Książki (autorskie, redagowane, przekłady) by Filip Kobiela
UNIVERSITAS, 2011
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Wydawnictwo Aletheia, 2016
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Filozoficzny Lem, t., 2021
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Papers in English by Filip Kobiela
Argumenta, 2018
The main purpose of the paper is to present and discuss Bernard Suits' account of constitutive ru... more The main purpose of the paper is to present and discuss Bernard Suits' account of constitutive rules presented in his opus magnum—The Grasshopper. Games, Life and Utopia—and in several minor contributions, which supplement or modify his original position. This account will be regarded as a crucial part of Suits' theory of lu-dic activities, mainly game-playing. The stress will be put on peculiarities of con-stitutive rules—their relation to ends in games, players' attitudes and their limita-tive nature. The analysis of the consequences of breaking a rule in different types of actions shows the essential difference between constitutive rules in games, and rules governing both technical activities, and non-game types of ludic activities. Because Suits' theory has been presented as an attack on Wittgenstein's claim concerning indefinability of games, this issue will be discussed as well.
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Recerca. Revista de Pensament i Analisi, Apr 2016
The paper is devoted to detailed analysis of the notion of goal in games. It is argued that Suits... more The paper is devoted to detailed analysis of the notion of goal in games. It is argued that Suits' analysis which provides a distinction between prelusory goal and lusory goal is insufficient, and thus introduction of a third kind of goal is necessary. I suggest to call this third kind of goal institutional goal. The paper discusses the definition of this kind of goal as well as its relations to other kinds of goals in games and other elements of game-playing. These three goals create the goal triad, a conceptual map of all possible goal-related situations. Both Venn diagrams and Euler diagrams are used to represent this triad. Various fields of these diagrams, which represent a spectrum of specific situations that occur in games, are illustrated by case-studies, taken mainly (although not exclusively) from the history of association football (soccer). Resumen El artículo plantea un análisis detallado de la noción de objetivo de los juegos. Se argu-menta que el análisis de los juegos de Suits, que ofrece una distinción entre objetivo lúdico y meta pre-lúdica, es insuficiente, por lo que es necesaria la introducción de un tercer ob-jetivo. A este tercer objetivo sugiero llamarlo meta institucional. El artículo analiza la defi-nición de este tipo de objetivo, así como sus relaciones con los otros tipos de objetivos y elementos del juego. Estos tres objetivos constituyen la tríada de objetivos, un mapa conceptual de todas las relaciones posibles entre objetivos. Para representar la tríada se em-plean los diagramas de Venn y de Euler. Varios campos de estos diagramas, que representan un espectro de situaciones específicas que suceden en los juegos, se ilustran con estudios de casos, tomados principalmente (aunque no exclusivamente) de la historia del fútbol.
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Sport, Ethics and Philosophy, 2014
While talking about sports (and games) we use such expressions as ‘random victory’, ‘winning by a... more While talking about sports (and games) we use such expressions as ‘random victory’, ‘winning by accident’, ‘skill against luck’, ‘chance (fortune) favours the better player’, etc. Unfortunately, chance-related notions that occur in these expressions are not well defined—their meaning is vague and it is not clear whether they refer to one or many different phenomena. Because such phenomena play an important role in sport, from the viewpoint of the philosophy of sport it is necessary to give a systematic account of this topic. Although the works of De Wachter, Simon, Dixon, Breivik and Loland contain many important insights, there is still a room for further research in this field. The author tries to establish a typology of phenomena that could generally be called ‘chance-phenomena’, which however, should be precisely distinguished. As such the primary task is to present an analysis of several different kinds of chance in sports. In constructing this typology the author uses both the distinction between different kinds of games (performative vs. kinetic) as well as analysis of structure of a game (four constitutive elements: players, constitutive rules, material substrate of the game and the world of the game). The most important method used is phenomenological analysis, especially Ingarden-style analysis. These kinds of ‘chance-phenomena’ are: aleatoriness, chaos, irregularity, imprecision and arbitrariness. The paradigm cases of each kind of chance are discussed. The genesis and functions of the respective phenomena in sports and games are also shown, as well as their position in the structure of the game. Such analytic work should precede any solutions of the chance vs. skill problem, or other problems concerning chance in sport. As a test of usefulness of the provided distinctions, the author considers the veracity of the judgements expressed in such sentences as ‘Fortune favours the better player’
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Acta Universitatis Carolinae. Kinanthropologica, 2016
In order to discuss the aesthetics of sport I shall start with some metaphysical considerations: ... more In order to discuss the aesthetics of sport I shall start with some metaphysical considerations: instead of using the notion of essence (definition) of sport, understood as a set of necessary and sufficient conditions, I shall try to base these considerations on the notion of the nature of sport. In my understanding, the nature of sport is a very basic phenomenon that lies at the origin and shapes the history of sport. It is a technology of training and mastering physical skills valued for themselves. Now, the aesthetic dimension of sport is based on the technically valuable qualities of sports, which are the consecutive properties of sport. Such qualities are present in all types of sport, not only in the so-called 'aesthetic sports' (Best) or 'performances' (Suits). Finally, I advance a thesis that although sport is not a form of art, its aesthetic dimension is closer to the nature of sport than its ethical dimension.
