Energy policy & energy security by Remigiusz Rosicki
ROSICKI Remigiusz (2023), Energy transition in the European Union – institutional and legal factors, "'Rocznik Intergracji Europejskiej", no. 17, pp. 167-182., 2023
The subject of the research problem addressed in the article concerns the importance of instituti... more The subject of the research problem addressed in the article concerns the importance of institutional and legal (or, more broadly, political) factors of energy transition in the European Union. Following Aleh Cherp and his team, political factors are understood as state objectives, political interests and institutional capabilities and factors of other types. All of them, as a whole, enter into a relationship with other factors, such as socio-technical and techno-economic ones. Referring to F.W. Geels, the European Union can be defined as a kind of socio-technical regime (energy regime), responsive to internal or external threats or adverse events. The main purpose of the analysis is to present the relationship between the institutional and legal, socio-technical, and techno-economic factors. In order to specify the research problem, the research question has been posed of the extent to which institutional and legal factors affect energy transition in the European Union. To answer this question, the analysis relies on the theoretical aspects of energy transition studies, the institutional and legal approach and secondary statistical data.
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ROSICKI Remigiusz, ROSICKI Grzegorz (2022), The scenarios of energy transitions and transformations as exemplified by Poland, [in:] Ł. Wojcieszak (ed.), Bezpieczeństwo energetyczne Polski na początku trzeciej dekady XXI w., FNCE: Poznań, pp. 183–215., 2022
The material scope of the analysis in the text encompasses theoretical aspects of the p... more The material scope of the analysis in the text encompasses theoretical aspects of the processes and changes in the energy sector, referred to as energy transitions or transformations. Next to the theoretical aspects of the processes and changes in social sciences, the analysis includes a cross-sectional approach to the accomplishments of the studies of the energy transition and transformation in the literature. A selection of assumptions and categories in the studies is used in the synthetic study of the processes and changes in the energy sector, as exemplified by Poland.
In order to elaborate the objective scope of the analysis, the following research questions have been presented in the text: (1) Which one of the factors, within the group of factors, substantially influences the speed of the processes and changes in the energy industry in Poland?, (2) Which one of the factors, within the group of factors, substantially influences the shutting off of the paths leading to processes and changes in the energy industry in Poland? Therefore, one can recognise that the content and essence of the questions fall within the compass of the issues addressed by various approaches within social studies of technology, as focused on the substitution of energy technologies and carriers.
The theoretical and methodological framework in the text is provided by the assumptions and categories originated by, inter alia, the following researchers: S. Huntington (with regard to the analogy with political transitions), F.W. Geels and J. Schot (with regard to the typology of technological transitions in the approach of Multi-level Perspective), and A. Cherp, V. Vinichenko, J. Jewell, E. Brutschin and B. K. Sovacool (with regard to the integrative and meta-theoretical approach to a variety of directions in the studies of energy transition).
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ROSICKI Remigiusz (2023). Energy Security of Central and Eastern European Countries. In: Zięba, R. (eds) Politics and Security of Central and Eastern Europe. Contemporary Challenges. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16419-4_11, 2023
ROSICKI Remigiusz (2023). Energy Security of Central and Eastern European Countries. In: Zięba, R... more ROSICKI Remigiusz (2023). Energy Security of Central and Eastern European Countries. In: Zięba, R. (eds) Politics and Security of Central and Eastern Europe. Contemporary Challenges. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16419-4_11
The main purpose of the text is to present a selection of energy security problems affecting Central and Eastern European countries, including a selective comparative analysis in relation to Western European countries. In the first place, a comparative analysis is applied to some general issues concerned with energy security, so that in the end included is a special dimension of energy security, i.e. gas security understood as gas supply security. The comparative analysis covers three dimensions of energy security: (1) socio-economic, (2) innovative and technological and (3) geopolitical (and geoeconomic). Besides, the analysis performed makes use of, as a background and inspiration, theoretical aspects of historical materialism, structural approaches as part of the dependency paradigms of research into international political and economic relations, as well as the presuppositions of the research programme concerning energy security by Cherp and Jewell.
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ROSICKI R. (2022), Transformacja energetyczna. Od teorii do polskiego przykładu, "PWN Nauka", no. 2, p. 7-12., 2022
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ROSICKI Remigiusz (2021), Efektywność służb śledczych i specjalnych w zwalczaniu przestępstw w sektorze paliwowym w Polsce, [in:] Rynek energetyczny. Zapobieganie przyczynom przestępczości, /eds./ Wojcieszak Łukasz, Oręziak Bartłomiej, Wielec Marcin, ISW: Warszawa, p. 77-86., 2021
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ROSICKI Remigiusz (2020), The geopolitical dimension of gas security in the European Union, "Środkowoeuropejskie Studia Polityczne", no. 2, p. 45-73., 2020
The objective scope of the analysis performed in the text encompasses the energy security in the ... more The objective scope of the analysis performed in the text encompasses the energy security in the European Union and its member states, and includes the perspective of geopolitical conditions. The geopolitical conditions should be understood as a variety of relations between geographical conditions and decision-making processes concerned with energy security. The main objective of the text is to present a selection of theoretical problems encountered in the study of energy security, as well as to link them with such issues as gas import dependence and the risk of gas supply disruptions, mainly from the Russian direction. In order to elaborate the objective scope of analysis , the following research questions are presented: (1) To what extent do geographical conditions determine decision-making processes in the energy policy pursued by the European Union?; and (2) To what extent do geographical conditions determine threats to the security of gas supplies to the European Union and its member states? The text is chiefly an overview, but the theoretical part loosely makes use of the premises of the research program concerned with the integration of knowledge as part of the studies of energy security and energy transitions, presented by E. Brutschina, A. Cherp, J. Jewell, B. K. Sovacool and V. Vinichenka. Additionally, knowledge contained in the literature on energy and gas security has been synthesized and enriched with a critical approach, and the author's own assessments and conclusions.
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ROSICKI Remigiusz (2021), Bezpieczeństwo informacji i bezpieczeństwo energetyczne na przykładzie przestępstw przeciwko ochronie informacji, [w:] R. Koszewski, B. Oręziak, M. Wielec (red.), Wdrożenie metod i instrumentów zapobiegania przestępczości w organizacjach, IWS, Warszawa, s. 181-203., 2021
Zakres przedmiotowy analizy w tekście obejmuje wybrane aspekty bezpieczeństwa informacji i bezpie... more Zakres przedmiotowy analizy w tekście obejmuje wybrane aspekty bezpieczeństwa informacji i bezpieczeństwa energetycznego na przykładzie przestępstw przeciwko ochronie informacji, które potocznie określane są mianem cyberterroryzmu. Analiza skupia się na problematyce karnomaterialnej przestępstw sabotażu komputerowego (spenalizowanej w art. 269 k.k.) i zakłóceniach pracy w sieci (spenalizowanych w art. 269a k.k.) w kontekście energetyki . Głównym celem tekstu jest prezentacja wybranych rozwiązań w zakresie przestępstwa sabotażu i sabotażu komputerowego w polskim prawie karnym. W zaprezentowanej analizie wykorzystano interpretację doktrynalną, historyczną i funkcjonalną przepisów dotyczących tej problematyki. Punktem wyjścia jest szersza interpretacja przestępstwa sabotażu w kontekście historycznych zmian znaczenia tego terminu i kategorii prawnej. W dalszej kolejności w interpretacji sensu tego typu przestępstw sięgnięto do rozwiązań historycznych w polskim prawie karnym. Z kolei przestępstwo sabotażu komputerowego i zakłócania pracy w sieci, spenalizowane w aktualnych przepisach karnych, rozważano z punktu widzenia doktrynalnego i funkcjonalnego z uwzględnieniem kontekstu bezpieczeństwa energetycznego państwa.
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ROSICKI R. (2019), Energy Transition and Transformation. The World, the European Union and Poland, UAM: Poznań., 2019
1. LINK (full text): https://www.linkedin.com/posts/remigiusz-rosicki_energy-transition-and-trans... more 1. LINK (full text): https://www.linkedin.com/posts/remigiusz-rosicki_energy-transition-and-transformation-the-activity-6657945528355172352-gAwX
2. LINK (full text): https://repozytorium.amu.edu.pl/bitstream/10593/25445/1/Energy%20Transition%20and%20Transformation.%20The%20World%2c%20the%20European%20Union%20and%20Poland.pdf
The main aim of this publication is to expose the reader to basic problems and directions of research into processes and changes in energy structures and technologies. The present work is primarily an overview with regard to a presentation of theoretical aspects of technology and energy paradigms as well as theoretical aspects of energy transitions and transformations. The reference materials that have been gathered and written up, and which concern the research problem have been supplemented with the author’s own conclusions and evaluations. The theoretical issues have been supplemented with two case studies concerned with a transformation of coal paradigms. In the former case an analysis is performed of the transformation of coal paradigm in the world and member states of the European Union, while in the latter case the analysis focuses on the transformation of coal paradigm in Poland. In both cases a long historical perspective has been adopted so as to demonstrate the main points of energy substitution or a lack thereof. The presentation of theoretical issues, which encompasses such categories as a “paradigm,” a “transition” and a “transformation” is intended to demonstrate a logical sequence between T.S. Kuhn’s concept of science, evolutionary economics, J.A. Schumpeter’s innovation studies, innovation studies within the neo-Schumpeterian trend and variants of social study of technology. The acceptance of a possibility of change of technology and energy paradigms results in referring to analyses addressing the issues concerned with energy transitions and transformations. It must be pointed out that in the source literature various terms are used to define processes and changes in the energy industry, e.g. a transition, a transformation and a revolution. Sometimes use of a specific term is made because of a methodological and theoretical position taken or because of ideological inclinations; at other times a choice of a given term is made for instrumental reasons. An intentional distinction of kinds of processes and changes can be exemplified with the typology put forward by F.G. Geels and J. Schot. It considers a reproduction, a technological substitution, a transformation, a reconfiguration and a shift with a return to stability. In a narrow sense, processes and changes in the energy industry usually come down to the issues concerned with the substitution of carriers or energy technologies, while broader approaches allow for a role of a great many factors in the processes and changes, e.g. cultural, social, institutional and political ones; also, a variety of effects of substitutions is pointed to. It is well-nigh impossible to present in the introduction all the researchers whose works have contributed to the study of processes and changes in energy structures and technologies. One part of this work makes a synthesis of the main research directions. For this purpose, use is made of earlier research papers, which have been supplemented with the author’s own conclusions. Still, it is worth naming such figures as R. Fouquet, A. Grübler, C. Marchetti, N. Nakićenović, P.J.G. Pearson, V. Smil and B.K. Sovacool. With regard to the contribution to the synthesis of the studies of processes and changes in the energy industry, it is worth mentioning the following texts: Energy transitions research: Insights and cautionary tales by A. Grübler, How long will it take? Conceptualizing the temporal dynamics of energy transitions by B.K. Sovacool, and Integrating techno-economic, socio-technical and political perspectives on national energy transitions: A meta-theoretical framework by A. Cherp, V. Vinichenko, J. Jewell, E. Brutschin, B.K. Sovacool. As for the significance of quantitative research with regard to turning points and pace of energy substitutions, it is worth mentioning a joint publication by N. Nakićenović and C. Marchetti entitled The Dynamics of Energy Systems and the Logistic Substitution Model, and another joint publication by N. Nakićenović and A. Grübler entitled The Dynamic Evolution of Methane Technologies. With regard to the contribution to the analyses considering further-reaching historical perspectives, and with regard to in-depth research into the services of end-use of lighting, transport and energy supply, it is worth mentioning texts by R. Fouquet and P.J.G. Pearson, e.g. Five Centuries of Energy Prices and Seven Centuries of Energy Services: The Price and Use of Light in the United Kingdom (1300–2000). With regard to the contribution to the synthetic approach to energy structure transformations in Europe in a further-reaching historical perspective, it is worth mentioning a publication edited by A. Kander, P. Malanima and P. Warde entitled Power to the People: Energy in Europe over the Last Five Centuries. Last but not least, it is worth mentioning V. Smil, whose works are most comprehensive and include synthetic approaches to changes in energy structures in longer time-frames and analyses of turning points and pace of energy substitutions. V. Smil is also an author of many publications which aim to introduce the reader to the subject of energy and energy technologies.
