Reynaldo ILETO
Born in 1946, Reynaldo Clemeña Ileto obtained his academic degrees from the Ateneo de Manila and Cornell universities. He taught at the University of the Philippines, De la Salle University, and James Cook University, before joining the Australian National University as Reader in Asian Studies from 1995 to 2007. He has also been on fellowship grants at the University of California (Santa Cruz), University of Hawaii at Manoa, Kyoto University, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies (Singapore) and Tokyo University of Foreign Studies.
From 2001 to 2012 Ileto was Professor of Southeast Asian Studies at the National University of Singapore.
Ileto's major works include Magindanao 1860-1888: The Career of Datu Utto of Buayan; Pasyon and Revolution: Popular Movements in the Philippines, 1840-1910; Filipinos and their Revolution: Event, Discourse, Historiography; and Knowledge and Pacification: On the U.S. Conquest and the Writing of Philippine History. He authored “Religion and Anticolonial Movements” in The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia. His writings have earned him a number of distinctions, including the Benda Prize in Southeast Asian Studies, the Ohira book prize, and the Academic Laureate of the 14th Fukuoka Asian Culture prizes. In 2012, he was conferred the "Gawad Tanglaw ng Lahi" by the Ateneo de Manila University and in 2018, the "Gawad Balagtas" by the Writers Union of the Philippines (UMPIL).
Ileto is Honorary Professor at the Australian National University in Canberra and lectures at the Nanyang Technological University in Singapore.
From 2001 to 2012 Ileto was Professor of Southeast Asian Studies at the National University of Singapore.
Ileto's major works include Magindanao 1860-1888: The Career of Datu Utto of Buayan; Pasyon and Revolution: Popular Movements in the Philippines, 1840-1910; Filipinos and their Revolution: Event, Discourse, Historiography; and Knowledge and Pacification: On the U.S. Conquest and the Writing of Philippine History. He authored “Religion and Anticolonial Movements” in The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia. His writings have earned him a number of distinctions, including the Benda Prize in Southeast Asian Studies, the Ohira book prize, and the Academic Laureate of the 14th Fukuoka Asian Culture prizes. In 2012, he was conferred the "Gawad Tanglaw ng Lahi" by the Ateneo de Manila University and in 2018, the "Gawad Balagtas" by the Writers Union of the Philippines (UMPIL).
Ileto is Honorary Professor at the Australian National University in Canberra and lectures at the Nanyang Technological University in Singapore.
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Books by Reynaldo ILETO
CHAPTER 1. A Shared History of Wars
The Philippine Wars of George W. Bush 5
Forgetting the Filipino-American War 9
The Filipino-Japanese War 11
Liberation, Independence, History Wars 12
The Moro Wars 14
CHAPTER 2. The Republic in Southern Tagalog
Municipal Rebels 21
The Banahaw Battalion 26
Norberto Mayo – Militar Ilustrado 28
Ladislao Masangcay – Jefe Local 30
“La Invación Americana” 33
The Guerrilla Regiments of Tiaong 37
CHAPTER 3. Mobilizing “People of the Barrios” 43
An Awit in a Time of War 47
Biblical Time, Historia, Nación 49
Filipinos 59
Americano 67
CHAPTER 4. Población Politics in a Time of War
Mayor Pedro Cantos 77
A Failed Surrender 80
Inspector Herrera 82
Amigo Warfare 84
The Battle of Candelaria 86
Knowing the Enemy 89
Protected Zones or Concentration Camps? 94
Candelaria’s Trauma 97
5 The U.S. Conquest
“A Howling Wilderness” 104
Surrender, Redemption, Forgetting 106
The Cholera Invasion 110
War on Germs and Amigos 114
Sanitation and Resistance 117
PART II. MEMORY, HISTORY, AND POLITICS
CHAPTER 6. Father and Son in the Embrace of Uncle Sam
The Father: From San Isidro to West Point 132
The Son: From Quezon City to Ithaca 137
Rocky Ileto’s America 141
A Filipino at West Point 143
“Enemies” and “Friends” Revisited 148
Some Ten Years Later . . . 158
CHAPTER 7. Friendship and Forgetting
Wars with Japan, and the United States 165
A Voice from the Forgotten War 167
History in the Second Republic 170
Revisiting the Filipino-American War 175
An Awit of the War with Japan 178
King Bernardo and the Colliding Rocks 181
Unfinished Revolution of 1942–1945? 195
CHAPTER 8. The Return of Andres Bonifacio
Independence and the Question of Heroes 205
Revolt of the Masses, 1948 212
Katipunan in the Cold War 215
Bonifacio and Magsaysay 219
CHAPTER 9 History Wars: Rizal in 1956
Ghost of Spain 226
Rizal as American-made Hero 229
Ghost of Japan 231
The Catholic Church between Empires 234
PART III. KNOWLEDGE AND PACIFICATION
CHAPTER 10. Benevolent Pacification
Manila Ilustrados, Rural Despots 245
Caciquism as a Philippine Problem 249
Writing the War into History 253
The Great Misunderstanding 257
“Humanitarian Dimension” of a War on Terror 261
CHAPTER 11. Tutelage and Anarchy
Compadre Colonialism 270
Patrons, Clients, and Puppets 272
Leaders, Factions, and Parties 275
An Anarchy of Families 282
CHAPTER 12. The Boss-Mayor and His Critics
“Cacique Democracy” 289
Bossism in the Philippines 294
Friar Abuses, Indio Complaints 299
Rural Ilustrados 302
Who Are Rizal’s Caciques? 306
APPENDIX: Sa mga Kabataang Filipino (by Artemio Ricarte, 1942)
Endnotes 319
Bibliography 347
Index 357
Lecture 2: Knowledge and Pacification: The Philippine-American War;
Lecture 3: Orientalism and the Study of Philippine Politics
Papers by Reynaldo ILETO
(Published version of a previously uploaded paper with the same title)
This paper was drafted as a plenary lecture for the international conference on “The Malay World: Connecting the Past and the Present,” sponsored by the Philippine Historical Association and held in Manila on 14-16 September 2017.