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CCD. Cultura_Ciencia_Deporte., 2018
The paper entertains the idea of sport as a heterogenous concept and focuses not on the boundarie... more The paper entertains the idea of sport as a heterogenous concept and focuses not on the boundaries of its extension (a paramount consideration in case of the problem of definition understood in the traditional way), but rather of its internal structure. I start with Bernard Suits' definition of sport (offered in his paper The Elements of Sport), which is a plausible attempt to construct a homogenous definition of sport. According to this definition sports create a subset of games. However , in his later paper The Tricky Triad, Suits himself criticized this definition by introducing a new category of judged sports that are not games, and a fortiori cannot meet his former definition. This distinction not only overthrows the original definition, but also reveals a hidden heterogeneity in the domain of sport. I would like to supplement Suits' critique of his own definition by another objection, which draws the second dividing line in the domain of sport, namely the distinction between kinetic and non-kinetic, mainly performative activities. These two distinctions taken together allow me to construct a conceptual map of sport (and especially Olympic sport) that I call The Olympic Sport Image (OSI). It encompasses the following fields: athletic games, judged sports, mind sports and art sports. I would like to call the offered theory the " High Definition of Sport " (HDS), since it gives an insight into the structure of sport as a heterogenous domain. To prove the usefulness of this model I am showing its applicability into the history of the programme of the Olympic Games (OG) and I'm comparing it with Suits' triadic model.
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Acta Universitatis Carolinae. Kinanthropologica, 2011
The article presents an ontological analysis of games.
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Filozofia i Nauka, 2022
The aim of the article is to reconstruct, analyse and compare two of Lem's visions which concern ... more The aim of the article is to reconstruct, analyse and compare two of Lem's visions which concern the application of the future development of science and technology in order to construct an enhanced society. In other words, two literary concretizations of his idea concerning the technology of ethics. These are betrization-presented in the novel Return from the Stars and the ethicspherepresented in the novel Observation on the Spot. In the "Introduction," I discuss the specifics of Lem's philosophizing, both in terms of its form and content, and I identify its main subject as concerning the problem of the influence of technological development on man, society and the sphere of values. Then in the section "Life in an unfriendly world" I discuss the context which provides the background for the presentation of two Lem's visions of technology of ethics, namely, the Doctrine of Three Worlds, an integral part of the novel Observation on the Spot, but its meaning also explains Lem's motivation to take up the idea of betrization. In the section "Life in a society devoid of aggression and risk," I discuss a hypothetical society subjected to betrization-a procedure that eliminates aggressive tendencies. In the section "Living in a completely safe environment," I discuss a hypothetical society living in an ethicsphere, that is, an "intelligent" environment programmed to care for the safety of its members; I also present a brief comparison of betrization and the ethicsphere. I conclude the paper by indicating where Lem's considerations figure within the typology of utopia proposed by Bernard Suits.
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Studies in Sport Humanities, 2021
The main objective of the paper is to present and analyse a thought experiment concerning the exi... more The main objective of the paper is to present and analyse a thought experiment concerning the existence and specifi city of sport in a society completely devoid of aggression. The experiment comes from the novel Return from the Stars by Stanisław Lem, Polish writer and thinker. The article provides an explanation why sports, and boxing in particular, were included in Lem's refl ections on the problem of evil and attempts to "improve the world". Lem's vision of sport in a society subjected to betrization-a procedure that eliminates aggression-is presented and commented on from the perspective of the contemporary philosophy of sport. The presented analysis of Lem's considerations focuses on their relationships with currently debated issues. An illustration of this thread of considerations is tchoukball-a sport designed to minimise players's aggression.