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ROSICKI R. (2018), Kultury energetyczne Unii Europejskiej, UAM: Poznań., 2018
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ROSICKI R. (2018), Poland’s electricity market. Forecasts of demand for electricity and of electricity prices, "Środkowoeuropejskie Studia Polityczne", no. 1, pp. 141-165., 2018
The subject of analysis in the present paper is a description of the workings of the electric... more The subject of analysis in the present paper is a description of the workings of the electricity market in Poland. The years 2008-2015 came under closer scrutiny, whereby emphasis was laid on the trends in electricity generation and demand, while taking into account the country’s economic development. Besides, the text mentions forecasts of the demand for electricity in 2030, as well as forecasts of electricity prices. As regards the forecast of electricity prices, both the qualitative and quantitative forecasts have been presented. In the latter case, the results of author’s own forecast have been presented; these were obtained with the aid of the selected applied methods for the analysis of economic phenomena dynamics (the exponential model and the linear trend model).
Given the necessity to elaborate the research problem, the text addresses the following research questions: (1) Is it possible to point out any special characteristics of the structure and workings of the electricity market in Poland?, (2) Is it possible to point out a characteristic trend in the changes in demand for electricity in Poland?, (3) Is it possible to point out a characteristic trend in the changes in electricity prices in Poland?
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ROSICKI Remigiusz (2017), The Characteristics of the Legal and Institutional Aspects of Local Energy Policy in Poland, “Public Policy and Economic Development”, Issue 11, pp. 203-216., 2017
The subject of analysis in this paper is the local energy policy of Poland in legal and instituti... more The subject of analysis in this paper is the local energy policy of Poland in legal and institutional terms. The starting point for the analysis is the attempt to define the term “energy policy” and “local energy policy” on the basis of polish legal regulations. In the subsequent sections, the selected powers and competencies of provincial government and municipal government (local self-governing units) are presented in terms of energy supply and cooperation within the framework of local energy policy.
The main research goal of the presented analysis is a synthetic study of local energy policy. To clarify the research problem, the following questions were indicated in paper: (1) To what extent do legal and institutional solutions affect the implementation of energy policy objectives in Poland? (2) To what extent do legal and institutional solutions affect the achievement of objectives of local energy policy in Poland?
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ROSICKI Remigiusz, ROSICKI Grzegorz (2018), Sigurnost snabdevanja Poljske gasom: nova perspektiva energetske bezbednosti, "Przegląd Naukowo-Metodyczny. Edukacja dla Bezpieczeństwa", no. 1 (38), pp. 1300-1314., 2018
The subject matter analysed in the text is gas security, viewed as an element of Poland’s energy ... more The subject matter analysed in the text is gas security, viewed as an element of Poland’s energy security, which has been broken down as a description of the three-fold potential: (1) gas resources in Poland in general, (2) unconventional gas resources in Poland, (3) a development of the domestic gas infrastructure. The issue of the gas infrastructure has been extended with a short case study as exemplified by the Świnoujście LNG terminal. With a view to elaborating the research issue addressed in the text, the following questions have been posed: (1) To what extent will the potential of gas resources and of the development of the domestic gas infrastructure affect Poland’s energy security?, (2) To what extent will the operation of the Świnoujście LNG terminal affect the domestic and regional gas security?
Predmet analize rada je sigurnost snabdevanja gasom kao sastojni elemenat energetske bezbednosti Poljske. Analiza se temelji na karakteristici tri potencijala: (1) resursa zemnog gasa u Poljskoj uopšte, (2) nekonvencionalnih resursa gasa u Poljskoj, (3) razvoja domaće gasne infrastrukture. Problematika gasne infrastrukture je proširena na kratka studija slučaja na primeru LNG terminala u Svinoujšću. U cilju izvršenja podele istraživačkog problema na manje delove postavljena su sledeća istraživačka pitanja: (1) U kolikoj će meri potencijal domaćih resursa gasa i razvoja domaće gasne infrastrukture uticati na energetsku bezbednost Poljske?, (2) U kolikoj će meri funkcionisanje LNG Terminala u Svinoujšću uticati na državnu i regionalnu sigurnost snabdevanja gasom?
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R. Rosicki (2017), Clean and dirty energy cultures in the European Union, "Rocznik Integracji Europejskiej", no. 11, pp. 383-398., 2017
The object of analysis in the text are “energy cultures” in the member states of the European Uni... more The object of analysis in the text are “energy cultures” in the member states of the European Union (EU-28). The text attempts to verify the legitimacy of the statements pointing to the possibility of grouping the European Union member states according to a special kind of energy use practices.
In order to elaborate the research problem the text features the following research questions: (1) Is it legitimate to claim that within the EU-28 there are special “energy cultures”?, (2) If the claim of the existence of special “energy cultures” is legitimate, what features determine the division among the EU-28 countries? These questions should be associated with the intention to establish the existence of the division of the EU-28 states into “clean” and “dirty” energy cultures. Such a division can be substantiated by individual features of the EU-28 member states, related to energy production, consumption and conversion, e.g. GHG emissions and the commitment to the coal sector.
For the adopted premises to be verified, the analysis employed one of the agglomerative methods (i.e. the Ward’s method) and one of the methods for optimising a given group of objects (i.e. the k-means method). Besides, with the aid of individual tests, the differences in the level of parameters between the isolated clusters of countries were analysed. Furthermore, with the aid of the principal component method groups of independent factors were isolated, and the scope of essential differences in the level of the isolated factors between the grouped EU-28 member states was determined.
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R. Rosicki (2017), Energy security cultures in the European Union, "Przegląd Politologiczny", no. 4, pp. 45-60., 2017
The research problem under analysis in this text is 'energy security cultures' in the European Un... more The research problem under analysis in this text is 'energy security cultures' in the European Union. The main goal of the research is to conduct a comparative analysis involving selected existing research papers on 'energy cultures.' In the analysis, attention is drawn to research employing quantitative methods based on object clustering methods. Given the necessity to make the research problem more specific, the text addresses the following research questions: (1) Is the claim that the European Union presents special 'energy security cultures' legitimate?, (2) Did the period of 2008–2012 witness changes to the above-established 'energy security cultures' in the European Union? In order to conduct the analysis concerned with the existence or non-existence of 'energy security cultures' in the European Union, the following indices have been adopted: (1) the index of the energy intensity of the economy, (2) the index of energy dependence, (3) the Stirling index, (4) the index of network losses and (5) the index of renewable energy use. It is considered that the selected indices constitute a definiens of the adopted term of an 'energy security culture.' To verify the assumptions made in the analysis, use was made of one agglomerative method (i.e. Ward's method) and one method for optimising a given cluster of objects (the k-means method).
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R. Rosicki (2017), Характеристика институционально-правовых аспектов энергетической политики Польши, "International and Security Studies", no. 2, pp. 61-76., 2017
The analysis scope in the text encompasses selected problems of Poland’s energy policy. The an... more The analysis scope in the text encompasses selected problems of Poland’s energy policy. The analysis of Poland’s energy policy embraces only pivotal institutional and legal issues, among which the following has been reckoned: (1) the legal basis and the statutory scope of the energy policy, (2) the objective scope of energy policy, (3) the forecasting scope of the energy policy.
For the research problem addressed in the text to be elaborated, the following research questions have been presented: (1) To what extent do legal solutions affect the effectiveness of the energy policy pursued in Poland?, (2) Which one of the scenarios for the development of the energy industry, adopted in the planning documents concerned with Poland’s energy policy, should be considered most likely?
The approach to the issue at hand is of an overview character, and hence the presented analysis is chiefly based on the elaboration and synthetic presentation of selected institutional and legal issues, which have been supplemented with the author’s own conclusions. Besides, the text features a comparative analysis of the three scenarios for the development of the Polish energy industry, contained in the Draft Energy Policy Until 2050 of 2015.
Объем анализа в тексте охватывает избранные проблемы энергетической политики Польши. Анализ энергетической политики Польши охватил только узловые институционально-правовые проблемы, которые включили в себя следующие вопросы: (1) правовые основы и предусмотренная законом область энергетической политики, (2) субъективная сфера энергетической политики, (3) сфера прогнозирования энергетической политики.
