ona

See also: Appendix:Variations of "ona"

Pronunciation

Audio: (file)

Pronoun

ona

dative of o

Pronunciation

Audio: (file)

Adjective

ona

absolutive singular of on

Etymology

Inherited from Latin unda, from Proto-Indo-European *unt-.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): (Central, Balearic) [ˈo.nə]

IPA^(key): (Valencia) [ˈo.na]
Audio: (file)
Rhymes: -ona

Noun

ona f (plural ones)

wave

Derived terms

Related terms

ondós

References

“ona” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
“ona”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2024
“ona” in Diccionari normatiu valencià, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua.
“ona” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.

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Noun

ona

tomorrow

Verb

ona

to go

Etymology

Inherited from Old Czech ona, from Proto-Slavic *ona.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [ˈona]
Audio: (file)

Pronoun

ona f

she (third person feminine singular personal pronoun)

Declension

More information singular, nominative ...

	singular
nominative	ona
genitive	jí, ní¹
dative	jí, ní¹
accusative	ji, ni¹
vocative	—
locative	ní¹
instrumental	jí, ní¹

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Declension of ona (sg-only feminine pronoun)

¹After a preposition.

Pronoun

ona n pl

they (third person neuter plural personal pronoun)

Declension

More information plural, nominative ...

	plural
nominative	ona
genitive	jich, nich¹
dative	jim, nim¹
accusative	je, ně¹
vocative	—
locative	nich¹
instrumental	jimi, nimi¹

Close

Declension of ona (pl-only neuter pronoun)

¹After a preposition.

Related terms

More information singular, plural ...

		singular	plural
1st person		já	my
2nd person	familiar	ty	vy
2nd person	polite	vy	vy
3rd person	m	on	oni*
	f	ona	ony
	n	ono	ona
reflexive		sebe, se (clitic)
* animate referents only, for inanimate ones ony is used.

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Czech personal pronouns

Pronoun

ona

inflection of onen:
1. nominative feminine singular
2. nominative/accusative neuter plural

Verb

ona

to be low (not high)
to be low, humble
to be short (not tall)
to descend

Antonyms

chua

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈo.na/, [ˈo.nə]

Pronoun

ona

his, her, its (o-type possessive)

Usage notes

Used after negatives, numbers, locative nouns, certain prepositions, and after nouns preceded by an article or a k-determiner.

Related terms

kona

Verb

ona

(transitive) infatuated, attracted

Romanization

ona

Rōmaji transcription of おな

Etymology

Hinde (1904) records kuona “find” and kuonna “see” as equivalents of English find and see in “Jogowini dialect” of Kikuyu, listing also Swahili kuona (“to find, to see”) as their equivalent.^[1]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ɔna/

Verb

ona (infinitive kuona or kũona)

to see^[2]^[3]^[4]
to find^[2]^[3]^[4]
to get into, to find oneself (unusual situation)^[4]

Synonyms

(to see): kũrora

Derived terms

(Verbs)

(Nouns)

kĩoneki class 7

(Proverbs)

kũona kĩmera ti kuo gũkĩrĩa
kuona kuonagia mũndũ njĩra

References

[1]
Hinde, Hildegarde (1904). Vocabularies of the Kamba and Kikuyu languages of East Africa, pp. 24–25, 52–53. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[2]
Armstrong, Lilias E. (1940). The Phonetic and Tonal Structure of Kikuyu, p. 362. Rep. 1967. (Also in 2018 by Routledge).
[3]
Barlow, A. Ruffell (1960). Studies in Kikuyu Grammar and Idiom, p. 36.
[4]
“ona” in Benson, T.G. (1964). Kikuyu-English dictionary, p. 359. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *-jóna.

Verb

-óma

to spoil
to sin

Inflection

This verb needs an inflection-table template.

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *ona.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): (13^th CE) /ˈona/

IPA^(key): (15^th CE) /ˈona/

Pronoun

ona f sg or m du or n pl (third person)

she (feminine singular)
they two (masculine dual)
they (neuter plural)

Declension

More information Singular, Masculine ...