"Over two years since General Schwan had led his expedition to subjugate the southern Tagalog region, much of it was reduced to a wasteland. The rice stocks that could not be brought into the “protected zones” had been destroyed by the U.S. Cavalry; granaries and houses had been razed by the hundreds. The “protected zone,” moreover, was anything but that. Brian Linn, citing the work of Glenn May on the war in Batangas, estimates that “malnutrition, poor sanitary conditions, disease and demoralization may have cost as many as 11,000 Filipino lives and made the population susceptible to the cholera epidemic of 1902.” As we shall examine in detail later in this chapter, in April of that year the cholera had spread from Manila to the provinces, facilitated by the movements of U.S. troops. A looming epidemic coupled with a subsistence crisis meant that the resistance simply could not be sustained."
"Milagros Guerrero’s lengthy review of my book Pasyon and Revolution: Popular Movements in the Philippines, 1840-1910, is bound to be a landmark in Philippine historiography. For not only is it about the book, but it promises to reveal much of what is involved in a “traditional” reading of the book. In fact, the past layers of my own thinking are inscribed in Guerrero’s review, and the present reply offers me an opportunity to discuss these “familiar” layers in relation to her particular criticisms." (p. 92)
headquarters of the Pulangi some time in mid-1887. He could feel the overpowering influence of the Buayan datu even in the remotest mountain settlement. In fact, he unexpectedly received a note from Utto assuring him that his missionary activities would in no way be obstructed. Painfully aware of the loss of Sarangani bay and Bakat, Datu Utto must have decided that the best course of action was to establish close relations with the Spanish and Magindanao establishment in Sa-Ilud. . . ."
only in a superficial sense. Through non-military means, the Spanish
establishment was busy attempting to subvert datu-slave
relationships and the alliance network. This is sometimes called a
policy of “attraction” to distinguish it from the policy of armed
conquest. If Father Juanmartí was suspicious of Datu Utto’s
motives, the latter, in turn, would have had grounds for distrusting
the Jesuit. For the missionaries were at the forefront of the drive
to win the population over to the Spanish side, paving the way for
more direct intervention in the future."
(NB. Born in 1937 in Ayr, North Queensland, Betty Holt was a librarian by training, who did a late PhD in History at James Cook University. This book is essentially her thesis, which initially was failed by an examiner but eventually earned her a doctorate in 1995. Betty's thesis was ahead of its time and has never been fully recognized by the academe. She passed away in Townsville, Australia, on 28 October 2019.)
CHAPTER 1. A Shared History of Wars
The Philippine Wars of George W. Bush 5
Forgetting the Filipino-American War 9
The Filipino-Japanese War 11
Liberation, Independence, History Wars 12
The Moro Wars 14
CHAPTER 2. The Republic in Southern Tagalog
Municipal Rebels 21
The Banahaw Battalion 26
Norberto Mayo – Militar Ilustrado 28
Ladislao Masangcay – Jefe Local 30
“La Invación Americana” 33
The Guerrilla Regiments of Tiaong 37
CHAPTER 3. Mobilizing “People of the Barrios” 43
An Awit in a Time of War 47
Biblical Time, Historia, Nación 49
Filipinos 59
Americano 67
CHAPTER 4. Población Politics in a Time of War
Mayor Pedro Cantos 77
A Failed Surrender 80
Inspector Herrera 82
Amigo Warfare 84
The Battle of Candelaria 86
Knowing the Enemy 89
Protected Zones or Concentration Camps? 94
Candelaria’s Trauma 97
5 The U.S. Conquest
“A Howling Wilderness” 104
Surrender, Redemption, Forgetting 106
The Cholera Invasion 110
War on Germs and Amigos 114
Sanitation and Resistance 117
PART II. MEMORY, HISTORY, AND POLITICS
CHAPTER 6. Father and Son in the Embrace of Uncle Sam
The Father: From San Isidro to West Point 132
The Son: From Quezon City to Ithaca 137
Rocky Ileto’s America 141
A Filipino at West Point 143
“Enemies” and “Friends” Revisited 148
Some Ten Years Later . . . 158
CHAPTER 7. Friendship and Forgetting
Wars with Japan, and the United States 165
A Voice from the Forgotten War 167
History in the Second Republic 170
Revisiting the Filipino-American War 175
An Awit of the War with Japan 178
King Bernardo and the Colliding Rocks 181
Unfinished Revolution of 1942–1945? 195
CHAPTER 8. The Return of Andres Bonifacio
Independence and the Question of Heroes 205
Revolt of the Masses, 1948 212
Katipunan in the Cold War 215
Bonifacio and Magsaysay 219
CHAPTER 9 History Wars: Rizal in 1956
Ghost of Spain 226
Rizal as American-made Hero 229
Ghost of Japan 231
The Catholic Church between Empires 234
PART III. KNOWLEDGE AND PACIFICATION
