Meat and Marine Scienes

Herbal fungicides are mostly used to control plant disease because of their ecofriendly nature and cost effectiveness. The present investigation focuses on the antifungal activity of some weed extracts viz., Achyranthes aspera, Parthenium hysterophorus, Cannabis sativa, Calotropis gigantean, Chenopodium album, Canada thistle, Phalaris minor, Cynoden dactylon, Argemone maxicana, Ageratum conyzoides, and Lantana camera against seed-borne phytopathogenic fungi causing wilt disease. Out of 11 weed tested, the extracts of Cannabis sativa, Ageratum conyzoides and Argemone maxicana, were found most effective against phytopathogenic fungi, Fusarium oxysporum. The MICs of the extracts were found to be 6.25 X 10-4, 3.125 X 10-5 and 3.125 X 10-5 l/ml against the tested pathogen respectively. On the basis of present results, the methanol extracts of Cannabis sativa, Argemone maxicana, and acetone extract of Ageratum conyzoides, can be used for the development of novel broad spectrum herbal fungicidal formulations after in vivo and field trial. Which is in progress.

Herbal fungicides are mostly using to control plant disease of fungi because of their ecofriendly nature and their cost effectiveness. The present investigation focuses on the antifungal activity of solvent based extracts extracted from some common weeds Achyranthes aspera, Parthenium hysterophorus, Cannabis sativa, Calotropis gigantean, Chenopodium album, Canada thistle, Phalaris minor, Cynoden dactylon, Argemone maxicana, Ageratum conyzoides, and Lantana camera were screened against seed-borne phytopathogenic fungus Alternaria SPP. by modified food poison method. The acetone, methanol, benzene, ethyl acetate and chloroform extracts of different parts of plants were evaluated for this study; the antifungal activity was more effect in extracts of Ageratum conyzoides and Parthenium hysterophorus, against
phytopathogenic fungus Alternaria SPP. The present study
suggests that chloroform and methnol extracts of Ageratum
conyzoides and methanol extract of Parthenium hysterophorus, can form the basis for the development of novel broad spectrum herbal fungicidal formulations. We conclude from this that these extracts exhibit amazing fungicidal properties that support the notion that plant extracts may be used as herbal fungicides.

Catla (Catla catla) and Rohu (Labeo rohita) are the major carp fish produced by freshwater aquaculture in India. Processing of these carp fish generate potentially large quantities of by-products and waste from non-edible fish parts by fish-processing factories and fish shops. The paper focuses on the extraction of the acid soluble collagen (ASC) and pepsin soluble collagen (PSC) from the skin of carp fish and subsequently their characteristics and in vitro fibril-forming ability. The extracted collagens characterized as type I collagen based on the electrophoretic pattern. Denaturation temperature for all the collagens extracted found to be 30.69-35.19 oC by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis. The extracted collagens exhibited higher solubility at low concentration of NaCl (0-0.4 M). All the ASC and PSC displayed different degrees of fibril-forming abilities and the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis confirmed their well-defined fibril morphologies. The degree of collagen fibril formation was significantly (p≤0.05) higher (78%) in rohu skin collagen than catla skin collagen (36%). In general, the characteristics of two carp skin collagens were unique as evidenced by the electrophoretic, DSC, SEM and fibril-forming patterns. Overall, the results indicated the feasibility of using the carp skin as a good alternative source of realistic high-quality collagen.

Microbial collagenases (EC 3.4.24.3) are promising enzymes in view of their extensive industrial and biological applications. The emerging evidence of potential food applications and health benefits revealed that microbial collagenases shows significant promise as a main component for bioactive functional ingredients/peptides preparation. Collagenases are the important virulence factors, which play a crucial role in the global degradation of the extracellular matrices of animals, due to their collagen degradation ability. There is a lack of scientific consent for a well-defined and proper screening of collagenase-producing microorganisms. A vast controversy was found in the literature regarding the correct identification of microbial collagenases. This review summarizes the current technologies and strategy used to improve the screening, production, and purification of microbial collagenases with a comprehensive insight especially focusing on the classification, structures and collagen-degrading mechanisms of M9 family representative collagenase. It also highlights the potential of microbial collagenases to develop a process for meat tenderization and bioactive “true” collagen peptides or hydrolysates preparation. In addition, the critical challenges and various strategies for potential applications of collagenase in food, nutrition, biotechnological and medical sectors are highlighted.