Singular	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	on	ona	ono
Genitive	jeho, (j)ho, ň(e)ho	jie, nie	jeho, (j)ho, ň(e)ho
Dative	jemu, (j)mu, ňemu	jí, jiej, ní, niej	jemu, (j)mu, ňemu
Accusative	jej, jen, ji, jeho, (j)ho -ň, ňej, ňen, ni, ň(e)ho	ju, ňu	je, ňe + later masculine
Locative	ňem	ní, niej	ňem
Instrumental	jím, ním	jú, ňú	jím, ním

Possessive	jeho	(je)jie, její^later	jeho
Dual	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	ona	oně
Genitive	jú, ňú
Dative	jima, nima
Accusative	jě, ně	ji, ni
Locative	ňú
Instrumental	jima, nima

Possessive	(je)jú
Plural	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	oni	ony	ona
Genitive	jich, nich
Dative	jim, nim
Accusative	jě, ně
Locative	nich
Instrumental	jimi, nimi

Possessive	(je)jich

Close

Declension of the third-person pronouns (around AD 1300)

Descendants

Czech: ona

Pronoun

ona

inflection of onen:

Etymology

Inherited from Old Polish ona. The oblique case forms come from Proto-Slavic *ja.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈɔ.na/
Audio 1: (file)
Audio 2: (file)
Rhymes: -ɔna
Syllabification: o‧na

Pronoun

ona f (masculine on, neuter ono)

she (for animate nouns), it (for inanimate feminine nouns)

Declension

More information singular, nominative ...

	singular
nominative	ona
genitive	jej/niej
dative	jej/niej
accusative	ją/nią
instrumental	nią
locative	niej
vocative	—

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Declension of ona

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *ona.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ǒna/
Hyphenation: o‧na

Pronoun

òna (Cyrillic spelling о̀на)

she
they (nominative plural of òno (“it”))

Declension

More information Singular, Plural ...

	Singular			Plural
	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
nominative	ȏn	òna	òno	òni	òne	òna
genitive	njȅga, ga	njȇ, je	njȅga, ga	njȋh, ih	njȋh, ih	njȋh, ih
dative	njȅmu, mu	njȏj, joj	njȅmu, mu	njȉma, im	njȉma, im	njȉma, im
accusative	njȅga, ga, nj	njȗ, ju, je	njȅga, ga, nj	njȋh, ih	njȋh, ih	njȋh, ih
vocative	—	—	—	—	—	—
locative	njȅm, njȅmu	njȏj	njȅm, njȅmu	njȉma	njȉma	njȉma
instrumental	njȋm, njíme	njȏm, njóme	njȋm, njíme	njȉma	njȉma	njȉma

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Inflection of 3rd-person pronouns

Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *-bóna. Cognate to Zulu -bona.

Verb

-óná (infinitive kuóná)

to see

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *ona.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [ˈɔna]

Pronoun

ona f

feminine nominative singular of on (“she”)

Declension

More information singulare tantum, nominative ...

	singulare tantum
nominative	ona
genitive	jej / nej
dative	jej / nej
accusative	ju / ňu
locative	nej
instrumental	ňou

Close

Declension of ona

Related terms

More information substantive, possessive ...

		substantive		possessive
		singular	plural	singular	plural
1st person		ja	my	môj	náš
2nd person	familiar	ty	vy	tvoj	váš
2nd person	polite	vy		váš
3rd person	m	on	oni* / ony	jeho	ich
	f	ona		jej
	n	ono		jeho
reflexive		seba, sa (clitic)		svoj
* masculine animate only, ony otherwise.

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Slovak personal pronouns

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *ona.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ɔ̀ːna/

Pronoun

óna

she
nominative plural of ono

Inflection

More information Fourth feminine declension (adjectival endings), fixed accent, highly irregular Stressed ("naglasne") forms, nominative imenovȃlnik ...

Fourth feminine declension (adjectival endings), fixed accent, highly irregular Stressed ("naglasne") forms
nominative imenovȃlnik	óna	ónidve, onẹ̑dve	óne, onẹ̑
genitive rodȋlnik	njẹ́	njȋju, njȉh, njȗ	njȉh
dative dajȃlnik	njēj, njȅj, njȉ	njȋma	njȉm
accusative tožȋlnik	njọ̄	njȋju, njȉh, njȗ	njȉh, njẹ̑
locative mẹ̑stnik	njēj, njȅj, njȉ	njȋju, njȉh	njȉh
instrumental orọ̑dnik	njọ́	njȋma	njȋmi
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik)	ȏna	ȏnidve, onẹ̑dve	óne, onẹ̑

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More information Unstressed ("naslonske") forms, singular ...

Unstressed ("naslonske") forms
	singular	dual	plural
genitive rodȋlnik	je	ju, jih	jih
dative dajȃlnik	ji	jima	jim
accusative tožȋlnik	jo	ju	jih

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More information Binding ("navezne / predložne") accusative forms, singular ...

