JavaScript Errors
Errors Will Happen!
When executing JavaScript code, different errors can occur.
Errors can be coding errors made by the programmer, errors due to wrong input, and other unforeseeable things:
- Reference Errors
- Type Errors
- Range Errors
- URI Errors
- Syntax Errors
- Eval Error (deprecated)
- Silent Errors (next chapter)
How to Handle JavaScript Errors
The try statement allows you to define a block of code to be
tested for errors while it is being executed.
The catch statement allows you to define a block of code to
be executed, if an error occurs in the try block.
The JavaScript statements try and catch
come in pairs:
try {
Block of code to try
}
catch(err) {
Block of code to handle errors
}
Reference Errors
A ReferenceError occurs if you use (reference) a variable that does not exist.
| Error Type | Example | Error |
|---|---|---|
| ReferenceError | fname = foo; | foo is not defined |
| ReferenceError | let x = y; let y = 5; |
Cannot access y before initialization |
Examples
You cannot use a non-existing variable:
let x = 5;
try {
x = y + 1;
}
catch(err) {
let text = err.name;
}
Try it Yourself »
Cannot access a variable before initialization:
try {
let x = y;
let y = 5;
}
catch(err) {
let text = err.name;
}
Try it Yourself »
JavaScript Type Errors
A Type Error occurs when a value is of the wrong type or an operation
is invalid on that type.
| Error | Example | Error Message |
|---|---|---|
| TypeError | Anna(5); | Anna is not a function |
| Type Error | let num = 1; num.toUpperCase(); |
num.toUpperCase is not a function |
Examples
Anna() is not a function:
try {
Anna(5);
}
catch(err) {
let text = err.name;
}
Try it Yourself »
You cannot convert a number to upper case:
let num = 1;
try {
num.toUpperCase();
}
catch(err) {
let text = err.name;
}
Try it Yourself »
JavaScript Range Errors
A RangeError occurs when a value is out of its valid range.
| Error Type | Example | Error Message |
|---|---|---|
| RangeError | new Array(-1); | Invalid array length |
| RangeError | num.toPrecision(500); | toPrecision() argument must be between 1 and 100 |
Examples
You cannot set the number of array elements to -1:
try {
new Array(-1);
}
catch(err) {
let text = err.name;
}
Try it Yourself »
You cannot set the number of significant digits of a number to 500:
let num = 1;
try {
num.toPrecision(500); // A number cannot have 500
significant digits
}
catch(err) {
let text = err.name;
}
Try it Yourself »
JavaScript URI Errors
(Uniform Resource Identifier Errors)
An URIError occurs if you use illegal characters in a URI function:
| Error Type | Example | Error Message |
|---|---|---|
| URIError | decodeURI("%%%"); | URI malformed |
Example
try {
decodeURI("%%%"); // You cannot URI decode
percent signs
}
catch(err) {
document.getElementById("demo").innerHTML = err.name;
}
Try it Yourself »
JavaScript Syntax Errors
A Syntax Error occurs when the code violates JavaScript's grammar rules.
| Error | Example | Error |
|---|---|---|
| SyntaxError | fname = "John); | Invalid or unexpected token ) |
| SyntaxError | Math.round(4.6; | Missing ) after argument list |
Example
In this example we have made the mistake of not closing the string:
// This line cannot be parsed by JavaScript
let fName = "John);
// Execution stops here
Try it Yourself »
The statement above will generate the error: Invalid or unexpected token
Execution of the program will stop!
Syntax Errors are Not Catchable
- Syntax errors are not catchable by try...catch
- Syntax errors happen before runtime
Example
The code below should produce an error, but it does not:
try {
let x = Math.round(4.6;)
}
catch(err) {
let text = err.name + " " + err.description;
}
Try it Yourself »
Syntax Issue
Math.round(4.6;)
The line above is syntactically invalid JavaScript. There is an extra semicolon inside the parentheses. The correct syntax should be:
Math.round(4.6);
Why
The point is how the browser handles syntax errors:
The JavaScript engine throws a SyntaxError before running the script.
Syntax errors are caught before the try...catch block executes.
This means the try block never starts. The script just fails to run (no let text = update).
Note
The browser console (F12 → Console tab) would show something like:
Uncaught SyntaxError: missing ) after argument list.
JavaScript Eval Error
An EvalError indicates an error in the eval() function.
Newer versions of JavaScript do not throw EvalError.
Use SyntaxError instead.