CHAPTER 10. Benevolent Pacification
Manila Ilustrados, Rural Despots 245
Caciquism as a Philippine Problem 249
Writing the War into History 253
The Great Misunderstanding 257
“Humanitarian Dimension” of a War on Terror 261
CHAPTER 11. Tutelage and Anarchy
Compadre Colonialism 270
Patrons, Clients, and Puppets 272
Leaders, Factions, and Parties 275
An Anarchy of Families 282
CHAPTER 12. The Boss-Mayor and His Critics
“Cacique Democracy” 289
Bossism in the Philippines 294
Friar Abuses, Indio Complaints 299
Rural Ilustrados 302
Who Are Rizal’s Caciques? 306
APPENDIX: Sa mga Kabataang Filipino (by Artemio Ricarte, 1942)
Endnotes 319
Bibliography 347
Index 357
Lecture 2: Knowledge and Pacification: The Philippine-American War;
Lecture 3: Orientalism and the Study of Philippine Politics
(Published version of a previously uploaded paper with the same title)
This paper was drafted as a plenary lecture for the international conference on “The Malay World: Connecting the Past and the Present,” sponsored by the Philippine Historical Association and held in Manila on 14-16 September 2017.
"Over two years since General Schwan had led his expedition to subjugate the southern Tagalog region, much of it was reduced to a wasteland. The rice stocks that could not be brought into the “protected zones” had been destroyed by the U.S. Cavalry; granaries and houses had been razed by the hundreds. The “protected zone,” moreover, was anything but that. Brian Linn, citing the work of Glenn May on the war in Batangas, estimates that “malnutrition, poor sanitary conditions, disease and demoralization may have cost as many as 11,000 Filipino lives and made the population susceptible to the cholera epidemic of 1902.” As we shall examine in detail later in this chapter, in April of that year the cholera had spread from Manila to the provinces, facilitated by the movements of U.S. troops. A looming epidemic coupled with a subsistence crisis meant that the resistance simply could not be sustained."
"Milagros Guerrero’s lengthy review of my book Pasyon and Revolution: Popular Movements in the Philippines, 1840-1910, is bound to be a landmark in Philippine historiography. For not only is it about the book, but it promises to reveal much of what is involved in a “traditional” reading of the book. In fact, the past layers of my own thinking are inscribed in Guerrero’s review, and the present reply offers me an opportunity to discuss these “familiar” layers in relation to her particular criticisms." (p. 92)
headquarters of the Pulangi some time in mid-1887. He could feel the overpowering influence of the Buayan datu even in the remotest mountain settlement. In fact, he unexpectedly received a note from Utto assuring him that his missionary activities would in no way be obstructed. Painfully aware of the loss of Sarangani bay and Bakat, Datu Utto must have decided that the best course of action was to establish close relations with the Spanish and Magindanao establishment in Sa-Ilud. . . ."
only in a superficial sense. Through non-military means, the Spanish
establishment was busy attempting to subvert datu-slave
relationships and the alliance network. This is sometimes called a
policy of “attraction” to distinguish it from the policy of armed
conquest. If Father Juanmartí was suspicious of Datu Utto’s
motives, the latter, in turn, would have had grounds for distrusting
the Jesuit. For the missionaries were at the forefront of the drive
to win the population over to the Spanish side, paving the way for
more direct intervention in the future."
(NB. Born in 1937 in Ayr, North Queensland, Betty Holt was a librarian by training, who did a late PhD in History at James Cook University. This book is essentially her thesis, which initially was failed by an examiner but eventually earned her a doctorate in 1995. Betty's thesis was ahead of its time and has never been fully recognized by the academe. She passed away in Townsville, Australia, on 28 October 2019.)
an ideology that could transcend the notion of personal alliances.
Such an ideology was provided by Islam. The impetus for its revival
in Magindanao came from Sulu and the Muslim world beyond. Its
effect was to impress upon the Magindanaos the existence of a
brotherhood of men transcending the ranchería. The image of Datu
Utto became transformed from merely that of a powerful chief to
the symbol of Magindanao’s integrity as a segment of Dar-ul-Islam.
The organization of the sultanate of Buayan was strengthened. To
those who joined and fought in battle, religion brought a vision of
Heaven, the attainment of which was linked to the struggle against
foreign, Christian domination." (p. 75)
One way this was done was through the buildup of a system of
dyadic or person-to-person alliances with Utto at the apex. . . . (p. 55)