Binding ("navezne / predložne") accusative forms
	singular	dual	plural
unstressed	-njo	-nju	-nje
stressed	–	–	njẹ̑, njȉh

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Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *-jóna.

Verb

-ôna

to destroy, to damage, to spoil

Inflection

This noun needs an inflection-table template.

Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *-bóna. Cognate to Zulu -bona.

Pronunciation

Audio (Kenya): (file)

Verb

-ona (infinitive kuona)

to see, to find
to feel, to perceive

Conjugation

More information Conjugation of, Positive present ...

Conjugation of -ona

Positive present	-naona
Subjunctive	-one
Negative	-oni
Imperative singular	ona

Infinitives

Positive	kuona
Negative	kutoona

Imperatives

Singular	ona
Plural	oneni

Tensed forms

Habitual	huona
Positive past	positive subject concord + -liona
Negative past	negative subject concord + -kuona

Positive present (positive subject concord + -naona)
		Singular	Plural
1st person		ninaona/naona	tunaona
2nd person		unaona	mnaona
3rd person	m-wa_(I/II)	anaona	wanaona
3rd person	other classes	positive subject concord + -naona

Negative present (negative subject concord + -oni)
		Singular	Plural
1st person		sioni	hatuoni
2nd person		huoni	hamwoni
3rd person	m-wa_(I/II)	haoni	hawaoni
3rd person	other classes	negative subject concord + -oni

Positive future	positive subject concord + -taona
Negative future	negative subject concord + -taona

Positive subjunctive (positive subject concord + -one)
		Singular	Plural
1st person		nione	tuone
2nd person		uone	mwone
3rd person	m-wa_(I/II)	aone	waone
3rd person	other classes	positive subject concord + -one

Negative subjunctive	positive subject concord + -sione
Positive present conditional	positive subject concord + -ngeona
Negative present conditional	positive subject concord + -singeona
Positive past conditional	positive subject concord + -ngaliona
Negative past conditional	positive subject concord + -singaliona

Gnomic (positive subject concord + -aona)
		Singular	Plural
1st person		naona	twaona
2nd person		waona	mwaona
3rd person	m-wa_(I/II)	aona	waona
	m-mi_(III/IV)	waona	yaona
	ji-ma_(V/VI)	laona	yaona
	ki-vi_(VII/VIII)	chaona	vyaona
	n_(IX/X)	yaona	zaona
	u_(XI)	waona	see n_(X)* or ma_(VI) class*
	ku_(XV/XVII)	kwaona
	pa_(XVI)	paona
	mu_(XVIII)	mwaona

Perfect	positive subject concord + -meona
"Already"	positive subject concord + -meshaona
"Not yet"	negative subject concord + -jaona
"If/When"	positive subject concord + -kiona
"If not"	positive subject concord + -sipoona
Consecutive	kaona / positive subject concord + -kaona
Consecutive subjunctive	positive subject concord + -kaone

Object concord (indicative positive)
		Singular	Plural
1st person		-niona	-tuona
2nd person		-kuona	-waona/-kuoneni/-waoneni
3rd person	m-wa_(I/II)	-mwona	-waona
	m-mi_(III/IV)	-uona	-iona
	ji-ma_(V/VI)	-liona	-yaona
	ki-vi_(VII/VIII)	-kiona	-viona
	n_(IX/X)	-iona	-ziona
	u_(XI)	-uona	see n_(X)* or ma_(VI) class*
	ku_(XV/XVII)	-kuona
	pa_(XVI)	-paona
	mu_(XVIII)	-muona
Reflexive		-jiona

Relative forms

General positive (positive subject concord + (object concord) + -ona- + relative marker)
	Singular	Plural
m-wa_(I/II)	-onaye	-onao
m-mi_(III/IV)	-onao	-onayo
ji-ma_(V/VI)	-onalo	-onayo
ki-vi_(VII/VIII)	-onacho	-onavyo
n_(IX/X)	-onayo	-onazo
u_(XI)	-onao	see n_(X)* or ma_(VI) class*
ku_(XV/XVII)	-onako
pa_(XVI)	-onapo
mu_(XVIII)	-onamo

Other forms (subject concord + tense marker + relative marker + (object concord) + -ona)
	Singular	Plural
m-wa_(I/II)	-yeona	-oona
m-mi_(III/IV)	-oona	-yoona
ji-ma_(V/VI)	-loona	-yoona
ki-vi_(VII/VIII)	-choona	-vyoona
n_(IX/X)	-yoona	-zoona
u_(XI)	-oona	see n_(X)* or ma_(VI) class*
ku_(XV/XVII)	-koona
pa_(XVI)	-poona
mu_(XVIII)	-moona

Some forms not commonly seen in modern Standard Swahili are absent from the table. See Appendix:Swahili verbs for more information.

