麥斯·韋伯
| 麥斯·韋伯 | |
|---|---|
 | |
| 姓名原文 | Max Weber |
| 出生日 | 1864年4月21號  |
| 出生地 | 艾雅福 |
| 本名 | Maximilian Carl Emil Weber |
| 死亡日 | 1920年6月14號 （56歲） |
| 死亡地 | 慕尼黑 (威瑪共和國) |
| 死因 | 肺炎、西班牙流感 |
| 國籍 | 普魯士王國、威瑪共和國、德意志帝國 |
| 識嘅語言 | 德文、俄文、英文、意大利文、拉丁文 |
| 信奉 | 不可知論 |
| 母校 | 海德堡大學、University of Freiburg、維也納大學、慕尼黑大學、哥廷根大學、柏林洪堡大學、Kaiserin Augusta Gymnasium、斯特拉斯堡大學 |
| 職業 | 法學家、經濟學家、社會學者、哲學家、人類學家、律師、大學教員、musicologist、政治人、史學家 |
| 僱主 | 慕尼黑大學、University of Freiburg、海德堡大學、維也納大學 |
| 政黨 | National-Social Association、German Democratic Party、Progressive People's Party |
| 名作 | Economy and Society、The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism、Science as a Vocation、Politics as a Vocation、General Economic History、The Religion of China、The Religion of India、Ancient Judaism |
| 配偶 | Marianne Weber |
| 阿爸 | Max Weber |
| 阿媽 | Helene Sarah Julie Fallenstein |
| 兄弟姊妹 | Alfred Weber、Karl Weber |
[改維基數據] | |
麥斯·韋伯（德文：Max Weber，1864年4月21號—1920年6月14號）係德國嘅政治經濟學家同社會學家，一般認為佢係現代社會學嘅開山祖師。
佢最先響柏林大學教書，之後教過弗萊堡大學（Freiburg University）、海德堡大學 、維也納大學同埋慕尼黑大學。對佢嗰時嘅德國政治好有影響，喺德國談判梵爾賽條約（Treaty of Versailles）做過顧問，喺委員會度幫手起草韋馬憲章（Weimar Constitution）。
韋伯以個體為社會分析嘅基本單位，主張社會科學家應該以人嘅行為動機，以及佢哋對佢行為所賦予嘅意義來嚟研究社會學。如果唔了解個體，就冇辦法洞察群體嘅社會行為。喺宗教研究方面，韋伯認為價值觀先至係社會變動嘅強勢動力[1]。
佢寫過論文新教徒道德同資本主意興起 (The Protestant Ethic and the Rise of Capitalism），由宗教社會學（sociology of religion）講起，韋伯話宗教係西、東方發展出唔同文化嘅因素之一，重強調新教裏面一啲特質，對資本主義、官僚架構、理性法治國家嘅形成有相當重要性，喺政治係一份工（Politics as a Vocation），韋伯定義國家為「壟斷合法用暴力嘅實體」，呢個定義對日後政治學有好大嘅影響。