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The Interaction of Sport and Society in the V4 Countries, ed. G. S. Földesi, T. Dóczi, HSSS, Budapest, 2011
The paper presents a brief description of the situation of sport in
Poland. The first part focus... more The paper presents a brief description of the situation of sport in
Poland. The first part focuses on the legacy from state socialism. It
concerns both the impact of Stalinism on sport in Poland (1949-
1956), and the rest of the socialist era in Poland (1956-1989). Many
topics concerning the political, social, and economic functions of
sport during these periods are discussed. The second part focuses
on the nature of the transition of sport following the 1989-1990
political and economic changes in Poland. The third part focuses on
the functioning of sport in contemporary Polish society. The Sports
Act as a legal background of sport and its consequences are
analysed. Some challenges (e.g. organization of European Football
Championship 2012 in Poland and Ukraine; Zakopane – candidate
city for future Winter Olympic Games) and problems (pseudo-fans
and football hooliganism) are discussed as well.
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The Idea of Excellence and Human Enhancement, A. Warmbier (ed.), Peter Lang., 2018
The main purpose of this paper is to provide an analysis and critique of Michael Sandel’s argumen... more The main purpose of this paper is to provide an analysis and critique of Michael Sandel’s argument against human enhancement in sport. In order to examine the problem, I use Bernard Suits’ theory of game-playing (“game” is an activity based on voluntary choice of imperfect means), as well as Wolfgang Welsch’s account of sport as seen from the aesthetic perspective. The image of sport that emerges from these considerations is as follows: by nature, sport does not aim at perfection understood literally, but it is rather an aesthetic enterprise in which participants are acting out (in a different way than in a theatre) the drama of striving for perfection. In light of this philosophy of sport, all forms of doping, including genetic doping, which is one of the main subject of Sandel’s work, seem to be a consequence of a mistaken view of the nature of sport. Thus, contrary to Sandel’s view, the acceptance of the Promethean, quasi-mythological view of sport, is not so much an expression of a lack of gratitude, but rather – of a lack of wisdom.
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Studies In Sport Humanities, 2021
In her book titled “Man and Values in Physical Culture:
A Theoretical Study” Maria Zowisło deals ... more In her book titled “Man and Values in Physical Culture:
A Theoretical Study” Maria Zowisło deals with an extensive
range of issues related to various forms of so-called
physical culture. Although this book is an attempt at
a philosophical synthesis of the issues discussed, it is,
to some extent, interdisciplinary in nature. Therefore,
only a team of experts comprising representatives of
such diverse disciplines as philosophy and sociology
of culture, history and pedagogy of sport and recreation,
philosophy and ethics of sport and Olympism,
etc. would be able to do her justice. It is not my aim
to present a complete review of this book, but reflections
closely inspired by it related to the concept of
physical culture. One of the chapters
of Zowisło’s book is entitled “The Troubles with
Culture”; I believe the similar title “The Trouble with
Physical Culture” reflects the nature of the following
considerations. Thus, I will successively discuss issues
related to the term “physical culture”, the homogeneity
of the area it defines and the fields of science devoted
to it.
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Fair Play. Journal of Philosophy, Ethics and Sports Law, , 2014
A group of four friends meets every week to watch a soccer match. Today they have
met again, a b... more A group of four friends meets every week to watch a soccer match. Today they have
met again, a bit earlier than usual, and before the match starts, they are going to
discuss breaking news. There are serious suspicions that a game they have watched
some time ago, was fixed, and it is that piece of news that is an immediate cause of
their discussion. It happens that our friends, apart from watching sport, also read
books about watching sport, and they have learned from a bestselling book on that
topic that two of them share a partisan attitude, whereas the other two share a purist
attitude. But the piece of news allowed to reveal another distinction and another
coalition of members of our group. Let us listen to their discussion.