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Derived terms

Verbal derivations:
- Applicative: -onea (“look at; feel toward; be hostile to”)
- Causative: -onyesha (“show”), -onesha
- Passive: -onwa (“be seen”)
- Reciprocal: -onana, -onekana (“be visible; seem”)
- Other formations: -onya (“warn, admonish”)

Nominal derivations:
- maoni (“opinion, comment”)
- maono (“image”)

Noun

ona

definite plural of o

Anagrams

Noa

Etymology

From English honor.

Noun

ona

honor; glory; praise

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [ˈo.na]
Hyphenation: o‧na

Etymology 1

Borrowed from Samoan ʻona.

Conjunction

ona

because

Etymology 2

Borrowed from Samoan ona.

Particle

ona

Introduces subordinate clauses after mafai, tatau, faigatā and faigofie.

Etymology 3

From Proto-Polynesian *o-na. Cognates include Hawaiian ona and Samoan ona.

Pronoun

o ona

(inalienable) his, hers

Determiner

ona

(inalienable) his, her
- 1948, Tūlāfono fakavae a Tokelau [Constitution of Tokelau]‎, page 1:
  Ko te fakavae tenei e matea i nā nuku ma kafai ona tagata e faifaimea fakatahi, ma nonofo fakatahi i te filemu ma te fiafia.
  This foundation is recognised in the villages and if its people repeatedly do things together, and [if] they live together in peace and happiness.

References

R. Simona, editor (1986), Tokelau Dictionary‎, Auckland: Office of Tokelau Affairs, page 37

Etymology

Inherited from Common Bantu *jónà, variant of Proto-Bantu *-ncè (*-ncè > *-jéncè > *-jóncè > *-jóncà > *-jónà).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /óːna/

Determiner

-ona

all, whole, entire
omuti gwona ― (the) whole tree

abantu boona ― all (the) people
(in the singular) any, every
Synonym: buli

omuti gwona ― every tree

Inflection

More information Person, Singular ...

Person		Singular	Plural
1st person		nyeena	itwena
2nd person		weena	inywena
3rd person	1/2	weena	boona
	3/4	gwona	yoona
	5/6	lyona	goona
	7/8	kyona	byona
	9/10	yoona	zoona
	11/10	rwona	zoona
	12/14	koona	bwona
	13		twona
	14/6	bwona	goona
	15/6	kwona	goona
	16	hoona

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Inflected forms of -ona

References

Kaji, Shigeki (2007) A Rutooro Vocabulary‎, Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA), →ISBN, pages 433-434
Entry 3548 at Bantu Lexical Reconstructions 3

Pronunciation

Audio: (file)

Pronoun

ona

to him

More information Other scripts, Yangi Imlo ...

Other scripts
Yangi Imlo
Cyrillic	она‍
Latin	ona‍
Perso-Arabic (Afghanistan)	آنه

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Etymology

Inherited from Chagatai [Term?], from Proto-Turkic *ana (“mother”). Cognate with Uyghur ئانا / ana / ана (ana).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ɒ.na/, [ɒ̽.nɐ]
Hyphenation: o‧na

Noun

ona (plural onalar)

mother

Declension

More information singular, plural ...

	singular	plural
nominative	ona	onalar
genitive	onaning	onalarning
dative	onaga	onalarga
definite accusative	onani	onalarni
locative	onada	onalarda
ablative	onadan	onalardan
similative	onadek	onalardek

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Declension of ona

More information my, singular ...

my	singular	plural
nominative	onam	onalarim
genitive	onamning	onalarimning
dative	onamga	onalarimga
definite accusative	onamni	onalarimni
locative	onamda	onalarimda
ablative	onamdan	onalarimdan
similative	onamdek	onalarimdek
your	singular	plural
nominative	onang	onalaring
genitive	onangning	onalaringning
dative	onangga	onalaringga
definite accusative	onangni	onalaringni
locative	onangda	onalaringda
ablative	onangdan	onalaringdan
similative	onangdek	onalaringdek
her/his/its	singular	plural
nominative	onasi	onalari
genitive	onasining	onalarining
dative	onasiga	onalariga
definite accusative	onasini	onalarini
locative	onasida	onalarida
ablative	onasidan	onalaridan
similative	onasidek	onalaridek
our	singular	plural
nominative	onamiz	onalarimiz
genitive	onamizning	onalarimizning
dative	onamizga	onalarimizga
definite accusative	onamizni	onalarimizni
locative	onamizda	onalarimizda
ablative	onamizdan	onalarimizdan
similative	onamizdek	onalarimizdek
your	singular	plural
nominative	onangiz	onalaringiz
genitive	onangizning	onalaringizning
dative	onangizga	onalaringizga
definite accusative	onangizni	onalaringizni
locative	onangizda	onalaringizda
ablative	onangizdan	onalaringizdan
similative	onangizdek	onalaringizdek
their	singular	plural
nominative	onasi	onalari
genitive	onasining	onalarining
dative	onasiga	onalariga
definite accusative	onasini	onalarini
locative	onasida	onalarida
ablative	onasidan	onalaridan	similative	onasidek	onalaridek

