted in building stones by fire is important in the context of the con... more The study of the decay promoted in building stones by fire is important in the context of the conservation and restoration of historic buildings. As opposed to granular stones, which are more sensitive to chemical changes, tough stones present a noticeable mechanical decay after being affected by fires. The direct observation of decay features at a micro-scale could be the
Nondestructive in situ analysis of materials is highly desirable in cultural heritage studies, be... more Nondestructive in situ analysis of materials is highly desirable in cultural heritage studies, because it precludes the need for intensive sampling. The present study focused on the usability of Raman spectrometers, which can provide such analysis, in the identification of conservation treatments applied to stone materials forming part of the architectural heritage. Two products commonly used to conserve stone monuments,
ABSTRACT This study is focuses on the characterisation of the pastes and enamels constituents of ... more ABSTRACT This study is focuses on the characterisation of the pastes and enamels constituents of the decorative ceramics, cladding ceramics and mosaic tiles, covering the façades and the central garden fountain of the Former Workers Hospital of Maudes at Madrid, Spain. The structural bricks of the inner fabric walls and those used at the courtyards are also studied. Both the original and restoration materials are analysed petrographically and mineralogically and the elemental composition of the enamel is determined. The major textural and compositional variations identified in the materials are mainly due to differences in the clay raw materials and additives used, as well as to the manufacturing processes, specially firing temperatures. In addition to comparing the results of the analyses conducted to the information obtained from the references consulted, the study provides unknown data on the raw materials and technologies involved in manufacturing the ceramic materials found in a heritage building.
The roughness of stone surface was measured, before and after bead blasting-based cleaning method... more The roughness of stone surface was measured, before and after bead blasting-based cleaning methods, to select the most efficient one to be used in masonry and stonework of specific areas of the Cathedral of Segovia (Spain). These types of cleaning methods can, besides the removal of soiling and surface deposits, leave a rougher surface, which would mean higher and more
Anisotropy is a petrophysical property of natural stone and other construction materials that det... more Anisotropy is a petrophysical property of natural stone and other construction materials that determines their quality and resistance to decay due to a variety of agents, such as water. A study was conducted on nine types of stone widely used in Spain's built heritage, using six previously defined anisotropy indices. These indices can be used to determine the degree of
Natural cement first appeared in England in 1796. Industrial production did not begin in Spain un... more Natural cement first appeared in England in 1796. Industrial production did not begin in Spain until the second half of the 19th century. Small scale production of natural cement started in different parts of the north and northeast of the country (the Basque Country and Catalonia) toward the end of the first half of the 19th century. This non-industrial manufacture
Building stone is an anisotropic material. Each type of rock (granite, limestone, slate, marble, ... more Building stone is an anisotropic material. Each type of rock (granite, limestone, slate, marble, etc.) has a different anisotropy, which is related to its own geological history, i.e. formation conditions and alteration processes. Knowing the anisotropy of natural stone is a matter of interest for determining the most adequate way to extract it from the quarry, for a better use
Any exposed stone-built structure is subject to thermal variations due to daily, seasonal and sec... more Any exposed stone-built structure is subject to thermal variations due to daily, seasonal and secular environmental temperature changes. Surface temperature is a function of air temperature (due to convective heat transfer) and of infrared radiation received through insolation. While ...
The Archaeological Museum of Jaén’s sizeable collection of Iron Age sculptures, dating from the f... more The Archaeological Museum of Jaén’s sizeable collection of Iron Age sculptures, dating from the fifth century BCE, were all found at Cerrillo Blanco de Porcuna, a site in the Spanish
province of Jaén. The collection comprises over 40 statues and hundreds of fragments. Incisions recently identified on some of these sculptures have been interpreted as sculptors’ marks. The present archaeometric study, conducted with a 3D roughness meter, showed that the marks on several of the sculptures analysed were made with the same type of tool and the
same engraving technique. While the graphological differences denote different authorship, They would appear to have been made in the same workshop. The morphological differences
observed in the lines analysed on other sculptures are interpreted to indicate the use of other types of tools and engraving techniques.
In this study a variety of case studies and different building materials in which ultrasounds vel... more In this study a variety of case studies and different building materials in which ultrasounds velocity played a significant role are shown, either to characterize building materials, to measure deterioration, to assess conservation techniques or for preventive purposes. Regarding to materials properties, ultrasounds velocity provided interesting indices such as the quality index (useful when selecting replacing materials, materials for new
The study of the decay promoted in building stones by fire is important in the context of the con... more The study of the decay promoted in building stones by fire is important in the context of the conservation and restoration of historic buildings. As opposed to granular stones, which are more sensitive to chemical changes, tough stones present a noticeable mechanical decay after being affected by fires. The direct observation of decay features at a micro-scale could be the
Nondestructive in situ analysis of materials is highly desirable in cultural heritage studies, be... more Nondestructive in situ analysis of materials is highly desirable in cultural heritage studies, because it precludes the need for intensive sampling. The present study focused on the usability of Raman spectrometers, which can provide such analysis, in the identification of conservation treatments applied to stone materials forming part of the architectural heritage. Two products commonly used to conserve stone monuments,
ABSTRACT This study is focuses on the characterisation of the pastes and enamels constituents of ... more ABSTRACT This study is focuses on the characterisation of the pastes and enamels constituents of the decorative ceramics, cladding ceramics and mosaic tiles, covering the façades and the central garden fountain of the Former Workers Hospital of Maudes at Madrid, Spain. The structural bricks of the inner fabric walls and those used at the courtyards are also studied. Both the original and restoration materials are analysed petrographically and mineralogically and the elemental composition of the enamel is determined. The major textural and compositional variations identified in the materials are mainly due to differences in the clay raw materials and additives used, as well as to the manufacturing processes, specially firing temperatures. In addition to comparing the results of the analyses conducted to the information obtained from the references consulted, the study provides unknown data on the raw materials and technologies involved in manufacturing the ceramic materials found in a heritage building.