啟發
[編輯]
伊曼紐爾·康德同卡爾·馬克思，韋伯兩個影響佢嘅人物
韋伯深受德國唯心主義嘅影響，特別係新康德主義。佢係透過喺弗萊堡大學做同事嘅海因里希·李凱特接觸到呢種思想。[2]新康德主義認為現實本質上係混亂同埋唔可理解嘅，所有理性秩序都係源於人類思維集中注意力喺現實嘅某啲方面，再將所得嘅感知組織起嚟。呢個信念對韋伯嘅學術研究特別重要。[3]佢對社會科學方法論嘅睇法同當時嘅新康德主義哲學家兼社會學家格奧爾格·齊美爾嘅工作有平行之處。[4]韋伯都受到康德倫理學嘅廣泛影響，但佢開始覺得喺缺乏宗教確定性嘅現代社會中，呢種倫理學已經過時。[5]結果，佢對康德同新康德主義嘅詮釋變得悲觀。[6]
韋伯係回應緊尼采哲學對現代思想嘅影響。佢喺倫理學領域嘅目標係要喺佢所理解嘅後形而上學時代中，搵到非任意定義嘅自由。呢個代表咗佢思想中康德主義同尼采主義嘅分歧。[7]喺1920年同奧斯瓦爾德·斯賓格勒辯論之後，韋伯話當時世界受到尼采同馬克思嘅重大知識影響。[8]喺《新教倫理與資本主義精神》同「作為天職嘅科學」中，韋伯負面咁形容咗「die 'letzten Menschen'」（「最後嘅人」），呢啲係佢喺兩篇文章中警告過嘅尼采式「無精神嘅專家」。[9]同樣，佢都用過尼采嘅ressentiment（怨恨）概念喺佢討論神義論嘅時候，但佢嘅詮釋方式唔同。韋伯唔鍾意尼采對呢個主題嘅情緒化處理方式，亦都唔將佢解釋為源自猶太教嘅一種主奴道德。[10]
韋伯喺夏洛滕堡讀書嘅時候，讀咗歌德全部四十冊著作，歌德後來影響咗佢嘅方法論同概念。[11]對佢嚟講，歌德係德國歷史上嘅重要人物之一。[12]喺佢嘅著作中，包括《新教倫理與資本主義精神》，韋伯多次引用歌德嘅說話。[13]佢喺文章中使用「選擇性親和力」呢個詞可能係源自歌德，因為歌德嘅一部作品就用咗呢個做標題。[14]韋伯都受到歌德使用希臘語daimon（命運）嘅影響。呢個概念影響咗韋伯嘅觀點，認為一個人嘅命運係無可避免嘅，但可以用經驗創造知識熱情。[15]佢認為歌德、佢嘅浮士德，同尼采嘅查拉圖斯特拉都係代表超人嘅人物，表達咗人類行為嘅品質，不斷追求知識。[16]
卡爾·馬克思嘅著作同學術界同政治界嘅社會主義思想都係韋伯生平嘅另一個主要影響。[17]雖然韋伯同馬克思一樣認為社會衝突好重要，但佢唔認為如果維持社會嘅傳統比衝突更受重視，社會就會被破壞。再者，佢認為社會衝突可以喺現有嘅社會制度內解決。[18]卡爾·勒維特喺1932年寫嘅文章中，將馬克思同韋伯嘅著作做咗對比，認為佢哋都對西方資本主義嘅成因同影響感興趣，但佢哋從唔同嘅角度睇呢個問題。馬克思從異化嘅角度睇資本主義，而韋伯就用理性化嘅概念去解釋。[19]韋伯仲將馬克思對異化嘅詮釋由工人同佢嘅工作疏離嘅具體概念，擴展到知識分子同官僚嘅類似情況。[20]冷戰期間嘅學者經常將韋伯解釋為「對馬克思嘅資產階級回應」，但事實上佢係回應緊威廉時代德國資產階級嘅相關問題。喺呢方面，佢專注於理性同非理性之間嘅衝突。[21]
遺產