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Possessive forms of ona

Etymology

From Middle High German āne, from Old High German āna, ānu, āno (“without”), from Proto-Germanic *ēnu, *ēnō (“without”), from Proto-Indo-European *anew, *enew (“without”). Cognate with German ohne.

Pronunciation

Audio: (file)

Preposition

ona

without, lacking

Pronoun

ona

(possessive) (genitive singular of on) its

Synonyms

onik

Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *-jóna.

Verb

-ôna

(transitive) to do wrong
(intransitive) to sin

Inflection

This verb needs an inflection-table template.

Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *-jóna.

Verb

-ôna

(transitive) to ruin, to spoil
(intransitive) to sin

Inflection

More information Tone HH, Infinitive ...

Tone HH
Infinitive	ukona
	Positive	Negative
Infinitive	ukona	ukungoni
	Imperative
	Simple	+ object concord
Singular	yona	-one
Plural	yonani	-oneni
	Present
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngiyona, ngona	engonayo, engona	ngona	angoni	engingoni	ngingoni
2nd singular	uyona, wona	owonayo, owona	wona	awoni	ongoni	ungoni
1st plural	siyona, sona	esonayo, esona	sona	asoni	esingoni	singoni
2nd plural	niyona, nona	enonayo, enona	nona	anoni	eningoni	ningoni
Class 1	uyona, wona	owonayo, owona	ona	akoni	ongoni	engoni
Class 2	bayona, bona	abonayo, abona	bona	aboni	abangoni	bengoni
Class 3	uyona, wona	owonayo, owona	wona	awoni	ongoni	ungoni
Class 4	iyona, yona	eyonayo, eyona	yona	ayoni	engoni	ingoni
Class 5	liyona, lona	elonayo, elona	lona	aloni	elingoni	lingoni
Class 6	ayona, ona	onayo, ona	ona	awoni	angoni	engoni
Class 7	siyona, sona	esonayo, esona	sona	asoni	esingoni	singoni
Class 8	ziyona, zona	ezonayo, ezona	zona	azoni	ezingoni	zingoni
Class 9	iyona, yona	eyonayo, eyona	yona	ayoni	engoni	ingoni
Class 10	ziyona, zona	ezonayo, ezona	zona	azoni	ezingoni	zingoni
Class 11	luyona, lona	olonayo, olona	lona	aloni	olungoni	lungoni
Class 14	buyona, bona	obonayo, obona	bona	aboni	obungoni	bungoni
Class 15	kuyona, kona	okonayo, okona	kona	akoni	okungoni	kungoni
Class 17	kuyona, kona	okonayo, okona	kona	akoni	okungoni	kungoni
	Recent past
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngonile, ngonē	engonile, engonē	ngonile, ngonē	angonanga	engingonanga	ngingonanga
2nd singular	wonile, wonē	owonile, owonē	wonile, wonē	awonanga	ongonanga	ungonanga
1st plural	sonile, sonē	esonile, esonē	sonile, sonē	asonanga	esingonanga	singonanga
2nd plural	nonile, nonē	enonile, enonē	nonile, nonē	anonanga	eningonanga	ningonanga
Class 1	wonile, wonē	owonile, owonē	onile, onē	akonanga	ongonanga	engonanga
Class 2	bonile, bonē	abonile, abonē	bonile, bonē	abonanga	abangonanga	bengonanga
Class 3	wonile, wonē	owonile, owonē	wonile, wonē	awonanga	ongonanga	ungonanga
Class 4	yonile, yonē	eyonile, eyonē	yonile, yonē	ayonanga	engonanga	ingonanga
Class 5	lonile, lonē	elonile, elonē	lonile, lonē	alonanga	elingonanga	lingonanga
Class 6	onile, onē	onile, onē	onile, onē	awonanga	angonanga	engonanga
Class 7	sonile, sonē	esonile, esonē	sonile, sonē	asonanga	esingonanga	singonanga
Class 8	zonile, zonē	ezonile, ezonē	zonile, zonē	azonanga	ezingonanga	zingonanga