The roughness of stone surface was measured, before and after bead blasting-based cleaning method... more The roughness of stone surface was measured, before and after bead blasting-based cleaning methods, to select the most efficient one to be used in masonry and stonework of specific areas of the Cathedral of Segovia (Spain). These types of cleaning methods can, besides the removal of soiling and surface deposits, leave a rougher surface, which would mean higher and more
Anisotropy is a petrophysical property of natural stone and other construction materials that det... more Anisotropy is a petrophysical property of natural stone and other construction materials that determines their quality and resistance to decay due to a variety of agents, such as water. A study was conducted on nine types of stone widely used in Spain's built heritage, using six previously defined anisotropy indices. These indices can be used to determine the degree of
Natural cement first appeared in England in 1796. Industrial production did not begin in Spain un... more Natural cement first appeared in England in 1796. Industrial production did not begin in Spain until the second half of the 19th century. Small scale production of natural cement started in different parts of the north and northeast of the country (the Basque Country and Catalonia) toward the end of the first half of the 19th century. This non-industrial manufacture
Building stone is an anisotropic material. Each type of rock (granite, limestone, slate, marble, ... more Building stone is an anisotropic material. Each type of rock (granite, limestone, slate, marble, etc.) has a different anisotropy, which is related to its own geological history, i.e. formation conditions and alteration processes. Knowing the anisotropy of natural stone is a matter of interest for determining the most adequate way to extract it from the quarry, for a better use
Any exposed stone-built structure is subject to thermal variations due to daily, seasonal and sec... more Any exposed stone-built structure is subject to thermal variations due to daily, seasonal and secular environmental temperature changes. Surface temperature is a function of air temperature (due to convective heat transfer) and of infrared radiation received through insolation. While ...
The Archaeological Museum of Jaén’s sizeable collection of Iron Age sculptures, dating from the f... more The Archaeological Museum of Jaén’s sizeable collection of Iron Age sculptures, dating from the fifth century BCE, were all found at Cerrillo Blanco de Porcuna, a site in the Spanish
province of Jaén. The collection comprises over 40 statues and hundreds of fragments. Incisions recently identified on some of these sculptures have been interpreted as sculptors’ marks. The present archaeometric study, conducted with a 3D roughness meter, showed that the marks on several of the sculptures analysed were made with the same type of tool and the
same engraving technique. While the graphological differences denote different authorship, They would appear to have been made in the same workshop. The morphological differences
observed in the lines analysed on other sculptures are interpreted to indicate the use of other types of tools and engraving techniques.
In this study, Roman mortars of the historical city Nysa (4th c. BC–7th c. AD)
that are taken fro... more In this study, Roman mortars of the historical city Nysa (4th c. BC–7th c. AD) that are taken from different monumental structures were characterized by means of different analytical techniques. The texture, micro-structure and mineralogical, chemical features of the mortars were studied by polarized optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis - differential scanning calorimetry, Raman Spectroscopy and X-Ray Fluorescence analyses. The results of the analyses reveal that basically all samples are composed of porous calcitic lime binders and angular to semi-angular quartz and feldspar aggregates with rock fragments like marble, quartzite, schist and slate that reflect the regional geology, and also some of the mortars include ceramic fragments.
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province of Jaén. The collection comprises over 40 statues and hundreds of fragments. Incisions recently identified on some of these sculptures have been interpreted as sculptors’ marks. The present archaeometric study, conducted with a 3D roughness meter, showed that the marks on several of the sculptures analysed were made with the same type of tool and the
same engraving technique. While the graphological differences denote different authorship, They would appear to have been made in the same workshop. The morphological differences
observed in the lines analysed on other sculptures are interpreted to indicate the use of other types of tools and engraving techniques.
province of Jaén. The collection comprises over 40 statues and hundreds of fragments. Incisions recently identified on some of these sculptures have been interpreted as sculptors’ marks. The present archaeometric study, conducted with a 3D roughness meter, showed that the marks on several of the sculptures analysed were made with the same type of tool and the
same engraving technique. While the graphological differences denote different authorship, They would appear to have been made in the same workshop. The morphological differences
observed in the lines analysed on other sculptures are interpreted to indicate the use of other types of tools and engraving techniques.
that are taken from different monumental structures were characterized by means of
different analytical techniques. The texture, micro-structure and mineralogical, chemical
features of the mortars were studied by polarized optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction,
thermogravimetric analysis - differential scanning calorimetry, Raman Spectroscopy and X-Ray
Fluorescence analyses. The results of the analyses reveal that basically all samples are
composed of porous calcitic lime binders and angular to semi-angular quartz and feldspar
aggregates with rock fragments like marble, quartzite, schist and slate that reflect the
regional geology, and also some of the mortars include ceramic fragments.