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Deuteronomy 28:48
New International Version
therefore in hunger and thirst, in nakedness and dire poverty, you will serve the enemies the LORD sends against you. He will put an iron yoke on your neck until he has destroyed you.

New Living Translation
you will serve your enemies whom the LORD will send against you. You will be left hungry, thirsty, naked, and lacking in everything. The LORD will put an iron yoke on your neck, oppressing you harshly until he has destroyed you.

English Standard Version
therefore you shall serve your enemies whom the LORD will send against you, in hunger and thirst, in nakedness, and lacking everything. And he will put a yoke of iron on your neck until he has destroyed you.

Berean Standard Bible
you will serve your enemies the LORD will send against you in famine, thirst, nakedness, and destitution. He will place an iron yoke on your neck until He has destroyed you.

King James Bible
Therefore shalt thou serve thine enemies which the LORD shall send against thee, in hunger, and in thirst, and in nakedness, and in want of all things: and he shall put a yoke of iron upon thy neck, until he have destroyed thee.

New King James Version
therefore you shall serve your enemies, whom the LORD will send against you, in hunger, in thirst, in nakedness, and in need of everything; and He will put a yoke of iron on your neck until He has destroyed you.

New American Standard Bible
you will serve your enemies whom the LORD will send against you, in hunger, thirst, nakedness, and devoid of all things; and He will put an iron yoke on your neck until He has destroyed you.

NASB 1995
therefore you shall serve your enemies whom the LORD will send against you, in hunger, in thirst, in nakedness, and in the lack of all things; and He will put an iron yoke on your neck until He has destroyed you.

NASB 1977
therefore you shall serve your enemies whom the LORD shall send against you, in hunger, in thirst, in nakedness, and in the lack of all things; and He will put an iron yoke on your neck until He has destroyed you.

Legacy Standard Bible
therefore you shall serve your enemies whom Yahweh will send against you, in hunger, in thirst, in nakedness, and in the lack of all things; and He will put an iron yoke on your neck until He has destroyed you.

Amplified Bible
you will therefore serve your enemies whom the LORD sends against you, in hunger and in thirst, in nakedness and in lack of all things; and He will put an iron yoke [of slavery] on your neck until He has destroyed you.

Christian Standard Bible
you will serve your enemies that the LORD will send against you, in famine, thirst, nakedness, and a lack of everything. He will place an iron yoke on your neck until he has destroyed you.

Holman Christian Standard Bible
you will serve your enemies the LORD will send against you, in famine, thirst, nakedness, and a lack of everything. He will place an iron yoke on your neck until He has destroyed you.

American Standard Version
therefore shalt thou serve thine enemies that Jehovah shall send against thee, in hunger, and in thirst, and in nakedness, and in want of all things: and he shall put a yoke of iron upon thy neck, until he have destroyed thee.

Contemporary English Version
he will send enemies to attack you and make you their slaves. Then you will live in poverty with nothing to eat, drink, or wear, and your owners will work you to death.

English Revised Version
therefore shalt thou serve thine enemies which the LORD shall send against thee, in hunger, and in thirst, and in nakedness, and in want of all things: and he shall put a yoke of iron upon thy neck, until he have destroyed thee.

GOD'S WORD® Translation
So you will serve your enemies, whom the LORD will send against you. You will serve them even though you are already hungry, thirsty, naked, and in need of everything. The LORD will put a heavy burden of hard work on you until he destroys you.

Good News Translation
So then, you will serve the enemies that the LORD is going to send against you. You will be hungry, thirsty, and naked--in need of everything. The LORD will oppress you harshly until you are destroyed.

International Standard Version
you'll serve your enemies whom the LORD your God will send against you. You will serve in famine and in drought, in nakedness, and in lack of everything. They'll set a yoke of iron upon your neck until they have exterminated you.

Majority Standard Bible
you will serve your enemies the LORD will send against you in famine, thirst, nakedness, and destitution. He will place an iron yoke on your neck until He has destroyed you.

NET Bible
instead in hunger, thirst, nakedness, and poverty you will serve your enemies whom the LORD will send against you. They will place an iron yoke on your neck until they have destroyed you.

New Heart English Bible
therefore you shall serve your enemies whom the LORD shall send against you, in hunger, and in thirst, and in nakedness, and in want of all things: and he shall put a yoke of iron on your neck, until he has destroyed you.

Webster's Bible Translation
Therefore shalt thou serve thy enemies which the LORD shall send against thee, in hunger, and in thirst, and in nakedness, and in want of all things: and he shall put a yoke of iron upon thy neck, until he hath destroyed thee.