Class 9	yonile, yonē	eyonile, eyonē	yonile, yonē	ayonanga	engonanga	ingonanga
Class 10	zonile, zonē	ezonile, ezonē	zonile, zonē	azonanga	ezingonanga	zingonanga
Class 11	lonile, lonē	olonile, olonē	lonile, lonē	alonanga	olungonanga	lungonanga
Class 14	bonile, bonē	obonile, obonē	bonile, bonē	abonanga	obungonanga	bungonanga
Class 15	konile, konē	okonile, okonē	konile, konē	akonanga	okungonanga	kungonanga
Class 17	konile, konē	okonile, okonē	konile, konē	akonanga	okungonanga	kungonanga
	Remote past
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngōna	engōna	ngōna	angonanga	engingonanga	ngingonanga
2nd singular	wōna	owōna	wōna	awonanga	ongonanga	ungonanga
1st plural	sōna	esōna	sōna	asonanga	esingonanga	singonanga
2nd plural	nōna	enōna	nōna	anonanga	eningonanga	ningonanga
Class 1	wōna	owōna	ōna	akonanga	ongonanga	engonanga
Class 2	bōna	abōna	bōna	abonanga	abangonanga	bengonanga
Class 3	wōna	owōna	wōna	awonanga	ongonanga	ungonanga
Class 4	yōna	eyōna	yōna	ayonanga	engonanga	ingonanga
Class 5	lōna	elōna	lōna	alonanga	elingonanga	lingonanga
Class 6	ōna	ōna	ōna	awonanga	angonanga	engonanga
Class 7	sōna	esōna	sōna	asonanga	esingonanga	singonanga
Class 8	zōna	ezōna	zōna	azonanga	ezingonanga	zingonanga
Class 9	yōna	eyōna	yōna	ayonanga	engonanga	ingonanga
Class 10	zōna	ezōna	zōna	azonanga	ezingonanga	zingonanga
Class 11	lōna	olōna	lōna	alonanga	olungonanga	lungonanga
Class 14	bōna	obōna	bōna	abonanga	obungonanga	bungonanga
Class 15	kōna	okōna	kōna	akonanga	okungonanga	kungonanga
Class 17	kōna	okōna	kōna	akonanga	okungonanga	kungonanga
	Potential
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngingona	—	ngingona	ngingone	—	ngingone
2nd singular	ungona	—	ungona	ungone	—	ungone
1st plural	singona	—	singona	singone	—	singone
2nd plural	ningona	—	ningona	ningone	—	ningone
Class 1	angona	—	engona	angone	—	engone
Class 2	bangona	—	bengona	bangone	—	bengone
Class 3	ungona	—	ungona	ungone	—	ungone
Class 4	ingona	—	ingona	ingone	—	ingone
Class 5	lingona	—	lingona	lingone	—	lingone
Class 6	angona	—	engona	angone	—	engone
Class 7	singona	—	singona	singone	—	singone
Class 8	zingona	—	zingona	zingone	—	zingone
Class 9	ingona	—	ingona	ingone	—	ingone
Class 10	zingona	—	zingona	zingone	—	zingone
Class 11	lungona	—	lungona	lungone	—	lungone
Class 14	bungona	—	bungona	bungone	—	bungone
Class 15	kungona	—	kungona	kungone	—	kungone
Class 17	kungona	—	kungona	kungone	—	kungone
	Immediate future
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngizokona	engizokona	ngizokona	angizukona	engingezukona	ngingezukona
2nd singular	uzokona	ozokona	uzokona	awuzukona	ongezukona	ungezukona
1st plural	sizokona	esizokona	sizokona	asizukona	esingezukona	singezukona
2nd plural	nizokona	enizokona	nizokona	anizukona	eningezukona	ningezukona
Class 1	uzokona	ozokona	ezokona	akazukona	ongezukona	engezukona
Class 2	bazokona	abazokona	bezokona	abazukona	abangezukona	bengezukona
Class 3	uzokona	ozokona	uzokona	awuzukona	ongezukona	ungezukona
Class 4	izokona	ezokona	izokona	ayizukona	engezukona	ingezukona
Class 5	lizokona	elizokona	lizokona	alizukona	elingezukona	lingezukona