Для более подробного исследования проблемы, рассмотренной в тексте, представлены следующие исследовательские вопросы: (1) В каком объеме юридические решения влияют на эффективность проведения энергетической политики в Польше? (2) Какой из принятых сценариев развития энергетики в планировочных документах проекта энергетической политики Польши следует считать наиболее вероятным?
Подход к проблеме имеет наглядный характер, отсюда представленный анализ базируется в основном на разработке и синтетическом представлении избранных институционально- правовых вопросов, которые были дополнены собственными выводами. Кроме того, в тексте был проведен сравнительный анализ трех сценариев развития польской энергетики, содержащихся в «Проекте энергетической политики до 2050 г.» с 2015 года.
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R. Rosicki (2017), Poland’s energy policy: main problems and forecasts, "Środkowoeuropejskie Studia Polityczne", no. 2, pp. 59-87., 2017
The objective scope of this analysis is focused on selected problems of the Polish energy policy.... more The objective scope of this analysis is focused on selected problems of the Polish energy policy. The text addresses three groups of issues connected with Polish energy policy: (1) institutional and legal matters, (2) forecasting, and (3) problems. In the first case, attention is given to the statutory solutions with regard to the goals, tasks, the model and the elements of the energy policy, as well as to the responsibility of different entities for its implementation. In the second case, scenarios for the development of the energy policy are presented; they are also subjected to a brief comparative analysis. In the third case, attention is given to the presentation of the following issues: (1) energy dependence, (2) energy monoculture, (3) the level of development of renewable energy sources, (4) emissions performance, and (5) energy efficiency. In order for the research problem to be elaborated, the text features the following research questions: (1) to what extent do institutional and legal solutions affect the effectiveness of the energy policy pursued in Poland?; (2) which scenario for the development of Polish energy policy should be deemed most likely?; (3) which problem issues singled out in the analysis should be regarded as the greatest challenge to the Polish energy policy?
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Remigiusz ROSICKI (2016), Energy Cultures in the European Union, "Przegląd Strategiczny", no. 9, pp. 225-237., 2016
The main objective of the text is to present an analysis that points to the existence of special ... more The main objective of the text is to present an analysis that points to the existence of special “energy cultures” in the European Union. The comparative analysis encompassing the results of previous research into “energy cultures” employs statistical methods, i.e. a cluster analysis (Ward’s clustering method and k-means clustering method).
The main sections of the text address: (1) the concept and examples of “energy cultures,” (2) a methodology of analysis, (3) a selection of indexes characterising “energy cultures,” (4) an attempt at grouping the European Union member states with the aid of clustering, (5) conclusions.
With a view to making the research problem more specific, the present text features the following questions: (1) Is the claim that the European Union manifests special “energy cultures” legitimate?, (2) Did the decade of 2001-2011 witness changes in the field of the European Union “energy cultures,” as earlier recognised by the literature?
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R. Rosicki (2016), Transmission Easement and Adverse Possession of Transmission Easement in the Polish Law, "Przegląd Naukowo-Metodyczny. Edukacja dla Bezpieczeństwa", No. 1 (30), pp. 1578 - 1589. , 2016
The object of analysis in the text are the issues concerned with the transmission easemen... more The object of analysis in the text are the issues concerned with the transmission easement and the adverse possession thereof on the grounds of the Polish civil law. The main sections of this thesis address the following issues; (1) a historical outline of the solutions concerned with easements in the Polish law following 1945, (2) the institution of transmission easement introduced in 2008 and the solutions concerned with the claims for the establishment thereof at court, (3) the institution of adverse possession of transmission easement pursuant to civil law regulations, judicature and the legal doctrine.
With a view to elaborating the research issues, the thesis addresses the following research questions: (1) What function is performed by the institution of transmission easement in the system of civil-law relations in the Polish law?, (2) What legal problems in the civil-law relations does the application of the institution of transmission easement by adverse possession entail?
Przedmiotem analizy w tekście jest problematyka związana ze służebnością przesyłu i zasiedzeniem tejże służebności na gruncie polskiego prawa cywilnego. Główne części pracy dotyczą następujących kwestii: (1) rysu historycznego rozwiązań dotyczących służebności w polskim prawie po 1945r., (2) instytucji służebności przesyłu wprowadzonej w 2008r. oraz rozwiązań dotyczących roszczeń do ustanowienia jej na drodze sądowej, (3) instytucji zasiedzenia służebności przesyłu w polskim prawie cywilnym, orzecznictwie sądów i doktrynie prawa.
W celu uszczegółowienia problemu badawczego w pracy przedstawiono następujące pytania badawcze: (1) Jaką funkcję w systemie stosunków cywilnoprawnych pełni instytucja służebności przesyłu w polskim prawie? (2) Z jakimi problemami prawnymi w stosunkach cywilnoprawnych wiąże się stosowanie instytucji zasiedzenia służebności przesyłu?
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R. Rosicki (2015), A new prospect of Poland’s gas security, "Zeszyty Naukowe WSB w Poznaniu", No. 8 (65), pp. 133-148., 2015
The text addresses the issues of energy security as exemplified by Poland’s gas securit... more The text addresses the issues of energy security as exemplified by Poland’s gas security. The material scope of the analysis has been broken down into three main aspects: (1) natural gas resources in Poland in general, (2) unconventional gas resources in Poland, (3) the development of the domestic gas infrastructure. A characterization of these three elements may point to “a new prospect of gas security,” which we might witness in Poland in 2022.
With a view to elaborating the addressed issues of gas security, the text aims to answer the following questions: (1) To what degree will the potential of gas resources and of the development of the domestic gas infrastructure affect Poland’s energy security?, (2) What factors affect the insufficient fulfilment of Poland’s gas potential?, (3) Is it justified to assume that the new „prospect of gas security” will eliminate “political and external factors” that negatively affect the current state of Poland’s energy security?
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Rosicki R. (2015), The Institution of Transmission Easement in Poland, in: Kwiatkiewicz P, Szczerbowski R. et. al. (eds.), Bezpieczeństwo energetyczne. Rynki surowców i energii. Energetyka w czasach politycznej niestabilności, Poznań: Fundacja na rzecz Czystej Energii, pp. 339-348., 2015
The text presents an analysis of the institution of transmission easement, which is featured from... more The text presents an analysis of the institution of transmission easement, which is featured from the perspective of civil-law and public-law relations. The text does not address all the issues related to the institution of transmission easement, that is, no comprehensive analysis of the issues of the grounds for easement establishment, expiry, or remuneration and compensation for easement was conducted.
The text presents a general description of the establishment of transmission easement against the backdrop of the Polish Civil Code and the Bill on Transmission Corridors of 18 July 2013, which is currently being drafted. The analysis of the easement institution, apart from the synthetic approach to legal provisions, features a functional and teleological interpretation. It is worth pointing out the aim that the legislator wished to achieve with respect to the work on new considerations both in the domain of the private and public law:
1. the legislator aimed to regulate the disorderly legal status of civil-law relations, but also to avoid dispute in the future,
2. with the aid of new regulations, the legislator wished to respond to the public interest.
Bookmarks Related papers MentionsView impact
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Energy policy & energy security by Remigiusz Rosicki
In order to elaborate the objective scope of the analysis, the following research questions have been presented in the text: (1) Which one of the factors, within the group of factors, substantially influences the speed of the processes and changes in the energy industry in Poland?, (2) Which one of the factors, within the group of factors, substantially influences the shutting off of the paths leading to processes and changes in the energy industry in Poland? Therefore, one can recognise that the content and essence of the questions fall within the compass of the issues addressed by various approaches within social studies of technology, as focused on the substitution of energy technologies and carriers.
The theoretical and methodological framework in the text is provided by the assumptions and categories originated by, inter alia, the following researchers: S. Huntington (with regard to the analogy with political transitions), F.W. Geels and J. Schot (with regard to the typology of technological transitions in the approach of Multi-level Perspective), and A. Cherp, V. Vinichenko, J. Jewell, E. Brutschin and B. K. Sovacool (with regard to the integrative and meta-theoretical approach to a variety of directions in the studies of energy transition).
The main purpose of the text is to present a selection of energy security problems affecting Central and Eastern European countries, including a selective comparative analysis in relation to Western European countries. In the first place, a comparative analysis is applied to some general issues concerned with energy security, so that in the end included is a special dimension of energy security, i.e. gas security understood as gas supply security. The comparative analysis covers three dimensions of energy security: (1) socio-economic, (2) innovative and technological and (3) geopolitical (and geoeconomic). Besides, the analysis performed makes use of, as a background and inspiration, theoretical aspects of historical materialism, structural approaches as part of the dependency paradigms of research into international political and economic relations, as well as the presuppositions of the research programme concerning energy security by Cherp and Jewell.