World English Bible
therefore you will serve your enemies whom Yahweh sends against you, in hunger, in thirst, in nakedness, and in lack of all things. He will put an iron yoke on your neck until he has destroyed you.
Literal Translations
Literal Standard Version
you have served your enemies, whom YHWH sends against you, in hunger, and in thirst, and in nakedness, and in lack of all things; and He has put a yoke of iron on your neck until He has destroyed you.

Young's Literal Translation
thou hast served thine enemies, whom Jehovah sendeth against thee, in hunger, and in thirst, and in nakedness, and in lack of all things; and he hath put a yoke of iron on thy neck, till He hath destroyed thee.

Smith's Literal Translation
And thou servedst thine enemies which Jehovah shall send forth against thee in hunger and in thirst, and in nakedness, and in want of all things and he gave a yoke of iron upon thy neck till his destroying thee.
Catholic Translations
Douay-Rheims Bible
Thou shalt serve thy enemy, whom the Lord will send upon thee, in hunger, and thirst, and nakedness, and in want of all things: and he shall put an iron yoke upon thy neck, till he consume thee.

Catholic Public Domain Version
You will serve your enemy, whom the Lord will send to you, in hunger and thirst and nakedness, and in destitution of all things. And he will place an iron yoke upon your neck, until he has crushed you.

New American Bible
in hunger and thirst, in nakedness and utter want, you will serve the enemies whom the LORD will send against you. He will put an iron yoke on your neck, until he destroys you.

New Revised Standard Version
therefore you shall serve your enemies whom the LORD will send against you, in hunger and thirst, in nakedness and lack of everything. He will put an iron yoke on your neck until he has destroyed you.
Translations from Aramaic
Lamsa Bible
Therefore you shall serve your enemies whom the LORD shall send against you, in hunger and in thirst and in nakedness and in want of all things; and he shall put a yoke of iron upon your neck, until he has destroyed you.

Peshitta Holy Bible Translated
And you shall work for your enemies whom LORD JEHOVAH shall send upon you, in hunger and in thirst and in nakedness and in loss of everything, and he shall put a yoke of iron on your neck until He shall destroy you.
OT Translations
JPS Tanakh 1917
therefore shalt thou serve thine enemy whom the LORD shall send against thee, in hunger, and in thirst, and in nakedness, and in want of all things; and he shall put a yoke of iron upon thy neck, until he have destroyed thee.

Brenton Septuagint Translation
And thou shalt serve thine enemies, which the Lord will send forth against thee, in hunger, and in thirst, and in nakedness, and in the want of all things; and thou shalt wear upon thy neck a yoke of iron until he shall have destroyed thee.

Additional Translations ...
Audio Bible



Context
The Curses of Disobedience
47Because you did not serve the LORD your God with joy and gladness of heart in all your abundance, 48you will serve your enemies the LORD will send against you in famine, thirst, nakedness, and destitution. He will place an iron yoke on your neck until He has destroyed you. 49The LORD will bring a nation from afar, from the ends of the earth, to swoop down upon you like an eagle—a nation whose language you will not understand,…

Cross References
Leviticus 26:14-17
If, however, you fail to obey Me and to carry out all these commandments, / and if you reject My statutes, despise My ordinances, and neglect to carry out all My commandments, and so break My covenant, / then this is what I will do to you: I will bring upon you sudden terror, wasting disease, and fever that will destroy your sight and drain your life. You will sow your seed in vain, because your enemies will eat it. ...

Jeremiah 5:19
And when the people ask, ‘For what offense has the LORD our God done all these things to us?’ You are to tell them, ‘Just as you have forsaken Me and served foreign gods in your land, so will you serve foreigners in a land that is not your own.’”

Jeremiah 17:4
And you yourself will relinquish the inheritance that I gave you. I will enslave you to your enemies in a land that you do not know, for you have kindled My anger; it will burn forever.”

2 Kings 17:6-7
In the ninth year of Hoshea, the king of Assyria captured Samaria and carried away the Israelites to Assyria, where he settled them in Halah, in Gozan by the Habor River, and in the cities of the Medes. / All this happened because the people of Israel had sinned against the LORD their God, who had brought them out of the land of Egypt from under the hand of Pharaoh king of Egypt. They had worshiped other gods

2 Kings 25:1-7
So in the ninth year of Zedekiah’s reign, on the tenth day of the tenth month, Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon marched against Jerusalem with his entire army. They encamped outside the city and built a siege wall all around it. / And the city was kept under siege until King Zedekiah’s eleventh year. / By the ninth day of the fourth month, the famine in the city was so severe that the people of the land had no food. ...