Class 6	azokona	azokona	ezokona	awazukona	angezukona	engezukona
Class 7	sizokona	esizokona	sizokona	asizukona	esingezukona	singezukona
Class 8	zizokona	ezizokona	zizokona	azizukona	ezingezukona	zingezukona
Class 9	izokona	ezokona	izokona	ayizukona	engezukona	ingezukona
Class 10	zizokona	ezizokona	zizokona	azizukona	ezingezukona	zingezukona
Class 11	luzokona	oluzokona	luzokona	aluzukona	olungezukona	lungezukona
Class 14	buzokona	obuzokona	buzokona	abuzukona	obungezukona	bungezukona
Class 15	kuzokona	okuzokona	kuzokona	akuzukona	okungezukona	kungezukona
Class 17	kuzokona	okuzokona	kuzokona	akuzukona	okungezukona	kungezukona
	Remote future
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngiyokona	engiyokona	ngiyokona	angiyukona	engingeyukona	ngingeyukona
2nd singular	uyokona	oyokona	uyokona	awuyukona	ongeyukona	ungeyukona
1st plural	siyokona	esiyokona	siyokona	asiyukona	esingeyukona	singeyukona
2nd plural	niyokona	eniyokona	niyokona	aniyukona	eningeyukona	ningeyukona
Class 1	uyokona	oyokona	eyokona	akayukona	ongeyukona	engeyukona
Class 2	bayokona	abayokona	beyokona	abayukona	abangeyukona	bengeyukona
Class 3	uyokona	oyokona	uyokona	awuyukona	ongeyukona	ungeyukona
Class 4	iyokona	eyokona	iyokona	ayiyukona	engeyukona	ingeyukona
Class 5	liyokona	eliyokona	liyokona	aliyukona	elingeyukona	lingeyukona
Class 6	ayokona	ayokona	eyokona	awayukona	angeyukona	engeyukona
Class 7	siyokona	esiyokona	siyokona	asiyukona	esingeyukona	singeyukona
Class 8	ziyokona	eziyokona	ziyokona	aziyukona	ezingeyukona	zingeyukona
Class 9	iyokona	eyokona	iyokona	ayiyukona	engeyukona	ingeyukona
Class 10	ziyokona	eziyokona	ziyokona	aziyukona	ezingeyukona	zingeyukona
Class 11	luyokona	oluyokona	luyokona	aluyukona	olungeyukona	lungeyukona
Class 14	buyokona	obuyokona	buyokona	abuyukona	obungeyukona	bungeyukona
Class 15	kuyokona	okuyokona	kuyokona	akuyukona	okungeyukona	kungeyukona
Class 17	kuyokona	okuyokona	kuyokona	akuyukona	okungeyukona	kungeyukona
	Present subjunctive
	Positive	Negative
1st singular	ngone	ngingoni
2nd singular	wone	ungoni
1st plural	sone	singoni
2nd plural	none	ningoni
Class 1	one	angoni
Class 2	bone	bangoni
Class 3	wone	ungoni
Class 4	yone	ingoni
Class 5	lone	lingoni
Class 6	one	angoni
Class 7	sone	singoni
Class 8	zone	zingoni
Class 9	yone	ingoni
Class 10	zone	zingoni
Class 11	lone	lungoni
Class 14	bone	bungoni
Class 15	kone	kungoni
Class 17	kone	kungoni
	Past subjunctive
	Positive	Negative
1st singular	ngona	ngangona, angona, angangona
2nd singular	wona	wangona, awona, awangona
1st plural	sona	sangona, asona, asangona
2nd plural	nona	nangona, anona, anangona
Class 1	wona	wangona, akona, akangona
Class 2	bona	bangona, abona, abangona
Class 3	wona	wangona, awona, awangona
Class 4	yona	yangona, ayona, ayangona
Class 5	lona	langona, alona, alangona
Class 6	ona	angona, awona, awangona
Class 7	sona	sangona, asona, asangona
Class 8	zona	zangona, azona, azangona
Class 9	yona	yangona, ayona, ayangona
Class 10	zona	zangona, azona, azangona
Class 11	lona	lwangona, alona, alwangona
Class 14	bona	bangona, abona, abangona
Class 15	kona	kwangona, akona, akwangona
Class 17	kona	kwangona, akona, akwangona