[編輯]韋伯嘅最具影響力嘅工作係喺經濟社會學、政治社會學同宗教社會學方面。同馬克思同涂爾幹一齊，佢通常被視為現代社會學嘅創始人之一。[22] 佢喺發展社會科學嘅反實證主義、詮釋學傳統方面起咗重要作用。[23] 韋伯影響咗好多唔同政治光譜嘅學者。左傾嘅社會理論家Template:Snd例如阿多諾、霍克海默、盧卡奇同哈貝馬斯Template:Snd都受到佢關於現代性同現代化之間摩擦嘅討論影響。[24] 作為呢方面嘅一部分，佢對現代性同理性化嘅分析顯著影響咗法蘭克福學派嘅批判理論。[25] 右傾學者Template:Snd包括卡爾·施密特、熊彼特、列奧·施特勞斯、漢斯·摩根索同雷蒙·阿隆Template:Snd強調佢思想嘅唔同元素。佢哋重視佢對民主中嘅強勢領導、政治倫理同價值中立同價值相對主義嘅關係，以及運用政治行動對抗官僚主義嘅討論。[7] 從哲學角度研究佢作品嘅學者，包括施特勞斯、漢斯·亨利克·布魯恩同阿爾弗雷德·舒茨，傳統上都係從歐陸哲學嘅角度嚟睇佢嘅作品。[26]
韋伯研究
[編輯]韋伯學術研究嘅開始因為魏瑪共和國學術生活嘅混亂而延遲。惡性通脹令韋伯對議會民主嘅支持受到教授們對佢失去尊重嘅影響。[27] 佢哋對政治嘅疏離令好多人變得悲觀，更接近奧斯華·斯賓格勒喺佢嘅《西方嘅沒落》中表達嘅歷史觀點。[28] 再者，大學越嚟越受到國家控制同影響。納粹黨上台之後，呢個進程加快咗。之前佔主導地位嘅社會學風格，即係阿爾弗雷德·維爾坎特同利奧波德·馮·維塞嘅風格，大部分被支持納粹嘅社會學取代咗。漢斯·弗雷耶同奧特馬·斯潘係呢個運動嘅代表，而沃納·桑巴特開始支持集體主義同納粹主義。[29] 納粹黨嘅崛起令韋伯嘅學術研究喺德國學術界處於邊緣地位。不過，喺呢個過程中，有啲韋伯學者離開咗德國，佢哋大多數喺美國同英國定居。[30]
呢啲學者開始參與美國同英國嘅學術研究，同時韋伯嘅著作，例如《通用經濟史》，開始被翻譯成英文。美國學者塔爾科特·帕森斯喺1920年代喺德國讀書期間受到韋伯同桑巴特嘅著作影響。佢獲得瑪麗安娜·韋伯嘅許可，喺1930年嘅論文集《宗教社會學論文集》中發表咗《新教倫理與資本主義精神》嘅翻譯。呢個由出版商大幅編輯過嘅翻譯版本最初並唔成功。[31] 帕森斯將呢個翻譯作為佢建立學術社會學嘅一部分，結果係佢1937年嘅著作《社會行動嘅結構》。喺呢本書入面，帕森斯認為韋伯同涂爾幹係奠基性嘅社會學家。不過，佢嘅書喺第二次世界大戰之後先成功。之後佢出版咗《經濟與社會》嘅翻譯，即《社會同經濟組織理論》。帕森斯日益增長嘅學術地位令呢本書本身嘅影響力都提高咗。其他翻譯開始出現，包括C·賴特·米爾斯同漢斯·格斯喺1946年嘅《馬克斯·韋伯：社會學論文集》。佢哋嘅著作係韋伯著作嘅摘錄集。喺呢十年嘅最後一年，愛德華·希爾斯編輯咗韋伯嘅《方法論文集》嘅翻譯，發表為《社會科學方法論》。[32]
隨住1940年代結束，韋伯嘅學術聲譽因為學者們通過帕森斯嘅結構功能主義同米爾斯嘅衝突理論嘅視角嚟詮釋而提高。[33] 喺隨後嘅幾十年裏面，韋伯作品嘅翻譯版本繼續出版，包括關於法律、宗教、音樂同城市嘅著作。儘管翻譯有缺陷，但已經可以大致完整咁了解韋伯嘅學術研究。不過翻譯嘅出版唔夠系統，令學者唔知道唔同文本之間嘅聯繫。[34] 1968年，瑪麗安娜·韋伯準備嘅《經濟與社會》完整翻譯出版咗。[35] 雖然同帕森斯嘅結構功能主義分開嘅韋伯詮釋從《馬克斯·韋伯論文集》開始，但更加政治同歷史嘅詮釋由雷因哈德·本迪克斯1948年嘅《馬克斯·韋伯：知識分子肖像》、拉爾夫·達倫多夫1957年嘅《工業社會嘅階級同衝突》，同約翰·雷克斯1962年嘅《社會學理論嘅主要問題》提出。雷蒙·阿隆喺佢1965年嘅著作《社會學思想嘅主要潮流》中對韋伯嘅詮釋，提供咗一個同帕森斯對社會學歷史嘅看法不同嘅角度。韋伯雖然仍然係重要嘅一部分，但開始被視為三個奠基人物之一，另外兩個係馬克思同涂爾幹。安東尼·吉登斯喺1971年出版嘅《資本主義同現代社會理論》中鞏固咗呢種詮釋。喺1970年代結束之後，更多韋伯較少人注意嘅著作被出版。呢個努力同繼續寫嘅批評性評論同步進行，包括喺2000年創辦咗一份專門研究呢啲學術嘅學術期刊《馬克斯·韋伯研究》。[36]