Nehemiah 9:36-37
So here we are today as slaves in the land You gave our fathers to enjoy its fruit and goodness—here we are as slaves! / Its abundant harvest goes to the kings You have set over us because of our sins. And they rule over our bodies and our livestock as they please. We are in great distress.

Isaiah 5:13
Therefore My people will go into exile for their lack of understanding; their dignitaries are starving and their masses are parched with thirst.

Isaiah 47:6
I was angry with My people; I profaned My heritage, and I placed them under your control. You showed them no mercy; even on the elderly you laid a most heavy yoke.

Ezekiel 4:16-17
Then He told me, “Son of man, I am going to cut off the supply of food in Jerusalem. They will anxiously eat bread rationed by weight, and in despair they will drink water by measure. / So they will lack food and water; they will be appalled at the sight of one another wasting away in their iniquity.

Ezekiel 12:19
Then tell the people of the land that this is what the Lord GOD says about those living in Jerusalem and in the land of Israel: ‘They will eat their bread with anxiety and drink their water in dread, for their land will be stripped of everything in it because of the violence of all who dwell in it.

Lamentations 5:2-6
Our inheritance has been turned over to strangers, our houses to foreigners. / We have become fatherless orphans; our mothers are widows. / We must buy the water we drink; our wood comes at a price. ...

Hosea 2:9
Therefore I will take back My grain in its time and My new wine in its season; I will take away My wool and linen, which were given to cover her nakedness.

Hosea 8:13
Though they offer sacrifices as gifts to Me, and though they eat the meat, the LORD does not accept them. Now He will remember their iniquity and punish their sins: They will return to Egypt.

Matthew 24:9
Then they will deliver you over to be persecuted and killed, and you will be hated by all nations because of My name.

Luke 21:24
They will fall by the edge of the sword and be led captive into all the nations. And Jerusalem will be trodden down by the Gentiles, until the times of the Gentiles are fulfilled.


Treasury of Scripture

Therefore shall you serve your enemies which the LORD shall send against you, in hunger, and in thirst, and in nakedness, and in want of all things: and he shall put a yoke of iron on your neck, until he have destroyed you.

serve

2 Chronicles 12:8
Nevertheless they shall be his servants; that they may know my service, and the service of the kingdoms of the countries.

Nehemiah 9:35-37
For they have not served thee in their kingdom, and in thy great goodness that thou gavest them, and in the large and fat land which thou gavest before them, neither turned they from their wicked works…

Jeremiah 5:19
And it shall come to pass, when ye shall say, Wherefore doeth the LORD our God all these things unto us? then shalt thou answer them, Like as ye have forsaken me, and served strange gods in your land, so shall ye serve strangers in a land that is not yours.

in hunger

Jeremiah 44:17,18,22,27
But we will certainly do whatsoever thing goeth forth out of our own mouth, to burn incense unto the queen of heaven, and to pour out drink offerings unto her, as we have done, we, and our fathers, our kings, and our princes, in the cities of Judah, and in the streets of Jerusalem: for then had we plenty of victuals, and were well, and saw no evil…

Lamentations 5:2-6
Our inheritance is turned to strangers, our houses to aliens…

Ezekiel 4:16,17
Moreover he said unto me, Son of man, behold, I will break the staff of bread in Jerusalem: and they shall eat bread by weight, and with care; and they shall drink water by measure, and with astonishment: …

a yoke

Isaiah 47:6
I was wroth with my people, I have polluted mine inheritance, and given them into thine hand: thou didst shew them no mercy; upon the ancient hast thou very heavily laid thy yoke.

Jeremiah 27:12,13
I spake also to Zedekiah king of Judah according to all these words, saying, Bring your necks under the yoke of the king of Babylon, and serve him and his people, and live…

Jeremiah 28:13,14
Go and tell Hananiah, saying, Thus saith the LORD; Thou hast broken the yokes of wood; but thou shalt make for them yokes of iron…

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Deuteronomy 28
1. The blessings for obedience
15. The curses for disobedience














you will serve your enemies
The phrase "you will serve your enemies" is a stark warning to the Israelites about the consequences of disobedience to God's commandments. The Hebrew root for "serve" is עָבַד (avad), which implies not just labor but a form of bondage or subjugation. Historically, this reflects the periods when Israel was under foreign domination, such as the Babylonian exile. Spiritually, it serves as a reminder that turning away from God leads to spiritual enslavement, where one becomes captive to sin and worldly powers.

that the LORD will send against you
This phrase emphasizes the sovereignty of God in the affairs of nations. The Hebrew name for "LORD" here is יְהוָה (Yahweh), the covenant name of God, indicating that these events are not random but are divinely ordained as a result of Israel's covenant unfaithfulness. It serves as a sobering reminder that God is actively involved in the discipline of His people, using even their enemies as instruments of correction.