2. LINK (full text): https://repozytorium.amu.edu.pl/bitstream/10593/25445/1/Energy%20Transition%20and%20Transformation.%20The%20World%2c%20the%20European%20Union%20and%20Poland.pdf
The main aim of this publication is to expose the reader to basic problems and directions of research into processes and changes in energy structures and technologies. The present work is primarily an overview with regard to a presentation of theoretical aspects of technology and energy paradigms as well as theoretical aspects of energy transitions and transformations. The reference materials that have been gathered and written up, and which concern the research problem have been supplemented with the author’s own conclusions and evaluations. The theoretical issues have been supplemented with two case studies concerned with a transformation of coal paradigms. In the former case an analysis is performed of the transformation of coal paradigm in the world and member states of the European Union, while in the latter case the analysis focuses on the transformation of coal paradigm in Poland. In both cases a long historical perspective has been adopted so as to demonstrate the main points of energy substitution or a lack thereof. The presentation of theoretical issues, which encompasses such categories as a “paradigm,” a “transition” and a “transformation” is intended to demonstrate a logical sequence between T.S. Kuhn’s concept of science, evolutionary economics, J.A. Schumpeter’s innovation studies, innovation studies within the neo-Schumpeterian trend and variants of social study of technology. The acceptance of a possibility of change of technology and energy paradigms results in referring to analyses addressing the issues concerned with energy transitions and transformations. It must be pointed out that in the source literature various terms are used to define processes and changes in the energy industry, e.g. a transition, a transformation and a revolution. Sometimes use of a specific term is made because of a methodological and theoretical position taken or because of ideological inclinations; at other times a choice of a given term is made for instrumental reasons. An intentional distinction of kinds of processes and changes can be exemplified with the typology put forward by F.G. Geels and J. Schot. It considers a reproduction, a technological substitution, a transformation, a reconfiguration and a shift with a return to stability. In a narrow sense, processes and changes in the energy industry usually come down to the issues concerned with the substitution of carriers or energy technologies, while broader approaches allow for a role of a great many factors in the processes and changes, e.g. cultural, social, institutional and political ones; also, a variety of effects of substitutions is pointed to. It is well-nigh impossible to present in the introduction all the researchers whose works have contributed to the study of processes and changes in energy structures and technologies. One part of this work makes a synthesis of the main research directions. For this purpose, use is made of earlier research papers, which have been supplemented with the author’s own conclusions. Still, it is worth naming such figures as R. Fouquet, A. Grübler, C. Marchetti, N. Nakićenović, P.J.G. Pearson, V. Smil and B.K. Sovacool. With regard to the contribution to the synthesis of the studies of processes and changes in the energy industry, it is worth mentioning the following texts: Energy transitions research: Insights and cautionary tales by A. Grübler, How long will it take? Conceptualizing the temporal dynamics of energy transitions by B.K. Sovacool, and Integrating techno-economic, socio-technical and political perspectives on national energy transitions: A meta-theoretical framework by A. Cherp, V. Vinichenko, J. Jewell, E. Brutschin, B.K. Sovacool. As for the significance of quantitative research with regard to turning points and pace of energy substitutions, it is worth mentioning a joint publication by N. Nakićenović and C. Marchetti entitled The Dynamics of Energy Systems and the Logistic Substitution Model, and another joint publication by N. Nakićenović and A. Grübler entitled The Dynamic Evolution of Methane Technologies. With regard to the contribution to the analyses considering further-reaching historical perspectives, and with regard to in-depth research into the services of end-use of lighting, transport and energy supply, it is worth mentioning texts by R. Fouquet and P.J.G. Pearson, e.g. Five Centuries of Energy Prices and Seven Centuries of Energy Services: The Price and Use of Light in the United Kingdom (1300–2000). With regard to the contribution to the synthetic approach to energy structure transformations in Europe in a further-reaching historical perspective, it is worth mentioning a publication edited by A. Kander, P. Malanima and P. Warde entitled Power to the People: Energy in Europe over the Last Five Centuries. Last but not least, it is worth mentioning V. Smil, whose works are most comprehensive and include synthetic approaches to changes in energy structures in longer time-frames and analyses of turning points and pace of energy substitutions. V. Smil is also an author of many publications which aim to introduce the reader to the subject of energy and energy technologies.
ROSICKI Remigiusz (2018), Kultury energetyczne Unii Europejskiej, UAM: Poznań.
Given the necessity to elaborate the research problem, the text addresses the following research questions: (1) Is it possible to point out any special characteristics of the structure and workings of the electricity market in Poland?, (2) Is it possible to point out a characteristic trend in the changes in demand for electricity in Poland?, (3) Is it possible to point out a characteristic trend in the changes in electricity prices in Poland?
The main research goal of the presented analysis is a synthetic study of local energy policy. To clarify the research problem, the following questions were indicated in paper: (1) To what extent do legal and institutional solutions affect the implementation of energy policy objectives in Poland? (2) To what extent do legal and institutional solutions affect the achievement of objectives of local energy policy in Poland?
Predmet analize rada je sigurnost snabdevanja gasom kao sastojni elemenat energetske bezbednosti Poljske. Analiza se temelji na karakteristici tri potencijala: (1) resursa zemnog gasa u Poljskoj uopšte, (2) nekonvencionalnih resursa gasa u Poljskoj, (3) razvoja domaće gasne infrastrukture. Problematika gasne infrastrukture je proširena na kratka studija slučaja na primeru LNG terminala u Svinoujšću. U cilju izvršenja podele istraživačkog problema na manje delove postavljena su sledeća istraživačka pitanja: (1) U kolikoj će meri potencijal domaćih resursa gasa i razvoja domaće gasne infrastrukture uticati na energetsku bezbednost Poljske?, (2) U kolikoj će meri funkcionisanje LNG Terminala u Svinoujšću uticati na državnu i regionalnu sigurnost snabdevanja gasom?
In order to elaborate the research problem the text features the following research questions: (1) Is it legitimate to claim that within the EU-28 there are special “energy cultures”?, (2) If the claim of the existence of special “energy cultures” is legitimate, what features determine the division among the EU-28 countries? These questions should be associated with the intention to establish the existence of the division of the EU-28 states into “clean” and “dirty” energy cultures. Such a division can be substantiated by individual features of the EU-28 member states, related to energy production, consumption and conversion, e.g. GHG emissions and the commitment to the coal sector.
For the adopted premises to be verified, the analysis employed one of the agglomerative methods (i.e. the Ward’s method) and one of the methods for optimising a given group of objects (i.e. the k-means method). Besides, with the aid of individual tests, the differences in the level of parameters between the isolated clusters of countries were analysed. Furthermore, with the aid of the principal component method groups of independent factors were isolated, and the scope of essential differences in the level of the isolated factors between the grouped EU-28 member states was determined.
For the research problem addressed in the text to be elaborated, the following research questions have been presented: (1) To what extent do legal solutions affect the effectiveness of the energy policy pursued in Poland?, (2) Which one of the scenarios for the development of the energy industry, adopted in the planning documents concerned with Poland’s energy policy, should be considered most likely?
The approach to the issue at hand is of an overview character, and hence the presented analysis is chiefly based on the elaboration and synthetic presentation of selected institutional and legal issues, which have been supplemented with the author’s own conclusions. Besides, the text features a comparative analysis of the three scenarios for the development of the Polish energy industry, contained in the Draft Energy Policy Until 2050 of 2015.
Объем анализа в тексте охватывает избранные проблемы энергетической политики Польши. Анализ энергетической политики Польши охватил только узловые институционально-правовые проблемы, которые включили в себя следующие вопросы: (1) правовые основы и предусмотренная законом область энергетической политики, (2) субъективная сфера энергетической политики, (3) сфера прогнозирования энергетической политики.
Для более подробного исследования проблемы, рассмотренной в тексте, представлены следующие исследовательские вопросы: (1) В каком объеме юридические решения влияют на эффективность проведения энергетической политики в Польше? (2) Какой из принятых сценариев развития энергетики в планировочных документах проекта энергетической политики Польши следует считать наиболее вероятным?
Подход к проблеме имеет наглядный характер, отсюда представленный анализ базируется в основном на разработке и синтетическом представлении избранных институционально- правовых вопросов, которые были дополнены собственными выводами. Кроме того, в тексте был проведен сравнительный анализ трех сценариев развития польской энергетики, содержащихся в «Проекте энергетической политики до 2050 г.» с 2015 года.
The main sections of the text address: (1) the concept and examples of “energy cultures,” (2) a methodology of analysis, (3) a selection of indexes characterising “energy cultures,” (4) an attempt at grouping the European Union member states with the aid of clustering, (5) conclusions.
With a view to making the research problem more specific, the present text features the following questions: (1) Is the claim that the European Union manifests special “energy cultures” legitimate?, (2) Did the decade of 2001-2011 witness changes in the field of the European Union “energy cultures,” as earlier recognised by the literature?
With a view to elaborating the research issues, the thesis addresses the following research questions: (1) What function is performed by the institution of transmission easement in the system of civil-law relations in the Polish law?, (2) What legal problems in the civil-law relations does the application of the institution of transmission easement by adverse possession entail?
Przedmiotem analizy w tekście jest problematyka związana ze służebnością przesyłu i zasiedzeniem tejże służebności na gruncie polskiego prawa cywilnego. Główne części pracy dotyczą następujących kwestii: (1) rysu historycznego rozwiązań dotyczących służebności w polskim prawie po 1945r., (2) instytucji służebności przesyłu wprowadzonej w 2008r. oraz rozwiązań dotyczących roszczeń do ustanowienia jej na drodze sądowej, (3) instytucji zasiedzenia służebności przesyłu w polskim prawie cywilnym, orzecznictwie sądów i doktrynie prawa.
W celu uszczegółowienia problemu badawczego w pracy przedstawiono następujące pytania badawcze: (1) Jaką funkcję w systemie stosunków cywilnoprawnych pełni instytucja służebności przesyłu w polskim prawie? (2) Z jakimi problemami prawnymi w stosunkach cywilnoprawnych wiąże się stosowanie instytucji zasiedzenia służebności przesyłu?
With a view to elaborating the addressed issues of gas security, the text aims to answer the following questions: (1) To what degree will the potential of gas resources and of the development of the domestic gas infrastructure affect Poland’s energy security?, (2) What factors affect the insufficient fulfilment of Poland’s gas potential?, (3) Is it justified to assume that the new „prospect of gas security” will eliminate “political and external factors” that negatively affect the current state of Poland’s energy security?
The text presents a general description of the establishment of transmission easement against the backdrop of the Polish Civil Code and the Bill on Transmission Corridors of 18 July 2013, which is currently being drafted. The analysis of the easement institution, apart from the synthetic approach to legal provisions, features a functional and teleological interpretation. It is worth pointing out the aim that the legislator wished to achieve with respect to the work on new considerations both in the domain of the private and public law:
1. the legislator aimed to regulate the disorderly legal status of civil-law relations, but also to avoid dispute in the future,
2. with the aid of new regulations, the legislator wished to respond to the public interest.
In order to elaborate the objective scope of the analysis, the following research questions have been presented in the text: (1) Which one of the factors, within the group of factors, substantially influences the speed of the processes and changes in the energy industry in Poland?, (2) Which one of the factors, within the group of factors, substantially influences the shutting off of the paths leading to processes and changes in the energy industry in Poland? Therefore, one can recognise that the content and essence of the questions fall within the compass of the issues addressed by various approaches within social studies of technology, as focused on the substitution of energy technologies and carriers.
The theoretical and methodological framework in the text is provided by the assumptions and categories originated by, inter alia, the following researchers: S. Huntington (with regard to the analogy with political transitions), F.W. Geels and J. Schot (with regard to the typology of technological transitions in the approach of Multi-level Perspective), and A. Cherp, V. Vinichenko, J. Jewell, E. Brutschin and B. K. Sovacool (with regard to the integrative and meta-theoretical approach to a variety of directions in the studies of energy transition).
