Rhizobium

Rhizobium Definition

“Rhizobium is a soil bacteria that fixes atmospheric nitrogen once it finds a base inside the roots of  the leguminous plants”.

Table of Contents

• Rhizobium
• Classification
• Nitrogen-Fixation
• Role
• Diseases

Rhizobium is the bacteria that live in symbiotic association with the root nodules of the leguminous plants. Fixation of nitrogen cannot be done independently. That is why rhizobium requires a plant host. Rhizobium is a vital source of nitrogen to agricultural soils including those in arid regions. They convert dinitrogen into ammonia. Ammonia, being toxic in nature. is rapidly absorbed into organic compounds.

Rhizobium

Nitrogen fixation helps in increasing soil productivity and soil fertility. The various behavioural factors such as drought stress, nutrient deficiency, salt stress, fertilizers, pesticides of nitrogen-fixing systems are reviewed.

Also Read: Nitrogen Cycle

Rhizobium can be classified on the basis of the types of the plant they are associated with and also the rate of growth. Few species of Rhizobium bacteria include:

• Rhizobium leguminosarum
• Rhizobium alamii
• Rhizobium lantis
• Rhizobium japonicum
• Rhizobium trifolii
• Rhizobium phaseolii
• Rhizobium smilacinae

Nitrogen fixation is the essential biological process and the initial stage of the nitrogen cycle. In this process, the free nitrogen available in the atmosphere is converted into ammonia (another form of nitrogen) by certain bacterial species like Rhizobium, Azotobacter, etc. and the complete process is carried on by natural phenomena.

Also Read: Nitrogen Fixation And Nitrogen Metabolism

Rhizobium plural form rhizobia are prokaryotes whose main function involves the conversion of stable nitrogen gas in the atmosphere to a biologically useful form. Nitrogenase is an enzyme complex that reduces dinitrogen to ammonia.

A huge amount of energy is consumed during the nitrogen fixation and the nitrogenase enzymes are irreversibly inactivated by oxygen. Acetylene reduction assay is used to measure the nitrogenase activity. A very less portion of species is capable of carrying out nitrogen fixation. That is around two genera of archaea, twenty genera of cyanobacteria and much more.

A symbolic amount of nitrogen remains after the harvesting of grains even though a large amount of nitrogen is removed at the time of harvesting. It is mainly taken into account when there is no usage of nitrogen fertilizers. It is usually seen in less industrialized countries.

Nitrogen is one of the most supplied plant nutrients as it is one of the common deficiency found in soils.  Several environmental concerns are raised regarding the supply of nitrogen to the soil.

Rhizobium infects the roots of leguminous plants. They are usually found in the soil and produce nodules after infecting the roots of the leguminous plants. As a result, nitrogen gas is fixed from the atmosphere. This nitrogen is made available to the plants that help in their growth and development. When the legume dies there will be a breakdown of nodules. As a result, Rhizobium is released back to the cell where it can infect a new host.

Specific strains of Rhizobium are required to make the nodules functional in order to carry out the process. This increases the yield of the crops. Legume inoculation has been an agricultural practice for several years and has constantly improved over time.

Rhizobium can be pathogenic as well as non-pathogenic. The pathogenic Rhizobium bacteria species include:

• Rhizobium rhizogenes– It is also known as Agrobacterium rhizogenes and is responsible for infectious hairy roots in dicotyledonous plants.
• Rhizobium radiobacter– It is also known as Agrobacterium tumefaciens and is responsible for crown gall disease.

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