Close

References

C. M. Doke, B. W. Vilakazi (1972) “ona”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “ona (6.3)”

[hh1904-1] [1]
Hinde, Hildegarde (1904). Vocabularies of the Kamba and Kikuyu languages of East Africa, pp. 24–25, 52–53. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

[lea1940-2] [2]
Armstrong, Lilias E. (1940). The Phonetic and Tonal Structure of Kikuyu, p. 362. Rep. 1967. (Also in 2018 by Routledge).

[arb1960-3] [3]
Barlow, A. Ruffell (1960). Studies in Kikuyu Grammar and Idiom, p. 36.

[tgb1964-4] [4]
“ona” in Benson, T.G. (1964). Kikuyu-English dictionary, p. 359. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

Inalienable (O-type)
	singular	dual		plural
	singular	long	short	plural
1st person (excl.)	o oku, o kita¹	o māua	o mā	o mātou
1st person (incl.)	―	o tāua	o tā	o tātou
2nd person	o ōu, o koe	o koulua		o koutou
3rd person	o ona	o lāua	o lā	o lātou
Alienable (A-type)
	singular	dual		plural
	singular	long	short	plural
1st person (excl.)	a aku, a kita¹	a māua	a mā	a mātou
1st person (incl.)	―	a tāua	a tā	a tātou
2nd person	a āu, a koe	a koulua		a koutou
3rd person	a ana	a lāua	a lā	a lātou
¹⁾ Sympathetic *) Only the singular pronouns differ from the personal pronouns

	Definite inalienable (O-type)
	singular reference				plural reference
	sg	du		pl	sg	du		pl
	sg	long	short	pl	sg	long	short	pl
1st person (excl.)	toku, tota¹	to māua	to mā	to mātou	oku, ota¹	o māua	o mā	o mātou
1st person (incl.)	―	to tāua	to tā	to tātou	―	o tāua	o tā	o tātou
2nd person	tō	toulua		toutou	ō	oulua		outou
3rd person	tona	to lāua	to lā	to lātou	ona	o lāua	o lā	o lātou
	Definite alienable (A-type)
	singular reference				plural reference
	sg	du		pl	sg	du		pl
	sg	long	short	pl	sg	long	short	pl
1st person (excl.)	taku, tata¹	ta māua	ta mā	ta mātou	aku, ata¹	a māua	a mā	a mātou
1st person (incl.)	―	ta tāua	ta tā	ta tātou	―	a tāua	a tā	a tātou
2nd person	tau	taulua		tautou	au	aulua		autou
3rd person	tana	ta lāua	ta lā	ta lātou	ana	a lāua	a lā	a lātou
	Indefinite inalienable (O-type)
	singular reference				plural reference
	sg	du		pl	sg	du		pl
	sg	long	short	pl	sg	long	short	pl
1st person (excl.)	hoku, hota¹	ho māua	ho mā	ho mātou	ni oku, ni ota¹	ni o māua	ni o mā	ni o mātou
1st person (incl.)	―	ho tāua	ho tā	ho tātou	―	ni o tāua	ni o tā	ni o tātou
2nd person	hō	houlua		houtou	ni ō	ni oulua		ni outou
3rd person	hona	ho lāua	ho lā	ho lātou	ni ona	ni o lāua	ni o lā	ni o lātou
	Indefinite alienable (A-type)
	singular reference				plural reference
	sg	du		pl	sg	du		pl
	sg	long	short	pl	sg	long	short	pl
1st person (excl.)	haku, hata¹	ha māua	ha mā	ha mātou	ni aku, ni ata¹	ni a māua	ni a mā	ni a mātou
1st person (incl.)	―	ha tāua	ha tā	ha tātou	―	ni a tāua	ni a tā	ni a tātou
2nd person	hau	haulua		hautou	ni au	ni aulua		ni autou
3rd person	hana	ha lāua	ha lā	ha lātou	ni ana	ni a lāua	ni a lā	ni a lātou
¹⁾ Sympathetic

			singular	dual	plural
1st person		m	jaz	midva	mi
1st person		f or n	jaz	medve, midve	me

2nd person	familiar tikanje	m	ti	vidva	vi
2nd person	familiar tikanje	f or n	ti	vedve, vidve	ve

3rd person		m	on	onadva	oni
		f	ona	onedve, onidve	one
		n	ono	onedve, onidve	ona

Polite forms (not differentiated in dual and plural)					singular
polite vikanje – instead of 2nd person, binds with forms for 2rd person plural masculine					vi, Vi
very polite onikanje – instead of 2nd or 3rd person, binds with forms for 3rd person plural masculine (archaic)					oni
hyper polite onokanje – instead of 2nd person, binds with forms for 3rd person singular neuter (obsolete)					ono
patriarchal onkanje – instead of 2nd person, binds with forms for 3rd person singular masculine (obsolete)					on

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