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Sport, Ethics and Philosophy, 2019
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Fair Play. Journal of Philosophy, Ethics and Sports Law, 2016
Henning Eichberg's paper Do we need an Existential Philosophy of the Railway? Why then a Philosop... more Henning Eichberg's paper Do we need an Existential Philosophy of the Railway? Why then a Philosophy of Sport? containing provocative denial of its title question, has a potential to restart an important discussion concerning the identity and condition of the philosophy of sport. But because Eichberg presented some important theses – as I will try to show – without a proper justification, this potential is at risk to be wasted. The goal of this paper is to critically analyze one of his crucial presuppositions and on the ground of this analysis offer another view on the philosophy of sport. The view is thus in one aspect convergent with Eichbergs' perspective, but in another aspect is opposite to it.
Key Words: Sport, railway, philosophy of, ideology, Eichberg.
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Studia Humana, Jul 2015
The paper addresses the family of questions that arose from the field of interactions between phe... more The paper addresses the family of questions that arose from the field of interactions between phenomenology and the cognitive sciences. On the one hand, apparently partial coextensivity of research domain of phenomenology and the cognitive sciences sets the goal of their cooperation and mutual inspiration. On the other hand, there are some obstacles on the path to achieve this goal: phenomenology and the cognitive sciences have different traditions, they speak different languages, they have adopted different methodological approaches, and last but not least, their prominent exponents exhibits different styles of thinking. In order to clarify this complicated area of tensions, the paper presents the results of philosophical reflections of such topics as: 1) philosophical presuppositions and postulates of the cognitive sciences 2) abstraction of some phenomena during idealisation and the dialectical model of science`s development 3) argumentation based on prediction of future development of the cognitive sciences. This finally leads to the formulation of a phenomenology-based postulate for adequate model of mind and the discussion of humanistic dimension of cognitive sciences.
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Książki (autorskie, redagowane, przekłady) by Filip Kobiela
Papers in English by Filip Kobiela
Poland. The first part focuses on the legacy from state socialism. It
concerns both the impact of Stalinism on sport in Poland (1949-
1956), and the rest of the socialist era in Poland (1956-1989). Many
topics concerning the political, social, and economic functions of
sport during these periods are discussed. The second part focuses
on the nature of the transition of sport following the 1989-1990
political and economic changes in Poland. The third part focuses on
the functioning of sport in contemporary Polish society. The Sports
Act as a legal background of sport and its consequences are
analysed. Some challenges (e.g. organization of European Football
Championship 2012 in Poland and Ukraine; Zakopane – candidate
city for future Winter Olympic Games) and problems (pseudo-fans
and football hooliganism) are discussed as well.
A Theoretical Study” Maria Zowisło deals with an extensive
range of issues related to various forms of so-called
physical culture. Although this book is an attempt at
a philosophical synthesis of the issues discussed, it is,
to some extent, interdisciplinary in nature. Therefore,
only a team of experts comprising representatives of
such diverse disciplines as philosophy and sociology
of culture, history and pedagogy of sport and recreation,
philosophy and ethics of sport and Olympism,
etc. would be able to do her justice. It is not my aim
to present a complete review of this book, but reflections
closely inspired by it related to the concept of
physical culture. One of the chapters
of Zowisło’s book is entitled “The Troubles with
Culture”; I believe the similar title “The Trouble with
Physical Culture” reflects the nature of the following
considerations. Thus, I will successively discuss issues
related to the term “physical culture”, the homogeneity
of the area it defines and the fields of science devoted
to it.
met again, a bit earlier than usual, and before the match starts, they are going to
discuss breaking news. There are serious suspicions that a game they have watched
some time ago, was fixed, and it is that piece of news that is an immediate cause of
their discussion. It happens that our friends, apart from watching sport, also read
books about watching sport, and they have learned from a bestselling book on that
topic that two of them share a partisan attitude, whereas the other two share a purist
attitude. But the piece of news allowed to reveal another distinction and another
coalition of members of our group. Let us listen to their discussion.
Key Words: Sport, railway, philosophy of, ideology, Eichberg.
Poland. The first part focuses on the legacy from state socialism. It
concerns both the impact of Stalinism on sport in Poland (1949-
1956), and the rest of the socialist era in Poland (1956-1989). Many
topics concerning the political, social, and economic functions of
sport during these periods are discussed. The second part focuses
on the nature of the transition of sport following the 1989-1990
political and economic changes in Poland. The third part focuses on
the functioning of sport in contemporary Polish society. The Sports
Act as a legal background of sport and its consequences are
analysed. Some challenges (e.g. organization of European Football
Championship 2012 in Poland and Ukraine; Zakopane – candidate
city for future Winter Olympic Games) and problems (pseudo-fans
and football hooliganism) are discussed as well.