The main purpose of the text is to present a selection of energy security problems affecting Central and Eastern European countries, including a selective comparative analysis in relation to Western European countries. In the first place, a comparative analysis is applied to some general issues concerned with energy security, so that in the end included is a special dimension of energy security, i.e. gas security understood as gas supply security. The comparative analysis covers three dimensions of energy security: (1) socio-economic, (2) innovative and technological and (3) geopolitical (and geoeconomic). Besides, the analysis performed makes use of, as a background and inspiration, theoretical aspects of historical materialism, structural approaches as part of the dependency paradigms of research into international political and economic relations, as well as the presuppositions of the research programme concerning energy security by Cherp and Jewell.
2. LINK (full text): https://repozytorium.amu.edu.pl/bitstream/10593/25445/1/Energy%20Transition%20and%20Transformation.%20The%20World%2c%20the%20European%20Union%20and%20Poland.pdf
The main aim of this publication is to expose the reader to basic problems and directions of research into processes and changes in energy structures and technologies. The present work is primarily an overview with regard to a presentation of theoretical aspects of technology and energy paradigms as well as theoretical aspects of energy transitions and transformations. The reference materials that have been gathered and written up, and which concern the research problem have been supplemented with the author’s own conclusions and evaluations. The theoretical issues have been supplemented with two case studies concerned with a transformation of coal paradigms. In the former case an analysis is performed of the transformation of coal paradigm in the world and member states of the European Union, while in the latter case the analysis focuses on the transformation of coal paradigm in Poland. In both cases a long historical perspective has been adopted so as to demonstrate the main points of energy substitution or a lack thereof. The presentation of theoretical issues, which encompasses such categories as a “paradigm,” a “transition” and a “transformation” is intended to demonstrate a logical sequence between T.S. Kuhn’s concept of science, evolutionary economics, J.A. Schumpeter’s innovation studies, innovation studies within the neo-Schumpeterian trend and variants of social study of technology. The acceptance of a possibility of change of technology and energy paradigms results in referring to analyses addressing the issues concerned with energy transitions and transformations. It must be pointed out that in the source literature various terms are used to define processes and changes in the energy industry, e.g. a transition, a transformation and a revolution. Sometimes use of a specific term is made because of a methodological and theoretical position taken or because of ideological inclinations; at other times a choice of a given term is made for instrumental reasons. An intentional distinction of kinds of processes and changes can be exemplified with the typology put forward by F.G. Geels and J. Schot. It considers a reproduction, a technological substitution, a transformation, a reconfiguration and a shift with a return to stability. In a narrow sense, processes and changes in the energy industry usually come down to the issues concerned with the substitution of carriers or energy technologies, while broader approaches allow for a role of a great many factors in the processes and changes, e.g. cultural, social, institutional and political ones; also, a variety of effects of substitutions is pointed to. It is well-nigh impossible to present in the introduction all the researchers whose works have contributed to the study of processes and changes in energy structures and technologies. One part of this work makes a synthesis of the main research directions. For this purpose, use is made of earlier research papers, which have been supplemented with the author’s own conclusions. Still, it is worth naming such figures as R. Fouquet, A. Grübler, C. Marchetti, N. Nakićenović, P.J.G. Pearson, V. Smil and B.K. Sovacool. With regard to the contribution to the synthesis of the studies of processes and changes in the energy industry, it is worth mentioning the following texts: Energy transitions research: Insights and cautionary tales by A. Grübler, How long will it take? Conceptualizing the temporal dynamics of energy transitions by B.K. Sovacool, and Integrating techno-economic, socio-technical and political perspectives on national energy transitions: A meta-theoretical framework by A. Cherp, V. Vinichenko, J. Jewell, E. Brutschin, B.K. Sovacool. As for the significance of quantitative research with regard to turning points and pace of energy substitutions, it is worth mentioning a joint publication by N. Nakićenović and C. Marchetti entitled The Dynamics of Energy Systems and the Logistic Substitution Model, and another joint publication by N. Nakićenović and A. Grübler entitled The Dynamic Evolution of Methane Technologies. With regard to the contribution to the analyses considering further-reaching historical perspectives, and with regard to in-depth research into the services of end-use of lighting, transport and energy supply, it is worth mentioning texts by R. Fouquet and P.J.G. Pearson, e.g. Five Centuries of Energy Prices and Seven Centuries of Energy Services: The Price and Use of Light in the United Kingdom (1300–2000). With regard to the contribution to the synthetic approach to energy structure transformations in Europe in a further-reaching historical perspective, it is worth mentioning a publication edited by A. Kander, P. Malanima and P. Warde entitled Power to the People: Energy in Europe over the Last Five Centuries. Last but not least, it is worth mentioning V. Smil, whose works are most comprehensive and include synthetic approaches to changes in energy structures in longer time-frames and analyses of turning points and pace of energy substitutions. V. Smil is also an author of many publications which aim to introduce the reader to the subject of energy and energy technologies.
ROSICKI Remigiusz (2018), Kultury energetyczne Unii Europejskiej, UAM: Poznań.
Given the necessity to elaborate the research problem, the text addresses the following research questions: (1) Is it possible to point out any special characteristics of the structure and workings of the electricity market in Poland?, (2) Is it possible to point out a characteristic trend in the changes in demand for electricity in Poland?, (3) Is it possible to point out a characteristic trend in the changes in electricity prices in Poland?
The main research goal of the presented analysis is a synthetic study of local energy policy. To clarify the research problem, the following questions were indicated in paper: (1) To what extent do legal and institutional solutions affect the implementation of energy policy objectives in Poland? (2) To what extent do legal and institutional solutions affect the achievement of objectives of local energy policy in Poland?
Predmet analize rada je sigurnost snabdevanja gasom kao sastojni elemenat energetske bezbednosti Poljske. Analiza se temelji na karakteristici tri potencijala: (1) resursa zemnog gasa u Poljskoj uopšte, (2) nekonvencionalnih resursa gasa u Poljskoj, (3) razvoja domaće gasne infrastrukture. Problematika gasne infrastrukture je proširena na kratka studija slučaja na primeru LNG terminala u Svinoujšću. U cilju izvršenja podele istraživačkog problema na manje delove postavljena su sledeća istraživačka pitanja: (1) U kolikoj će meri potencijal domaćih resursa gasa i razvoja domaće gasne infrastrukture uticati na energetsku bezbednost Poljske?, (2) U kolikoj će meri funkcionisanje LNG Terminala u Svinoujšću uticati na državnu i regionalnu sigurnost snabdevanja gasom?
In order to elaborate the research problem the text features the following research questions: (1) Is it legitimate to claim that within the EU-28 there are special “energy cultures”?, (2) If the claim of the existence of special “energy cultures” is legitimate, what features determine the division among the EU-28 countries? These questions should be associated with the intention to establish the existence of the division of the EU-28 states into “clean” and “dirty” energy cultures. Such a division can be substantiated by individual features of the EU-28 member states, related to energy production, consumption and conversion, e.g. GHG emissions and the commitment to the coal sector.
For the adopted premises to be verified, the analysis employed one of the agglomerative methods (i.e. the Ward’s method) and one of the methods for optimising a given group of objects (i.e. the k-means method). Besides, with the aid of individual tests, the differences in the level of parameters between the isolated clusters of countries were analysed. Furthermore, with the aid of the principal component method groups of independent factors were isolated, and the scope of essential differences in the level of the isolated factors between the grouped EU-28 member states was determined.
For the research problem addressed in the text to be elaborated, the following research questions have been presented: (1) To what extent do legal solutions affect the effectiveness of the energy policy pursued in Poland?, (2) Which one of the scenarios for the development of the energy industry, adopted in the planning documents concerned with Poland’s energy policy, should be considered most likely?
The approach to the issue at hand is of an overview character, and hence the presented analysis is chiefly based on the elaboration and synthetic presentation of selected institutional and legal issues, which have been supplemented with the author’s own conclusions. Besides, the text features a comparative analysis of the three scenarios for the development of the Polish energy industry, contained in the Draft Energy Policy Until 2050 of 2015.
Объем анализа в тексте охватывает избранные проблемы энергетической политики Польши. Анализ энергетической политики Польши охватил только узловые институционально-правовые проблемы, которые включили в себя следующие вопросы: (1) правовые основы и предусмотренная законом область энергетической политики, (2) субъективная сфера энергетической политики, (3) сфера прогнозирования энергетической политики.
Для более подробного исследования проблемы, рассмотренной в тексте, представлены следующие исследовательские вопросы: (1) В каком объеме юридические решения влияют на эффективность проведения энергетической политики в Польше? (2) Какой из принятых сценариев развития энергетики в планировочных документах проекта энергетической политики Польши следует считать наиболее вероятным?
Подход к проблеме имеет наглядный характер, отсюда представленный анализ базируется в основном на разработке и синтетическом представлении избранных институционально- правовых вопросов, которые были дополнены собственными выводами. Кроме того, в тексте был проведен сравнительный анализ трех сценариев развития польской энергетики, содержащихся в «Проекте энергетической политики до 2050 г.» с 2015 года.
The main sections of the text address: (1) the concept and examples of “energy cultures,” (2) a methodology of analysis, (3) a selection of indexes characterising “energy cultures,” (4) an attempt at grouping the European Union member states with the aid of clustering, (5) conclusions.
With a view to making the research problem more specific, the present text features the following questions: (1) Is the claim that the European Union manifests special “energy cultures” legitimate?, (2) Did the decade of 2001-2011 witness changes in the field of the European Union “energy cultures,” as earlier recognised by the literature?
With a view to elaborating the research issues, the thesis addresses the following research questions: (1) What function is performed by the institution of transmission easement in the system of civil-law relations in the Polish law?, (2) What legal problems in the civil-law relations does the application of the institution of transmission easement by adverse possession entail?
Przedmiotem analizy w tekście jest problematyka związana ze służebnością przesyłu i zasiedzeniem tejże służebności na gruncie polskiego prawa cywilnego. Główne części pracy dotyczą następujących kwestii: (1) rysu historycznego rozwiązań dotyczących służebności w polskim prawie po 1945r., (2) instytucji służebności przesyłu wprowadzonej w 2008r. oraz rozwiązań dotyczących roszczeń do ustanowienia jej na drodze sądowej, (3) instytucji zasiedzenia służebności przesyłu w polskim prawie cywilnym, orzecznictwie sądów i doktrynie prawa.