Aquatic, especially marine ecosystem is still an untapped reservoir of bioactive compounds, which have considerable potential to supply novel ingredients towards the development of commercial functional food products. Seafood products are the important part of diet in many nations. Moreover, as a source of protein, seafood plays a significant role as functional components that are essential to human health. In industry or local seafood shops, processing of seafood generates a huge quantity (50-80%) of nonedible by-products, which are discarded as waste or underutilized in several parts of the world. These seafood processing by-products are rich sources of various novel and valuable biomolecules such as collagen and gelatin. In this review, the scope for the sustainable valorisation of the huge quantity of by-products for the recovery of realistic collagen explored towards healthy and functional food ingredients. Furthermore, the significant challenges towards the development of collagen-based functional food ingredients also discussed.

BACKGROUND
The fish swim bladder is considered as a potential source of realistic collagen. Currently, the Indian major carp rohu (Labeo rohita) processing generates an enormous quantity of non-edible by-products including swim bladders, which are discarded as waste with no commercial value. In this investigation, collagen was prepared from rohu swim bladder and its physicochemical, and fibril forming capacity have been assessed.

RESULTS
The collagen isolated from rohu swim bladder was characterised as type I, containing α1 and α2 chains with triple helical structure by SDS-PAGE, FTIR, and amino acid analysis. Extracted collagen denaturation temperature was found 42.16 oC by DSC analysis and also exhibited a high solubility in the presence of low NaCl concentrations (0-0.6 mol L-1). The extracted collagen exhibited the higher fibril-formation capacity at 1.5 mol L-1 NaCl concentration. SEM microstructure of collagen showed a porous, sheet-like film, and multi-layered structure. The fibril formation capacity of collagen confirmed using SEM analysis.

CONCLUSION
The rohu swim bladder type I collagen was successfully extracted using the enzymatic method with a yield of 465.2 g kg-1 (dwb) and characterised with a well maintained triple helical structure. The extracted collagen has exhibited higher fibril-forming ability. The result of the study proved that utilisation of rohu swim bladder will open up a new avenue for better disposal of by-products and also help to minimise environmental pollution issues.

Collagen and collagen fibers have been widely documented as a potential and competitive biomaterial for medical applications. However, the searches for safe and realistic new collagen sources are still underway. Currently, fishery by-products (scales), a promising collagen source are usually discarded. In the present study, in vitro fibril-forming ability of the extracted fish scale collagen is reported. The aim of the investigation was to evaluate the concomitant comparison of fibril-forming abilities and characteristics of acid and pepsin soluble collagens from the scales of Indian major carp catla (Catla catla) and rohu (Labeo rohita). The extracted collagens were characterized as type I, with a total yield of 2.80–4.11% (w/w). Denaturation temperature determined for all collagens were between 35.9 and 37.7 °C. All collagens exhibited high solubility in acidic pH and low NaCl concentrations. SEM clarified the lyophilized collagens and their fibril-forming capacity. Amino acid content and radical scavenging efficacy were also analyzed for the extracted collagen. The results revealed that extracted scale collagen from a renewable biological source could be used as biomaterials in various sectors. It might be suitable for preparing collagen gel for biomedical devices or as a scaffold for cell culture because of its high stability and fibril formation capacity.

Background: Rice processing by-products derived proteins have been well acknowledged as rich sources of structurally diverse compounds (especially proteins) possess various health-related benefits along with a great therapeutic potential for the treatment and prevention of various diseases. Scope and approach: In this paper, we have reviewed and explored the possibilities for adapting the sustainable valorisation of rice processing by-products to generate bioactive hydrolysates and peptides for food and biotechnological industries. The role of computational derived approaches for the production and applications of bioactive hydrolysates and peptides from the parent protein has also been explored. Key findings and conclusions: Based on the emerging evidence of potential health benefits, the antioxidant potential of rice protein hydrolysate and peptides has been reviewed. The present review mainly highlights the recent research on rice proteins derived bioactive compounds for food and biotechnological applications using computational derived approaches with special reference to antioxidant activity. The safety, bioavailability and technological problems (towards the incorporation into food products) to deliver the bioactive peptides on the specific target has been discussed. The major opportunities and challenges are discussed for inspiring re-searchers/industries to investigate the critical problems that are responsible for preventing the utilisation of these approaches for the development of functional food and nutraceutical products.