A Theoretical Study” Maria Zowisło deals with an extensive
range of issues related to various forms of so-called
physical culture. Although this book is an attempt at
a philosophical synthesis of the issues discussed, it is,
to some extent, interdisciplinary in nature. Therefore,
only a team of experts comprising representatives of
such diverse disciplines as philosophy and sociology
of culture, history and pedagogy of sport and recreation,
philosophy and ethics of sport and Olympism,
etc. would be able to do her justice. It is not my aim
to present a complete review of this book, but reflections
closely inspired by it related to the concept of
physical culture. One of the chapters
of Zowisło’s book is entitled “The Troubles with
Culture”; I believe the similar title “The Trouble with
Physical Culture” reflects the nature of the following
considerations. Thus, I will successively discuss issues
related to the term “physical culture”, the homogeneity
of the area it defines and the fields of science devoted
to it.
met again, a bit earlier than usual, and before the match starts, they are going to
discuss breaking news. There are serious suspicions that a game they have watched
some time ago, was fixed, and it is that piece of news that is an immediate cause of
their discussion. It happens that our friends, apart from watching sport, also read
books about watching sport, and they have learned from a bestselling book on that
topic that two of them share a partisan attitude, whereas the other two share a purist
attitude. But the piece of news allowed to reveal another distinction and another
coalition of members of our group. Let us listen to their discussion.
Key Words: Sport, railway, philosophy of, ideology, Eichberg.
wyobraźnię filozoficzną opowiadaniu Lem podejmuje w inspirowany cybernetyką sposób problematykę epistemologiczną, metafizyczną i teologiczną. Ta powiastka filozoficzna ilustrująca koncepcje już opracowane przez Lema, jak i zapowiadająca pewne jego nowe
idee, należy tematycznie do książek teoretycznych Lema z tego okresu jego twórczości.
Part I (symptoms) focuses mainly on the institutional aspects of philosophy as seen from an external perspective. I call this perspective, being close to the commonsensical critique of philosophy, 'phobosophy'. This anti-philosophical account stresses some serious problems connected with academic philosophy. It consists of five segments: lack of satisfactory definition of philosophy, lack of non-controversial research findings, existence of conflicting schools, manipulations done to students and political commitment that raises moral doubts.
In part II (etiology) I describe philosophical predispositions as searching for sense and, in correlation with it, rejecting the standard explanation of our basic notions. In part III (therapy) I draw a distinction between trivial therapy (escape from philosophy) and non-trivial therapy; the therapeutic philosophy of late Wittgenstein is the most prominent example of the latter . In part IV (prognosis) I claim that individual philosophical predisposition are timeless, but institutional philosophy itself is not future-proofed. The future of institutional philosophy will depend on institutional identification and management of individual predispositions.
Keywords
(meta)philosophy, phobosophy, disease, therapy, Wittgenstein
Abstrakt
Artykuł omawia problem bycia filozofem poprzez pryzmat idei traktującej filozofię jako chorobę. Stąd czwórdzielna struktura tekstu: objawy, przyczyny, terapia i rokowania. Bycie filozofem traktuję jako funkcję dwóch zmiennych: indywidualnych predyspozycji oraz tradycji i struktury instytucjonalnej. Część pierwsza koncentruje się na instytucjonalnym aspekcie filozofii rozpatrywanym z perspektywy zewnętrznej, określonej jako 'zofiofobia', bliskiej zdroworozsądkowej krytyce filozofii. Ta 'anty-filozoficzna' cześć pracy omawia takie problemy akademickiej filozofii jak: brak zadowalającej definicji filozofii, brak niekontrowersyjnych wyników badań, istnienie skonfliktowanych szkół, manipulowanie adeptami oraz zaangażowanie polityczne.