W celu uszczegółowienia problemu badawczego w pracy przedstawiono następujące pytania badawcze: (1) Jaką funkcję w systemie stosunków cywilnoprawnych pełni instytucja służebności przesyłu w polskim prawie? (2) Z jakimi problemami prawnymi w stosunkach cywilnoprawnych wiąże się stosowanie instytucji zasiedzenia służebności przesyłu?
With a view to elaborating the addressed issues of gas security, the text aims to answer the following questions: (1) To what degree will the potential of gas resources and of the development of the domestic gas infrastructure affect Poland’s energy security?, (2) What factors affect the insufficient fulfilment of Poland’s gas potential?, (3) Is it justified to assume that the new „prospect of gas security” will eliminate “political and external factors” that negatively affect the current state of Poland’s energy security?
The text presents a general description of the establishment of transmission easement against the backdrop of the Polish Civil Code and the Bill on Transmission Corridors of 18 July 2013, which is currently being drafted. The analysis of the easement institution, apart from the synthetic approach to legal provisions, features a functional and teleological interpretation. It is worth pointing out the aim that the legislator wished to achieve with respect to the work on new considerations both in the domain of the private and public law:
1. the legislator aimed to regulate the disorderly legal status of civil-law relations, but also to avoid dispute in the future,
2. with the aid of new regulations, the legislator wished to respond to the public interest.
The objective scope of the analysis encompasses special measures used in the fight against terrorism in the context of ethical and constitutional principles attributed to a democratic state ruled by law and a liberal democracy. A practical example of a special measure used in the fight against terrorism, and presented in the text, is furnished by the content of one of the articles in the Polish Aviation Law, which was found unconstitutional in 2008. The content of this article made it possible for an administrative authority to make a decision with regard to consenting to the destruction of a civil aircraft, if it was used as a means of terrorist attack.
The main purpose of the present paper is to consider the acceptable scope of radical measures in the fight against terrorism, while taking into account the reinterpretation of priorities in the hierarchy of legal principles. In order to elaborate the objective scope of analysis, the following research question is presented: To what extent is it possible to sacrifice the well-being of the individual (dignity, rights and freedoms) for the sake of the common good (security)?
The adopted analysis methodology is based on a thought experiment consisting in the reinterpretation of ethical principles and the values of the constitutional norms in a democratic state ruled by law and a liberal democracy. With the benefit of essentialist reduction, it is posited that the two competing constitutional principles are the principle of dignity and the principle of the common good; they can be reduced to, for instance, protection of the life of an individual or of members of the community as a whole.
The purpose of this paper is to indicate the consequences of the introduction of legal changes concerning the powers held by the special services in the scope of applying particular types of surveillance activities (operational-and-intelligence activities). It poses the following research questions: (1) To what extent can mechanisms in Polish law influence the effectiveness of combating terrorism by the Polish special services? (2) To what extent can mechanisms in Polish law in the field of combating terrorism violate the rights and freedoms of Polish citizens and foreign nationals? In order to answer the research questions, the activities and powers of Polish special services were analyzed from a legal and institutional point of view. On the other hand, to analyze legal regulations related to surveillance, the author applied a dogmatic and doctrinal interpretation and a pro-constitutional interpretation of the provisions of criminal law.
In order to elaborate the research problem, the text addresses the following research questions: (1) To what degree do the legal solutions concerned with the penalisation of the crime of espionage provide effective prosecution and combating of this type of crime? (2) What changes in the scope of legal solutions penalising the acts of espionage can be proposed?
While the analysis contained in the text is for the most part a dogmatic and doctrinal approach, a comparative interpretation (with regard to substantive penal regulations penalising the crime of espionage in Poland and Sweden), as well as teleological and functional interpretations (with a view to reinterpreting selected, established or debated doctrinal approaches) are also applied.
In reference to the above questions, the author puts forward the following theses: (1) the selected and analysed legal instruments exert an infinitesimal influence on the scope of the application of “special measures”, such as the operational control or access to telecommunications data. Art. 3 of the Bill of 2014 contains too many vague terms or expressions whose legal definitions are missing from Polish legislation; (2) it seems reasonable that the range of the ISA’s activities has been restricted, e.g. as regards drug-related crime. However, other areas of the ISA’s interest have witnessed few changes, and its impromptu involvement with specific threats and offences is left to the ‘political decision’ of the Head of the ISA and the Minister of the Interior; (3) the impractical solutions are partly a result of an inadequate ‘legislative culture’, in this case, at the level of the Ministry of the Interior. This shortcoming might be the result of excessive haste during work on the Bill; nevertheless, such works always carry a political load, which means that the interests of the services themselves, as well as of the state, played an enormous role in this project.
Głównym celem artykułu jest przedstawienie problematyki ochrony bezpieczeństwa wewnętrznego i porządku konstytucyjnego przez pryzmat zadań i działań Agencji Bezpieczeństwa Wewnętrznego w Polsce. W tekście przedstawiono kilka pytań: (1) W jakim stopniu brak szczegółowego określenia zakresu działalności ABW wpływa na instrumentalne wykorzystanie tej służby specjalnej, (2) Czy dość ogólne regulacje prawne, w zakresie zadań ABW, wpływają na niższą efektywność działania tej służby specjalnej? (3) Czy niewłaściwy sposób regulacji kwestii związanych z zadaniami ABW wynika z niskiego poziomu legislacji polskiego legislatora, czy może z chęci pozostawienia służbom specjalnym dość dużej swobody działania?
W związku z pytaniami przedstawiono następujące stwierdzenia: (1) Wybrane i analizowane rozwiązania prawne nie zmieniają zbytnio, zakresu stosowania "specjalnych środków", takich jak kontrola operacyjna czy dostęp do danych telekomunikacyjnych. W art. 3 Projektu z 2014r. znajduje się zbyt wiele zwrotów niedookreślonych oraz zwrotów, których definicji legalnych trudno szukać w polskim ustawodawstwie; (2) słusznie ograniczono zadania ABW w zakresie chociażby przestępczości narkotykowej, jednakowoż w innych wypadkach w zakresie działań ABW w zasadzie niewiele się zmienia, a nakierowanie na określony rodzaj zagrożeń i przestępstw będzie "decyzją polityczną" Szefa ABW jak i Ministra Spraw Wewnętrznych; (3) Część chybionych rozwiązań jest wynikiem niskiej "kultury legislacyjnej", w tym wypadku na poziomie Ministerstwa Spraw Wewnętrznych. Możliwe, że uchybienia są wynikiem pospiesznych prac nad projektami, jednakowoż prace te mają zawsze "wymiar polityczny". W tworzeniu rozwiązań na pewno dużą rolę odegrały interesy samych służb i interes państwa.
Tekst podejmuje problematykę bezpieczeństwa informacji na przykładzie tajnej współpracy i wywierania wpływu przez funkcjonariuszy Agencji Bezpieczeństwa Wewnętrznego na dziennikarzy. W tekście analizowane będą przepisy de lege lata (Ustawa z dnia 24 maja 2002 r. o Agencji Bezpieczeństwa Wewnętrznego oraz Agencji Wywiadu) i de lege ferenda (Projekt ustawy o Agencji Bezpieczeństwa Wewnętrznego z 1 sierpnia 2013 r.). W pierwszym przypadku znaczenie mają przepisy karne ustawy, czyli art. 153b – 153d (Rozdział 10a), natomiast w drugim przypadku adekwatne regulacje od art. 197 do art. 199 Projektu z 2013r. (Rozdział 10). Zarówno w Ustawie o Agencji Bezpieczeństwa Wewnętrznego i Agencji Wywiadu z 2002r., jak i w projekcie ustawy o ABW z 2013 r. ustawodawca penalizuje wykorzystanie przez funkcjonariuszy informacji uzyskanych podczas lub w związku z pełnieniem obowiązków służbowych do wpływania na działalność organów władzy publicznej, przedsiębiorców lub nadawców, redaktorów naczelnych, dziennikarzy i osób prowadzących działalność wydawniczą. W tekście analizowane są również regulacje dotyczące penalizacji tajnej współpracy funkcjonariuszy ABW z nadawcą, redaktorem naczelnym, dziennikarzem i osobą prowadzącą działalność wydawniczą.
Besides the quantitative analysis of operational control and the scope of data retention, the text features the conclusions of the Human Rights Defender referred to the Constitutional Tribunal in 2011. It must be noted that the main problems concerned with the employment of operational control and data retention are caused by: (1) a lack of specification of technical means which can be used by individual services; (2) a lack of specification of what kind of information and evidence is in question; (3) an open catalogue of information and evidence which can be clandestinely acquired in an operational mode. Furthermore, with regard to the access granted to teleinformation data by the Telecommunications Act, attention should be drawn to a wide array of data submitted to particular services.
Also, the text draws on the so-called open interviews conducted mainly with former police officers with a view to pointing to some non-formal reasons for “phone tapping” in Poland. This comes in the form of a summary.
This problem has been reduced to the so called "hard pornography" (pornography using and presenting violence); however, attention should be paid to a broader range of issues which included (1) the actual sexual violence, (2) real sexual relations of BDSM partners and (3) sexual violence in pornographic films. In fact, in each of these situations we will talk about different forms of instrumentalisation and objectification of human corporeality.
The text presents the thesis that the legal sphere related to ius publicum, which is shaped by participation in the public sphere, has a significant impact on private life. Hence the dominance of particular social narratives (ideology, ethics, etc.) affects the legal sphere, which interferes to a great extent with the private sphere of people. We should also stress the change in the meaning of what was called pornography – from tools to express political ideas to contents aiming at providing amusement and satisfaction on different levels.
The legal issue related to the so-called hard-core pornography (pornography using and presenting violence) has been generally presented on the example of the Polish Criminal Code. Of particular importance is art. 202, § 3, which defines criminal penalties for distribution, production, recording, importing, storage and possession of "hard pornography" (the text is limited to the analysis of pornography using and presenting violence).