《馬克斯·韋伯全集》
[編輯]出版韋伯全集嘅想法係由霍斯特·拜爾喺1972年提出嘅。一年之後，《馬克斯·韋伯全集》，一套收錄佢所有著作嘅多卷本，開始成形。[37] 沃爾夫岡·蒙森、沃爾夫岡·施盧赫特、約翰內斯·溫克爾曼、M·賴納·萊普修斯同霍斯特·拜爾係初期編輯。蒙森2004年去世之後，岡戈爾夫·休賓格繼承咗佢嘅位置。溫克爾曼、萊普修斯同拜爾都喺項目完成之前去世咗。[38] 呢啲著作係按照時間順序同主題結合嚟組織嘅，韋伯冇打算出版嘅材料純粹係按照時間順序排列。除咗《新教倫理與資本主義精神》係以初版同最終版本一齊出版之外，其他都用咗每個文本嘅最終版本。[39] 莫爾·西貝克出版社被選中出版呢套書。[40] 呢個項目喺1981年向學術界公布，出版咗一份通俗稱為「綠色小冊子」嘅說明書。呢份說明書概述咗呢個系列嘅三個部分：「著作同演講」、「信件」同「講稿同課堂筆記」。[41] 四年之後，呢個項目開始出版。[42] 佢喺2020年6月完成，包括四十七卷，其中兩卷係索引卷。[43]
參考
[編輯]- ↑ Neil J.Smelser，《社會學》，頁490-491，1991年，桂冠圖書。
- ↑ Kim 2022; Barker 1980, pp. 224–225; Eliaeson 1990, pp. 17–18.
- ↑ Kim 2022; Barker 1980, pp. 241–242.
- ↑ Frisby 2002, p. 46.
- ↑ Kim 2022; Turner 2011, pp. 85–86; Albrow 1990, pp. 47–50.
- ↑ Kim 2022; Barker 1980, pp. 224–225.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Kim 2022.
- ↑ Weber 1964, pp. 554–555; Turner 2011, p. 77; Radkau 2009, p. 167.
- ↑ Turner 2011, p. 77; Kent 1983, pp. 301–302; Tribe 2018, p. 134.
- ↑ Adair-Toteff 2013, pp. 99–102.
- ↑ Kaesler 1988, p. 2; McKinnon 2010, pp. 110–112; Kent 1983, pp. 297–303.
- ↑ Kent 1983, pp. 301–304; McKinnon 2010, pp. 110–112.
- ↑ McKinnon 2010, pp. 110–112; Kent 1983, pp. 297–303.
- ↑ McKinnon 2010, pp. 110–111; Kent 1983, p. 308.
- ↑ Scaff 1989, pp. 68; Albrow 1990, p. 70; Sahni 2001, p. 424.