W części drugiej (przyczyny) próbuję scharakteryzować predyspozycje do filozofowania jako poszukiwanie sensu i, korelatywnie, nie akceptowanie standardowych wyjaśnień podstawowych pojęć. W części trzeciej (terapia) przedstawiam rozróżnienie na terapię trywialną (ucieczka od filozofii) oraz terapię nietrywialną; najważniejszą formą tej ostatniej jest filozofia terapeutyczna późnego Wittgensteina. W części czwartej - rokowaniach - twierdzę, że wprawdzie indywidualne predyspozycje 'filozoficzne' są ponadczasowe, to nie ma gwarancji dalszego istnienia filozofii instytucjonalnej. O jej przyszłości może zdecydować sposób identyfikacji oraz zarządzania predyspozycjami filozoficznymi.
Słowa Kluczowe
meta(filozofia), zofiofobia, choroba, terapia, Wittgenstein
z gwiazd”), czy też płodnego heurystycznie eksperymentu myślowego polegającego na rozważeniu następstw betryzacji jako radykalnego projektu reform z zakresu bioinżynierii społecznej. Głównym celem artykułu była prezentacja i analiza Lemowskiej wizji społeczeństwa poddanego powszechnej betryzacji jako
pewnego eksperymentu myślowego, który może być badany do pewnego stopnia niezależnie od swojego macierzystego kontekstu powieściowego. W analizach tych, oprócz źródłowego tekstu Lema oraz jego odautorskiego komentarza zawartego w „Fantastyce i Futurologii”, wykorzystano też rozważania Petera Swirskiego zawarte w artykule „Betrization Is the Worst Solution… Except for All Others”. W konkluzji
artykułu wskazano na wyłaniające się z dyskusji nad betryzacją Janusowe oblicze agresji, której eliminacja co prawda zapobiega powstaniu niektórych form zła, ale z drugiej strony zagraża pewnym cennym formom kultury i wartościom. Zapewne ostateczna ocena betryzacji zależeć będzie od przekonań antropologicznych
oraz aksjologicznych.
problemu, naznaczone pesymizmem, ale też groteskowym poczuciem humoru, a także błyskotliwie nawiązujące do nauki lub filozofii.
determinism, libertarianism, compatibilism) related to the dilemma of determinism. Ingarden's position could be characterized as a non-revisionist compatibilism: act of free will is understood as an event that is causally determined, but solely by internal (in terms of subject) causes. Freedom is thus conceived as a subject's independence from the external causal
determination. The real freedom (juxtaposed to the phenomenon of freedom) is ontologically possible in a moderately deterministic world containing relatively isolated systems. This theory does not require any revision of social practices based on the conviction of the existence of free will.
związanych z czasowym sposobem istnienia jest aktualność.
Pojęcie aktualności odgrywa kluczową rolę w ontologii przedmiotów
realnych. Przy konfrontacji przedmiotów realnych i czysto intencjonalnych
okazuje się, że aktualność oznacza pewną doskonałość bytu,
jego pełnię. Z kolei aktualność poddaje się dalszej analizie, która prowadzi
do odsłonięcia fenomenów kruchości i szczelinowości. Są to
sub-momenty momentu bytowego aktualności, w różny sposób ukazujące
jej ograniczenia. O ile możliwość bycia aktualnym (i osiągnięcia
pełni bytu) stanowi o „randze” czy wręcz pewnej doskonałości
przedmiotu realnego, to kruchość i szczelinowość stanowią o jego
ograniczeniach: kruchość określa granice istnienia (trwania) przedmiotu,
natomiast szczelinowość określa granice jego aktualności.
W dalszym ciągu skupię się na tym ostatnim, w moim przekonaniu,
dość zagadkowym pojęciu.
The subject of the article is the threefold typology of the real world presented in Roman Ingarden's "Controversy over the Existence of the World". Events, processes and objects enduring in time are three basic elements of the real world. Dynamic aspect of the real world is connected with processes. Continuous transience of the phases of processes constitutes their particular mode of existence. Static aspect of the real world is connected with objects enduring in time. Genidentity of objects enduring in time (especially living conscious individuals) is discussed as well as some peculiarities of their modes of being. The ontological primacy of the objects enduring in time (they are subject of changes and processes) is one of the main theses of Ingarden's substantivalism.
A Contribution to Investigation of Causal Structure of RealWorld.
The article discusses Roman Ingarden’s investigations of causal structure of real world presented in volume III of The Controversy over the Existence of theWorld. Using
Ingarden’s causal typology of events I examine problems of determinism and “poles” of the world, causal life of monads, chance events and freedom. I also introduce
causal matrix of events as a tool for representation of different types of events.
have not caused themselves. While capturing this essence we should distinguish
four principal dimensions: emotional, locality related, axiological and causal.