Artykuł podejmuje problematykę instrumentalizacji i uprzedmiotowienia cielesności i seksualności człowieka. Problem rozważany był w kontekście przekazów, możliwych za pomocą środków społecznego przekazu. Punktem wyjścia jest tabloidyzacja przekazu w ogóle we współczesnej kulturze, która zmienia dzięki nowym technologiom produkcji, utrwalania i przekazywania treści. Ciało, nagość i przemoc stają się narzędziem wywoływania szoku, epatowaniem wulgarnością i przełamywaniem tabu w celu zaspokojenia potrzeb seksualnych jak i ciekawości. Możliwość dostępu do treści wcześniej zabronionych lub treści, które wcześniej były nie osiągalne z powodu braku powszechności przekazów, powoduje, że przekazy te znajdują swoich odbiorców.
Problem ten został sprowadzony do tzw. „pornografii twardej” (pornografia z użyciem i prezentacją przemocy), jednakże należy zwrócić uwagę na szerszy zakres tej problematyki czyli m.in. (1) faktycznej przemocy seksualnej, (2) faktycznych relacji seksualnych partnerów BDSM i (3) przemocy seksualnej w filmach pornograficznych. W zasadzie w każdej z wymienionych sytuacji będziemy mówić o różnych formach instrumentalizacji i uprzedmiotowienia cielesności człowieka.
W tekście przedstawiono tezę, że znaczny wpływ na życie prywatne ma przestrzeń prawna związana z ius publicum, która kształtowana jest przez partycypację w sferze publicznej. Stąd dominacja poszczególnych narracji społecznych (ideologii, etyki itd.) wpływa na przestrzeń prawną, a ta ingeruje w szerokim zakresie w sferę prywatną człowieka. Należy również zwrócić uwagę na zmianę znaczenia czegoś, co określano mianem pornografii – od narzędzia wyrażania idei politycznych do przekazów mających jedynie za cel dostarczanie rozrywki i satysfakcji na różnych poziomach.
Problem prawny związany z tzw. twardą pornografią (pornografia z użyciem i prezentacją przemocy) w ogólnym zarysie przedstawiono na przykładzie rozwiązań w polskim kodeksie karnym. Szczególne znaczenie ma art. 202 § 3, który określa odpowiedzialność karną za rozpowszechnianie, produkcję, utrwalanie, sprowadzanie, przechowywanie i posiadanie „twardej pornografii” (w tekście ograniczono się do analizy pornografii z użyciem i prezentacją przemocy).
The issue of social control was analyzed based on two examples: (1) impact of economy on the society, (2) surveillance of the society (case study of the operational controls used by the Polish police, among others).
The first example was the subject of detailed analysis regarding appropriation of the society by the economy in the context of access to information and knowledge. The text shows changes characteristic of the economic sphere’s negative impact, exemplified by the following processes: (1) attempt at maintaining control over the new technological reality, (2) desire to increase and appropriate surplus value through dissemination of copyright and related rights, i.e. through licensing systems and patents, (3) extension of "derivative rights" protection, (4) desire to maintain the old system of distribution for goods and services, (5) desire to maintain and use a monopolistic position in the distribution of information and knowledge, (6) desire for economic appropriation of the "hackers culture” of innovation, (7) shaping of a new information elite manufacturing products for consumption by the rest of society.
On the other hand,the issue of surveillance is analyzed in detail based on the example of operational control, used by the Polish police and special services (focusing mainly on the Police Act). The issue of social control was attributed to the excessive powers of the Polish police and special services. This part of the text deals with the following problems: (1) analysis of data on the use of "wiretapping" and "billings" in Poland, (2) presentation of the main thesis contained in two applications of the Ombudsman to the Constitutional Tribunal in 2011, which concerned non-compliance of numerous legislative solutions in the field of operational control with the Polish Constitution, (3) analysis of the causes of informal use of "wiretapping" in Poland, (4) analysis of the abuses concerning "wiretapping" in Poland. The analysis of the last two points is based on information collected during in-depth interviews conducted with a group of a dozen former police officers in 2011. Knowledge about the possible abuses of operational control is the result of the synthesis of the statements made by the aforementioned respondents.
***
Aim of this study is to characterize the mechanisms of social control in the context of power, knowledge, information, and threats to the civil rights. In the text, this problem will be presented based on two examples, i.e.: (1) appropriation of society by the economy (the problem of rationality and efficiency of the economy, the issue of control over the new technological reality, the problem of extending protection of copyrights and related rights, the case of ACTA - Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement), (2) specific powers of state institutions for the collection of citizen data using ICT (case study of the use of "wiretapping" and "billing" in Poland)."
The latter problem has been discussed mainly on the example of Polish political science. Discussed were among others: (1) "the dilemma of scale", (2) limited operational capacity (methodological and theoretical), (3) aesthetic imagery of political life, (4) structural ignorance in the field of ontology, epistemology and methodology.
The text describes the following issues: (1) the directions of emancipation of scientific disciplines, (2) the processes of emancipation of scientific disciplines, (3) the dynamics of changes in social sciences, (4) the effects of changes occurring in sciences. In addition to the main assumptions of I. Wallerstein on science, the text attempts to confront these assumptions with the achievements of T.S. Kuhn, R.K. Merton and C.W. Mills.
This paper points out to the implications for the "theory of international relations" deriving from the general trends in the development of social sciences. This issue has come down to only selected issues of: microscopisation, idealisation, metaphorical use, deformation, transcendentalisation, fictionalisation and fetishisation of notions in the "theory of international relations".
"""
The text indicates the main processes in academia: (1) centuries long removal of the autonomy of universities, (2) the ‘humanistic ethos’ of universities is also removed, (3) universities are transformed into ‘vocational colleges’, (4) higher education is developed as one of the service sectors, (5) universities are transformed into institutions responsible for the labour market, (6) universities are entered in the ‘logic of the free market’, (7), the number of the educated is increasing, (8) the fetishisation of education, (9) the myth of flexibility of education and the its multifunctionality in the context of limited absorption capacity of the labour.
The article addresses the issues of the divine universe; St Paul's universalist strategy; symbolic universe by Peter L. Berger and Thomas Luckmann; Immanuel Wallerstein's European universalism; the fluidity of the identity in Ernesto Laclau's conception; Chantal Mouffe's politicality and politics; politics of emancipation and life by Anthony Giddens; Chantal Mouffe's and Ernesto Laclau's conception of political identity; agonic and radical democracies in the conception by Chantal Mouffe and Ernesto Laclau.
W dalszej części artykułu rozważane są problemy tworzenia generalizacji teoretycznych w politologii i przechodzenia na kolejne poziomy ogólności teorii. Krytyce poddana zostaje dedukcyjna strategia budowania teorii ogólnej, Autorzy zauważają jednak, że również strategia indukcyjna nie spełnia pokładanych w niej nadziei. Ponadto analizie poddane zostały relacje teorii politologicznej z praktyką polityczną, a także cele jakie stawia sobie w tym zakresie nauka o polityce.
W konkluzji artykułu Autorzy formułują zestaw dyrektyw metodologicznych, jakie ich zdaniem dają szansę na przełamanie dotychczasowego impasu w określaniu przedmiotu badań politologii oraz budowaniu ogólnej teorii polityki.""
In the text three elements that could affect the consolidation of sexism were presented: (1) demographic descriptions of the population, (2) religious exclusion, (3) social practices within specific areas of activity. Demographic description of the human population, which can be found in the various fields or trends, such as environmentalism, sociobiology and bio-politics, affects quantitative interpretations. Qualitative elements were brought to the analysis of human reproductive functions, and the woman in the analysis had a definite role in society. However, the religious exclusion was only stressed on the example of Christianity. An analysis of exclusion in the case of religion may be considered on two levels – internal and social. In the first case we deal with the exclusion of women within the church structure itself, in the second case we deal with using the ideological content to shape the roles and functions of women in society. The last element contributing to the perpetuation of sexism are defined social practices described on the example of the concept of fields and capital of P. Bourdieu and the idea of economic, political and ideological domination of Karl Marx.
It should be noted that the dominance of men in society influenced the possibility of significant accumulation of capital (e.g. social, cultural, symbolic). The presence of men in many spheres combined with the exclusion of women, helped to set up rules, practices and interpretations of social reality in accordance with an androcentric matrix. It affected to a large extent the assignment of women to certain social roles in public and private area."
The text is divided into three parts, with the following headings: (1) 'Rationality, logic of the capitalist economy - the modus operandi', (2) 'Politics - rationality and mixed dementia praecox', (3) 'Distribution of wealth and recognition'.
The text uses scientific achievements of I. Wallerstein (in terms of rationality and development of capitalist economy), M. Weber (in terms of rationality and the concept of politics), L. Althusser (in terms of reproduction of labour and means of production, apparatuses of coercion and apparatuses of ideology of the state), Ch. Mouffe (in terms of overall borrowing of the concept of agonism), N. Fraser (in terms of redistribution and recognition). There were briefly described two liberal conceptions of redistribution of wealth – of M. Friedman and R. Nozick. Moreover, to describe political phenomena and processes, the text uses terms applied in other disciplines such as the term 'dementia praecox'.
The first part of the paper concerns kin selection and reciprocal altruism, which are deemed to be the fundamental mechanisms of socialization. This part indicates that nepotism has a biological justification (and in R. Dawkins’ interpretation – a genetic justification). The mechanisms of kin selection and reciprocal altruism raise the question of whether nepotism is not a natural phenomenon in humans. If so, this means that the negative assessment of these phenomena of public life goes against natural human inclinations.
The second part of the paper refers to the origins of the notion of nepotism and to a particu- lar understanding of the public realm in modern democracies. The development of democracy has been related to the transformation of the mechanisms of governance which consisted in concessions made by the authorities to those demanding changes. Political struggle has been minimized as it was directed at competition among citizens. The struggle for the change of power has been replaced by the struggle for access to positions and goods in the public realm. Axiological justification has been provided by social justice as a claim for equal access to goods by virtue of principles of transparency.
The third part of the paper discusses the issue of nepotism and cronyism in public opinion. It refers to the results of public opinion surveys concerning, among other things, favoritism, ways of looking for jobs, unequal opportunities on account of social status, and the social sta- tus of the family. Additionally, selected examples of nepotism and favoritism in political life are presented.
