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- All of the control variables are defined as in Table 6. All regressions include children born in the five years preceding the 2003 and 2008 DHS surveys (and due to data limitations the three years preceding the 1999 DHS survey) to mothers born between 1954 and 1974.
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- B Data appendix B.1 Data and samples DHS survey sample In the DHS 2008 survey, all women age 15-49 who were either permanent residents of the households in the DHS survey sample or visitors present in the households on the night before the survey were eligible to be interviewed. In a sub-sample of half of the households, all men age 15-59 who were either permanent residents of the households in the 2008 sample or visitors present in the households on the night before the survey were eligible to be interviewed (NPC, 2009). Similarly, in the DHS 2003 (DHS 1999) survey, a probability sample of households was selected and all women age 15-49 (10-49 in the DHS 1999 survey) identified in the household were eligible to be interviewed. In a sub-sample of one-third of the households selected for the survey, all men 15-59 (15-64 in the DHS 1999 survey) were eligible to be interviewed (NPC, 2000, 2004).
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- Child mortality: We construct binary variables equal to 1 x 1000 if the child died within 1 month, 12 months, and five years after birth and 0 if the child is still alive or died afterwards.
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- Children’ deaths in early infancy may be those most likely under reported. However, as the proportion of neonatal deaths in our surveys is substantial, this may suggest that the under-reporting is not severe (NPC, 2000, 2004, 2009).
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- Column 6 uses the 2003 and 2008 DHS surveys and includes all children age 6-18 born to mothers who were born between 1954 and 1974.
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- Column 6 uses the 2003 and 2008 DHS surveys and includes all children age 6-18 born to mothers who were born between 1954 and 1974. The sample in Panel A is further restricted to children of mothers that could be matched to a husband (i.e. couple sample).
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- Ethnic mortality is defined as the percentage change at the ethnicity level in mortality rates during the war (1967-70) relative to a post-war period (1973-76). All of the control variables are as defined in Table 2. Children ever born indicates the number of children ever born alive.
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- Figure 1: War and UPE Cohort Exposure Year of birth 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 Age in war (1967-1970) In Utero 0 to 3 4 to 6 7 to 12 13 to 16 Age in UPE (1976-1981) 6 to 12 UPE exposed cohort War years Upe years War exposed cohort War Control cohort No UPE & no War Control cohort Tables Table 1: Summary Statistics Obs. Mean St.dev.
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- First generation sample Health outcomes: For the first generation analysis on health outcomes we use the sample of women in the 2003 and 2008 DHS as health indicators are only collected for the sample of women. We do not use the DHS 1999 survey for the analysis of first generation health outcomes because the nutritional status and height of women is collected only for women who had a birth in the 3 years prior to the survey year, which would result in a non-representative sub-sample of interviewed women. The DHS 2003 includes women born since 1954 and the DHS 2008 those born since 1958. We choose the 1974 birth cohort as the upper bound in our sample in order to reduce possible confounding effects. Moreover, we need to include adult individuals that have completed their growth process.
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- It includes siblings born between 1954 and 1970.
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Schultz, T. P. (2002). Wage Gains Associated with Height as a Form of Health Human Capital. American Economic Review, 92(2):349–353.
- Second generation sample for education outcome Children’s educational attainment can be only retrieved in the 2003 and 2008 DHS surveys.
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Shemyakina, O. (2011). The Effect of Armed Conflict on Accumulation of Schooling: Results from Tajikistan. Journal of Development Economics, 95(2):186–200.
- Similarly, the mortality rate after the war is calculated as the ratio of the number of siblings who died after the war between 1973 and 1976 and the number of siblings born before 1976. We obtain a measure of ethnic mortality as the percentage change in siblings’ mortality rates between the war years and post-war years as follows: ethnic mortalitye=(mortality rate in ware - mortality rate after ware) / mortality rate after ware.
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- Since this sample includes children born between 1966 and 2008, we restrict the sample to children born after 1970 to avoid including confounding effects from the war years.
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- Sklar, R. L. (1967). Nigerian Politics in Perspective. Government and Opposition, 2(4):524– 539.
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- Stremlau, J. J. (2015). The International Politics of the Nigerian Civil War, 1967-1970. Princeton University Press.
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- The dependent variable in columns 1 and 3 is defined as the total number of siblings born between 1954 to 1970 (columns 2 and 4 is the log of this variable).
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- The sample in columns 1 and 2 includes siblings who died between 1954 and 1970. The dependent variable in column 1 (column 2) is a dummy equal to 1 if a sibling died between the ages of 0-3 (0-6) and 0 otherwise.
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- The sample in Panel B, is further restricted to children of fathers born between 1954 and 1974. The dependent variables in columns 1-6 are defined as in Table 6. In Panel A (Panel B), in addition to the mother’s (father’s) war exposure interaction term, all regressions also include the level effect for the mother’s (father’s) months of war exposure at different age ranges, DHS survey dummies, child’s year fixed effects, mother’s (father’s) year, state, and ethnicity fixed effects, ethnicity specific time trends and a dummy for whether the child is a girl.
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- The sample includes adult women and men born between 1954 and 1974 and surveyed in the 1999, 2003, and 2008 DHS surveys. War ethnicity is a dummy defined as 1 if an individual belongs to the Igbo or another minority ethnic group from the Biafran region.
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- The sample includes adult women and men born between 1954 and 1974 and surveyed in the 1999, 2003, and 2008 DHS surveys. War ethnicity is a dummy defined as 1 if an individual belongs to the Igbo or another minority ethnic group from the Biafran region.
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- The sample includes sibling level data, which are siblings of surveyed women in the DHS 2008 survey.
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- The sample includes sibling level data, which are siblings of surveyed women in the DHS 2008 survey.
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- The term war ethnicity * sibling born in war is defined as the interaction between a dummy equal to 1 if the sibling belongs to the war ethnicity and 0 otherwise and a dummy equal to 1 if the sibling was born during the war years (1967-1970) and 0 otherwise. All specifications include also the non-interacted terms. Estimates in column 3 and 4 include fixed effects for the year of birth of the oldest sibling and state fixed effects.
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- They are dummies equal to 1 x 1000 if a child died respectively before one month, 12 months, or five years, and 0 otherwise. Column 4 defines stunting as height-for-age Z-scores below -2 standard deviations and column 5 defines underweight as weight-for-age Z-scores below -2 standard deviations. Column 6 defines an education Z-score as the deviation of the child’s completed years of school from the mean years of school for children their age, gender, and survey round. In addition to the mother’s war exposure interaction term, all regressions also include the level effect for the mother’s months of war exposure at different age ranges, DHS survey dummies, year (mother and child), state, and ethnicity fixed effects, ethnicity specific time trends and a dummy for whether the child is a girl.
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- War ethnicity*Sibling died during war years is defined as the interaction between a dummy equal to 1 if a sibling belongs to the war ethnicity and a dummy equal to 1 if a sibling died during the war years (1967-1970) and equal to 0 if she died before (1954-1966).
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- Waters, K. (2005). Influencing the Message: the Role of Catholic Missionaries in Media Coverage of the Nigerian Civil War. Catholic Historical Review, 90(4):697–718.
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