in famine, thirst, nakedness, and destitution
These four conditions—famine, thirst, nakedness, and destitution—represent the complete deprivation of basic human needs. Each term is a vivid depiction of the curses that would befall Israel for disobedience. "Famine" and "thirst" highlight the lack of food and water, essential for survival, while "nakedness" and "destitution" indicate a loss of dignity and security. Historically, these conditions were experienced during sieges and exiles. Spiritually, they symbolize the emptiness and vulnerability that result from a life apart from God's provision and protection.

and He will place an iron yoke on your neck
The "iron yoke" is a powerful metaphor for severe oppression and bondage. In the ancient Near East, yokes were used to control oxen, symbolizing subjugation and hard labor. The use of "iron" suggests an unbreakable and harsh burden. This imagery is consistent with the historical experiences of Israel under foreign rule, such as the Assyrian and Babylonian captivities. Spiritually, it warns of the heavy burdens that sin and rebellion against God can impose on one's life.

until He has destroyed you
The phrase "until He has destroyed you" underscores the ultimate consequence of persistent disobedience: destruction. The Hebrew root for "destroyed" is שָׁמַד (shamad), which conveys a sense of complete ruin or annihilation. This is not merely physical destruction but also spiritual and communal disintegration. It serves as a grave warning that continued rebellion against God leads to a loss of identity, purpose, and relationship with Him. However, within the broader biblical narrative, there is always a call to repentance and the hope of restoration for those who turn back to God.

Parallel Commentaries ...


Hebrew
you will serve
וְעָבַדְתָּ֣ (wə·‘ā·ḇaḏ·tā)
Conjunctive waw | Verb - Qal - Conjunctive perfect - second person masculine singular
Strong's 5647: To work, to serve, till, enslave

your enemies
אֹיְבֶ֗יךָ (’ō·yə·ḇe·ḵā)
Verb - Qal - Participle - masculine plural construct | second person masculine singular
Strong's 341: Hating, an adversary

the LORD
יְהוָה֙ (Yah·weh)
Noun - proper - masculine singular
Strong's 3068: LORD -- the proper name of the God of Israel

will send against you
יְשַׁלְּחֶ֤נּוּ (yə·šal·lə·ḥen·nū)
Verb - Piel - Imperfect - third person masculine singular | third person masculine singular
Strong's 7971: To send away, for, out

in famine,
בְּרָעָ֧ב (bə·rā·‘āḇ)
Preposition-b | Noun - masculine singular
Strong's 7458: Famine, hunger

thirst,
וּבְצָמָ֛א (ū·ḇə·ṣā·mā)
Conjunctive waw, Preposition-b | Noun - masculine singular
Strong's 6772: Thirst

nakedness,
וּבְעֵירֹ֖ם (ū·ḇə·‘ê·rōm)
Conjunctive waw, Preposition-b | Adjective - masculine singular
Strong's 5903: Naked, nakedness

and destitution.
וּבְחֹ֣סֶר (ū·ḇə·ḥō·ser)
Conjunctive waw, Preposition-b | Noun - masculine singular construct
Strong's 2640: Want, lack

He will place
וְנָתַ֞ן (wə·nā·ṯan)
Conjunctive waw | Verb - Qal - Conjunctive perfect - third person masculine singular
Strong's 5414: To give, put, set

an iron
בַּרְזֶל֙ (bar·zel)
Noun - masculine singular
Strong's 1270: Iron, an iron implement

yoke
עֹ֤ל (‘ōl)
Noun - masculine singular construct
Strong's 5923: A yoke

on
עַל־ (‘al-)
Preposition
Strong's 5921: Above, over, upon, against

your neck
צַוָּארֶ֔ךָ (ṣaw·wā·re·ḵā)
Noun - masculine singular construct | second person masculine singular
Strong's 6677: The back of the neck

until
עַ֥ד (‘aḏ)
Preposition
Strong's 5704: As far as, even to, up to, until, while

He has destroyed
הִשְׁמִיד֖וֹ (hiš·mî·ḏōw)
Verb - Hifil - Infinitive construct | third person masculine singular
Strong's 8045: To be exterminated or destroyed

you.
אֹתָֽךְ׃ (’ō·ṯāḵ)
Direct object marker | second person masculine singular
Strong's 853: Untranslatable mark of the accusative case


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OT Law: Deuteronomy 28:48 Therefore you shall serve your enemies whom (Deut. De Du)
Deuteronomy 28:47
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