Atom
Iathomu lisuntswana elisisiseko leekhemikhali. Iatom iqulathe i-nucleus yeeprotons kunye ne-neutron ngokubanzi, ejikelezwe libubu le-electron elibotshwe ngombane. Izinto zekhemikhali zahlulwa enye kwenye ngenani leeproton ezikwiiathom zazo. Ngokomzekelo, nayiphi na i-athomu equlethe iiproton ezili-11 yi- sodium, kwaye nayiphi na i-athomu equlethe iiproton ezingama-29 yobhedu. Iiathom ezinenani elifanayo leeprotons kodwa inani elahlukileyo lee-neutron zibizwa ngokuba yi-isotopes yesiqalelo esifanayo.
I-athomu zincinci kakhulu, zihlala zijikeleze i-100 ipicometers ngapha. Uboya bomntu bumalunga nesigidi seeathom zekhabhoni ububanzi. Oku kuncinane kunobona bude bufutshane bobude bokukhanya okubonakalayo, okuthetha ukuba abantu abanakubona iiathom ezinemikroskopu eqhelekileyo. Iiathom zincinci kangangokuba ukuxela kwangaphambili ngokuchanekileyo isimilo sazo kusetyenziswa i-classical physics akunakwenzeka ngenxa yeziphumo zequantum.
Ngaphezulu kwe-99.94% yobunzima beathom bukwinucleus. Iiprotoni zinentlawulo yombane evumayo kwaye iineutron azihlawulisi, ngoko ke i-nucleus ihlawuliswa ngokuqinisekileyo. Ii-electron zihlawuliswa kakubi, kwaye le ntlawulo echasayo yiyo ebophelela kwi-nucleus. Ukuba amanani eeproton kunye nee-electron zilingana, njengoko ziqhelekile, ke i-athomu ayithathi hlangothi yombane iyonke. Ukuba i-athomu ineelektroni ezininzi kuneeproton, ngoko inentlawulo embi iyonke, kwaye ibizwa ngokuba yi- ion engalunganga (okanye i-anion). Ngokwahlukileyo, ukuba ineeproton ezininzi kunee-electron, inentlawulo efanelekileyo, kwaye ibizwa ngokuba yi-ion enhle (okanye i-cation).
Ii-electron zeathom zitsalwa kwiiprotons ezikwinucleus yeathom ngamandla ombane wombane. Iiproton kunye ne-neutron kwinucleus zitsalwa enye kwenye ngamandla enyukliya. La mandla adla ngokuba namandla ngaphezu kwamandla e-electromagnetic agxotha iiprotons ezichajiwe kakuhle ukusuka kwenye. Phantsi kweemeko ezithile, i-electromagnetic force egxothayo iba namandla ngaphezu kwamandla enyukliya. Kule meko, i-nucleus iyahlukana kwaye ishiya ngasemva izinto ezahlukeneyo . Olu luhlobo oluthile lokubola kwenyukliya .
Iiathom zinokuncamathela kwenye okanye ngaphezulu kwezinye iiathom ngeekhemikhali ezibopha iikhompawundi zeekhemikhali ezinjengeemolekyuli okanye iikristale . Ukukwazi kwee-athom ukuncamathela kunye nokuqhawula omnye komnye kunoxanduva loninzi lotshintsho olubonakalayo kwindalo. IKhemistri yinzululwazi ephonononga olu tshintsho.