I employ these dimensions to construct a certain combination of emotional
reactions to the values and, against this background, it is possible to expose
the specificity of Schadenfreude as well as some of the relationships occurring
between Schadenfreude and other emotions. I then present a certain typology
of Schadenfreude (comic, prudential, related to justice, jealousy, profi ts, grace
and radical) accompanied by brief ethical analyses. In the conclusion, I also
discuss the point of view of the Schadenfreude victim, including deliberately
giving a reason for others to feel Schadenfreude.
Głównym celem artykułu jest przedstawienie istoty Schadenfreude: radości z cudzego zła niewywołanego działaniami podmiotu doznającego tejże radości. Uchwycenie tej istoty wiąże się z wyróżnieniem czterech parametrów: emocjonalnego, lokalizacyjnego, aksjologicznego i kauzalnego. Parametry te służą mi do skonstruowania pewnej kombinatoryki emocjonalnych reakcji na wartości, na jej tle możliwe jest bowiem uwyraźnienie specyfiki Schadenfreude oraz niektórych zależności między nią a innymi emocjami. Następnie przedstawiam pewną typologię Schadenfreude (komiczna, prudencjalna, sprawiedliwości, zazdrości, korzyści, łaski, radykalna) wraz z krótkimi analizami etycznymi. W zakończeniu omawiam też punkt widzenia ofiary Schadenfreude, w tym celowego dawania powodu do odczuwania Schadenfreude przez innych.
i przesądem okazały się znaczące: dziś
nie wkłada się już pacjentów do pieca
na kilka zdrowasiek. Jest jednak pewien
wyjątek: czy to pod strzechami, czy
to pod dachami apartamentowców
na równi kwitnie ostatni zabobon,
któremu na imię zofiofobia. Odmawia
ona filozofii statusu nauki, spychając
ją na obrzeża racjonalnego,
metodycznego poznania.
staramy się neutralizować rolę
przypadku, zabezpieczając się
przed wypadkami losowymi.
W grach sytuacja jest bardziej
złożona i przewrotna:
w niektórych z nich powierza
się przypadkowi rolę całkowicie
decydującą, w innych łączy
się jego działanie z innymi
czynnikami, w jeszcze innych
natomiast podejmuje się starania
mające na celu jego eliminację
jako czegoś niepożądanego.
Gdy to ostatnie się nieomal
udaje, przypadek powraca
w zaskakujący sposób.
„Oj Wasylu, Wasylu, cóż tak się weselisz? Czy ci żona poczęła? Czy się krowa ocieliła?
– Krowa mi się nie cieli, a żona nie poczęła.
To wójta dobrodzieja choroba wzięła!”.
Czytelnik, który nigdy nie doznawał tego rodzaju radości, może sobie chyba pogratulować niezwykle rzadkiego szlachetnego charakteru moralnego. Choć radość z cudzego nieszczęścia – zazwyczaj
zwana z niemiecka Schadenfreude – jest zjawiskiem bardzo pospolitym, to jednak pozostaje czymś wysoce zagadkowym.
odpowiedzialności, dzieła literackiego czy utworu muzycznego. Najważniejszym z nich jest rozprawa Człowiek i czas, w której łączą się i przeplatają różne wątki Ingardenowskiej refleksji nad czasem.
wrażliwością językową i filozoficznym poczuciem humoru matematykiem (patrz ramka). W jednym z haseł Słownika tak zdefiniował jego Czytelnika: „mój wróg za-żarty”. Misterna konstrukcja tych haseł ściśle wiąże się z odmianą komizmu, który wywołują.