- ↑ Kent 1983, pp. 301–304; Sahni 2001, pp. 423–424.
- ↑ Turner 2011, p. 77; Radkau 2009, p. 167.
- ↑ Mayer 1975, pp. 710–711.
- ↑ Löwith & Turner 1993, p. 34.
- ↑ Albrow 1990, p. 108.
- ↑ Albrow 1990, pp. 106–109; Honigsheim 2017, pp. 187–188; Löwith & Turner 1993, pp. 34–35, 62.
- ↑ Petersen 2017, p. 29; Scott 2019, pp. 183–184.
- ↑ Rhoads 2021, p. 40; Turner 2001b, p. 16406.
- ↑ Kim 2022; Löwy 1996, pp. 431–441; Celikates & Flynn 2023.
- ↑ Celikates & Flynn 2023; Löwy 1996, pp. 438–439.
- ↑ Turner 2007, p. 39.
- ↑ Scott 2019, p. 179.
- ↑ Scott 2019, p. 179; Turner 2001a, p. 16408.
- ↑ Scott 2019, pp. 179–180.
- ↑ Scott 2019, pp. 179–180; Turner 2001a, p. 16408.
- ↑ Scott 2019, p. 180; Derman 2012, pp. 35–36; Swedberg & Agevall 2016, pp. 211–212.
- ↑ Scott 2019, pp. 180–182; Turner 2001a, p. 16409; Oakes & Vidich 1999, pp. 404–405.
- ↑ Scott 2019, pp. 182–183; Turner 2001a, pp. 16409–16410.
- ↑ Scott 2019, pp. 182–183.
- ↑ Scott 2019, pp. 182–183; Roth 2016, pp. 250–253; Swedberg & Agevall 2016, p. 109.
- ↑ Scott 2019, pp. 183–184; Smith 2019, p. 101.
- ↑ Hanke, Hübinger & Schwentker 2012, pp. 65–70.
- ↑ Lichtblau 2022, pp. 74–76.
- ↑ Lichtblau 2022, pp. 79–81.
- ↑ Hanke, Hübinger & Schwentker 2012, pp. 77–79; Lichtblau 2022, pp. 74, 79; Adair-Toteff 2014, p. 117.
- ↑ Hanke, Hübinger & Schwentker 2012, p. 84.
- ↑ Hanke, Hübinger & Schwentker 2012, pp. 90–91; Lichtblau 2022, pp. 74–75; Adair-Toteff 2014, p. 113.
- ↑ Lichtblau 2022, pp. 74–75.
讀深入啲
[編輯]- Korotayev A., Malkov A., Khaltourina D. Introduction to Social Macrodynamics. Moscow: URSS, 2006. ISBN 5-484-00414-4 [1] (Chapter 6: Reconsidering Weber: Literacy and "the Spirit of Capitalism").
- Guenther Roth|Roth, Guenther (2001). Max Webers deutsch-englische Familiengeschichte. J.C.B. Mohr (Paul Siebeck). ISBN 3-16-147557-7
- Marianne Weber|Weber, Marianne (1926/1988). Max Weber: A Biography. New Brunswick: Transaction Books. ISBN 0-471-92333-8
- Richard Swedberg "Max Weber as an Economist and as a Sociologist", American Journal of Economics and Sociology
- Richard Swedberg, Max Weber and the Idea of Economic Sociology. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-07013-X
- Radkau, Joachim (2005). Max Weber The most important Weber-biography on Max Weber's life and torments since Marianne Weber.
- Talcott Parsons, Review of Max Weber: An Intellectual Portrait. by Reinhard Bendix, American Sociological Review Vol. 25, No. 5 (Oct., 1960), pp. 750-752
- T. H. Marshall, Review of Max Weber: An Intellectual Portrait. by Reinhard Bendix, British Journal of Sociology, Vol. 12, No. 2 (Jun., 1961), pp. 184-188
文獻
[編輯]一覽
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