The fourth part deals with the issue of political capitalism both in the interpretation of M. Weber and as a phenomenon of the transition of the Polish socio-political system. Political capitalism can be defined in a nutshell as using state structures or political positions for an un- fair distribution of goods and is expressed by muddy links between the representatives of state with the private business sphere.
"""Pojęcia racji stanu i interesu narodowego w dalszym ciągu stanowią zasadniczy element polityki zagranicznej państw. Bezpośrednie odwoływanie się do tych kategorii stanowi o skutecznej argumentacji w dyskusji politycznej. Artykuł przedstawia teoretyczne rozważania na temat racji stanu i interesie narodowym. W artykule podjęto próbę rozróżnienia znaczeń tych dwóch pojęć. W artykule przedstawiono rozwój rozumienia wyżej wymienionych kategorii, jak i próbę ich teoretycznego ujęcia. Ponadto odniesiono się do rozumienia racji stanu i interesu narodowego m.in. w koncepcji N. Machiavellego, C. Le Breta i różnych współczesnych autorów.
W teoretycznym ujęciu interesu narodowego pomocna była koncepcja V. Udalova, która wprowadzała podział ze względu na rozumienie tej kategorii w dorobku badaczy z dwóch przeciwstawnych bloków podczas zimnej wojny – USA i ZSRR. Według niego kategoria interesu narodowego u badaczy amerykańskich sprowadzona została do potrzeb, teleologicznych determinantów oraz nie poddających się negocjacji przyczyn ludzkich zachowań (na każdym poziomie od indywidualnego do międzynarodowego). Na interes składają się – w tych ujęciach – takie pojęcia, jak przetrwanie, bezpieczeństwo i tożsamość. W przypadku badaczy wywodzących się z ZSRR interes rozważany był jako podstawowy element motywacji, gdzie w centrum było ludzkie myślenie i działanie, które to formułują postawy, cele i intencje.
Dodatkowo w artykule odniesiono się do kategorii interesu w kontekście stosunków władzy w stosunkach międzynarodowych. Wynika to z faktu, że relacje siły w społeczności międzynarodowej w swej podstawie mają różne interesy. Możemy, więc mówić o wykorzystywaniu różnie definiowanej siły do realizacji własnych interesów przez podmioty państwowe. Na tak kształtowane interesy narodowe mogą mieć wpływ interesy różnych grup nacisku (działających zarówno w skali globalnej, jak i lokalnej) i sama rywalizacja polityczna wewnątrz państwa, która przybiera postać różnych interesów politycznych. Różność interesów po stronie wszystkich wymienionych podmiotów wykazuje, że relacje między nimi muszą charakteryzować się pewnym poziomem konfliktowości. Tak jak dla K. Marksa kategoria interesu była punktem wyjścia dla analizy procesów kształtowania się społeczeństw i konfliktów.
"""
The first part analyzes security in its philosophical, existential and biological contexts. These considerations are concluded with a general definition of security as the opportunity to fulfill one’s existential needs as well as to ensure one’s existence, survival and development. Security is also a state of certainty of the above opportunities.
The second part of the paper concerns the issue of the expansion of the notion of security. This is related to redefining power in international relations and with the progressing specialization of the fields of study that deal with the issue of security. Additionally, attention should be paid to the expanding repertoire of threats, which forms an element of numerous definitions of security. The expansion of this repertoire itself may be a consequence of increased awareness in various realms of social activity (e.g. environmental protection).
The last part concentrates on the ways of defining security and concerns four approaches to security as the (1) subject, (2) object, (3) a spatial entity, and (4) a process.
It can be said that the concept of security is open; it is impossible to present a single, clear set of definitions. This follows from the open repertoire of threats and different approaches of different fields. Therefore, static approaches to the essence of security should be criticized. It should also be stated that the range of the concept will continue to expand."
Wprowadzenie
1. BEZPIECZEŃSTWO W WYMIARZE KONCEPTUALNYM I TEORETYCZNYM
1.1. Bezpieczeństwo i zmieniająca się natura zagrożeń w dobie przemian globalnych
1.2. O trudnościach w definiowaniu bezpieczeństwa - implikacje dla teorii i praktyki
1.3. Pojęcie i istota bezpieczeństwa
1.4. Podstawowe ujęcia bezpieczeństwa
1.4.1. Ujęcie podmiotowe
1.4.2. Ujęcie przedmiotowe
1.4.3. Ujęcie procesualne
1.5. Między bezpieczeństwem negatywnym a pozytywnym
1.6. Pojęcie i istota bezpieczeństwa energetycznego
1.6.1. Znaczenie bezpieczeństwa energetycznego
1.6.2. Pojęcie bezpieczeństwa energetycznego w Unii Europejskiej
1.6.3. Pojęcie i istota bezpieczeństwa energetycznego na przykładzie Polski
1.6.4. Wnioski
1.7. Bezpieczeństwo energetyczne w perspektywie teoretycznej
1.7.1. (Neo)realizm i geopolityka wobec bezpieczeństwa energetycznego
1.7.2. Bezpieczeństwo energetyczne w ujęciu (neo)liberalnym
1.8. Wnioski
2. ZAPOTRZEBOWANIE NA ENERGIĘ I SUROWCE W ŚWIECIE - BILANS ENERGETYCZNY
2.1. Ropa (oraz produkty ropopochodne)
2.2. Gaz ziemny
2.3. Węgiel kopalny
2.4. Energia jądrowa
2.5. Energia odnawialna
2.6. Wnioski
3. UWARUNKOWANIA BEZPIECZEŃSTWA ENERGETYCZNEGO UNII EUROPEJSKIEJ
3.1. Podstawowe informacje o rynku energetycznym UE
3.2. Import gazu ziemnego i ropy naftowej do UE
3.2.1. „Brama wschodnia”
3.2.1.1. „Dialog energetyczny UE – Rosja”
3.2.1.2. „Azja Środkowa”
3.2.2. „Brama południowa”
3.2.3. „Brama północna”
3.3. Import węgla do UE
3.4. Energia jądrowa w UE
3.5. Energia odnawialna w UE
3.6. Wnioski
4. BEZPIECZEŃSTWO ENERGETYCZNE NA PRZYKŁADZIE POLSKI
4.1. Uwagi ogólne
4.2. Węgiel
4.2.1. Węgiel kamienny
4.2.2. Węgiel brunatny
4.3. Gaz - znaczenie i perspektywy rozwoju
4.3.1. Zasoby, wydobycie i zużycie gazu
4.3.2. Korytarz Północ.Południe
4.3.3. Terminal LNG
4.3.4. Gaz łupkowy
4.4. Morze Bałtyckie - problemy bezpieczeństwa energetycznego i gospodarczego
4.4.1. Czynniki konkurencyjności portów polskich
4.4.2. Konkurencyjność międzynarodowa polskich portów morskich po 1989 r.
4.4.3. Współczesny wymiar konkurencyjności międzynarodowej portów polskich w regionie Morza Bałtyckiego
4.4.4. Polskie porty morskie - obroty ładunkowe i tranzytowe
4.4.5. Gdańsk, Gdynia, Szczecin, Świnoujście - struktura ładunków
4.4.6. Przykład Portu Gdańsk
4.5. Obecność Rosji w przestrzeni gospodarczej Morza Bałtyckiego
4.5.1. Rozbudowa rosyjskich portów morskich
4.5.2. Nord Stream a Polska
4.6. Energia odnawialna
4.6.1. Struktura i specyfika odnawialnych źródeł energii w Polsce
4.6.2. Biomasa i biogaz
4.6.3. Energetyka wiatrowa
4.7. Energia jądrowa
4.8. Wnioski
Zakończenie
Bibliografia
Spis tabel i rysunków
Załączniki
Informacje o autorach
On the basis of the information submitted by the Attorney General to the legislature, it is to be pointed out that all the authorised services filed a total of 6035 petitions for monitoring and recording conversations, or for the institution of operational control in 2016. Courts consented to almost 97.5% of the 6035 petitions, and hence the small number of petitions that were recognised as unfounded (noteworthily, as by the general principles enacted, control in Poland is exercised in two stages, that is by the prosecutor’s office first, and by the court second) .
26 sierpnia 2014r. Prezes Najwyższej Izby Kontroli przedstawił główne tezy Raportu "na temat nadzoru nad służbami specjalnymi" w Polsce. Trudno odnieść się do treści raportu w ogóle, bowiem szczegółowe wyniki kontroli objęte zostały klauzulą tajności. Mimo to można odnieść się do głównych tez raportu, które publicznie przedstawił Przez NIK.
The "Energy Union" proposal already had its premiere at the World Economic Forum in January 2006, when the now former Prime Minister K. Marcinkiewicz suggested the so-called "Musketeers’ Pact" or energy solidarity pact (in context of the 2005-2006 gas conflict between Ukraine and Russian Federation). Is there a chance for this project to succeed? In fact, it is difficult to grasp the idea behind Prime Minister D. Tusk’s talking points. The main concept involves a different philosophy of gas market operation, which would be based on the principle of controlled purchase.
In the analysis, only the problem of the relations between the ABW (Internal Security Agency) officers and journalists comes under close scrutiny. Hence, the text does not touch upon all the aspects of exertion of influence on persons holding public offices or offices of similar nature (for more on this see Art. 37 of the 2002 Act and Art. 26 of the 2013 Bill).
The starting point for understanding the notion of the energy policy of the European Union is the supply chain security (i.e. the traditional notion of energy security). First and foremost, the problem of energy supply security was associated with the possibility of satisfying the state-generated demand for energy. However, this mindset soon turned out to be too limited. Energy supply security came to be associated with the social and economic level security, which is expressed in the definition of energy supply security included in the Green Paper of 2001 entitled Towards a European Strategy for the Security of Energy Supply. It reads that energy supply security means ensuring, for the well-being of its citizens and for the proper functioning of the economy, the uninterrupted physical availability of energy products on the market at an affordable price for all consumers (private and industrial ones), whilst respecting environmental concerns and looking towards sustainable development. The main elements that make up the definition are: (1) society, (2) economy, (3) uninterrupted availability of products, (4) prices affordable for consumers, (5) environment, and (6) sustainable development. In a nutshell one might say that energy supply security must allow for three contexts – (1) the social one, (2) the economic one, and (3) the environmental one.