czy zastanawialiście się kiedyś, jak będzie wyglądał świat za dziesięć, pięćdziesiąt, sto, tysiąc lat? W jakim środowisku będziemy żyli, jaki będzie wtedy człowiek – no właśnie, czy w ogóle będziemy jeszcze istnieć jako ludzkość? A może po lekturze utopijnej powieści czy też seansie filmu science fiction byliście pełni nadziei bądź trwogi na myśl o przyszłości, jaka nas czeka. Może uda się usprawnić nasze ciało, wyeliminować choroby, poprawić jakość życia, sprawić, by trwało ono dłużej niż przeciętnie siedem lub osiem dekad, a ostatnie lata nie były naznaczone zniedołężnieniem i bólem; może uda się także usprawnić nasz umysł, usunąć niewiedzę, okiełznać niepożądane emocje. Takie zmiany wydają się, jeśli nie nieuniknione, to przynajmniej prawdopodobne. Rozwój nauki i techniki, jaki dokonuje się na naszych oczach, już przeobraził nasze otoczenie i nas samych. W ostatnim stuleciu znacznie poprawiła się przeciętna długość i jakość życia, podniósł się poziom i dostępność wiedzy. Ten gwałtowny rozwój ma też swoje ciemne strony. Rozszczepienie atomu przyniosło elektrownie, ale i broń nuklearną. Przemysł i środki komunikacji ułatwiają nam życie, jednocześnie jednak trują środowisko i przyczyniają się do efektu cieplarnianego. Genetyka obok pożytecznej wiedzy dostarczyła metod nieetycznego doskonalenia gatunku poprzez eliminację jednostek niepasujących do przyjętych wzorców. Internet ułatwił nam dostęp do informacji, ale też dał możliwość szerzenia nienawiści. Za dalszy postęp być może przyjdzie nam zapłacić jeszcze większą cenę. Mogąc zmieniać człowieka, dążąc do coraz większej doskonałości, być może wyjdziemy poza wszelkie znane nam horyzonty wyobraźni, za którymi może nas czekać życie wspaniałe, albo też ziści się jedna z najgorszych antyutopii, jakiej nawet najbardziej kreatywni wizjonerzy nie przewidzieli. A może czeka nas trochę jednego i drugiego. To, w jaki sposób potoczy się rozwój ludzkości i jaka będzie kondycja człowieka w bliższej lub dalszej przyszłości, zależy od naszych dzisiejszych działań, również od tego, w jakim stopniu roztropnie i rozsądnie będziemy podejmowali kolejne kroki w drodze do przyszłości. Stąd wraz z rozwojem wielu technologii, zwłaszcza takich jak nanotechnologia, biotechnologia, informatyka ze sztuczną inteligencją czy neuronauki, musi iść adekwatna refleksja filozoficzno-etyczna nad ich wpływem na nasze życie. W ostatnim w tym roku numerze „Filozofuj!” spróbujemy zastanowić się nad ideą i ewentualnymi konsekwencjami zmiany natury człowieka za pomocą ingerencji technologicznej. Problem ten szczególnie jest analizowany przez ruch filozoficzno-kulturowy (czasem trochę ideologiczny) zwany transhumanizmem. Transhumaniści, mając do dyspozycji osiągnięcia nauki, chcą zaprojektować nowego, doskonałego człowieka, wyzwolonego od chorób, niewiedzy czy cierpienia. Uznają, że tylko poprzez ścisłą symbiozę człowieka z technologią możliwe jest zniesienie ludzkich niedoskonałości. Nasi autorzy pochylą się nad wyzwaniami, jakie stawia przed nami transhumanizm, rozważą jego często niejednorodne perspektywy i nurty, odnosić się będą do różnych filozoficznych źródeł tego ruchu, rozważą też, czy i ewentualnie w jakim stopniu powinniśmy dążyć do ziszczenia się wizji transhumanistów. Podniesione zostaną także wątpliwości, czy idące coraz dalej znoszenie naszych ograniczeń nie pozbawi nas czegoś ważnego, np. zdolności do refleksji nad życiem. Czy wraz z wydłużaniem życia nie będzie nam doskwierać nuda i nie przysporzy nam to dodatkowych cierpień? Czy modyfikacje genetyczne nie są zgubną zabawą w Boga? Rozważania nad pozytywnymi i negatywnymi aspektami transhumanizmu znajdziecie w części tematycznej numeru, ale i w naszych stałych działach: sztuka argumentacji, problemy etyczne w literaturze, filozofia w filmie, a także w transhumanistycznym eksperymencie myślowym. Zapraszamy zatem do lektury i do rozważań nad przyszłością ludzkości.
Redakcja
Filozofuj!
pot. także karma) – czyn, akt (także w sensie rytualnym), przyczyna i skutek
moralny, uniwersalne prawo przyczynowości moralnej, jedno z kluczowych
pojęć hinduizmu, buddyzmu i dżinizmu, przejęte także przez teozofię i New
Age